Dataset Description: Composite Material Stress and Strain

This dataset encompasses stress and strain measurements obtained from experiments conducted on a composite material. The data spans various conditions or loading scenarios applied to the material, capturing the material's response concerning stress and strain in different dimensions.

Features: Stress: The applied force per unit area exerted on the material, measured in an unspecified unit (normalised or scaled values). Strain in X: The change in length (or deformation) in the x-direction of the material concerning the applied force. Strain in Y: Similar to strain in X, this represents the deformation in the y-direction caused by the applied force. Strain XY: The shear deformation or strain occurring in the xy plane, perpendicular to the z-axis. Insights: Initial State (Data Point 0): The initial data point shows zero stress and strain across all dimensions, indicating the material's baseline state before any applied force. Progressive Stress-Strain Relationship: As the stress increases gradually from subsequent data points, there's a corresponding increment in strain values, demonstrating the material's response to increasing stress levels. The strains appear relatively small compared to the stress values, indicating a linear or proportional relationship between stress and strain within this range. Shear Strain Variation: Notably, the shear strain (Strain XY) remains consistently negative, suggesting a consistent type of deformation within the xy plane despite varying stress levels. Observations: Incremental Stress-Strain Behaviour: The stress increments marginally across data points, possibly representing a controlled stress test where the material is subjected to incremental loading. Consistency in Strain Patterns: Strain values show incremental changes, suggesting the material's linear or elastic behavior under these applied forces. Potential Analysis: Elastic Limit Exploration: Further analysis might involve determining the material's elastic limit or investigating potential deviations from linear behaviour as stress reaches higher levels. Comparative Studies: Comparative analysis with different material compositions or under varying environmental conditions could reveal how this composite material fares in comparison.

Stress-strain curves of uniaxial tension test subjected to quasi-static axial loads of RTV-2 material. Please refer to "E-Skin Development and Prototyping via Soft Tooling and Composites with Silicone Rubber and Carbon Nanotubes" on Materials (MDPI) for details.

Due to the high axial Young's moduli as well as high aspect ratio, it follows those CNTs, irrespective of whether they are multi or single-walled nanotubes exhibit potential, excellent mechanical reinforcing fillers in polymer composites. Shows the stress value around 342 MPa with R2 is equal around 0.9 versus maximum strain value is 0.85 mm.

explaining Stress vs. strain behavior of carbon composite with a nano mat of PAN-derived carbon fiber at the top of assembly.

Abstract A fragmentation model based on global load sharing (GLS) theory is developed to obtain stress-strain curves that describe the mechanical behavior of unidirectional composites. The model is named C N B + τ * because it is based on the Critical Number of Breaks model (CNB) and on the correction of the fiber matrix interfacial strength, τ *. Model allows both obtaining the ultimate tensile strength of CFRP and GFRP composites, and correcting the σ vs ε curve to match its peak point with the predicted strength, which is more accurate than the one obtained by previous GLS-based models. Our model is used to classify the mechanical response of the material according to the energetic contributions of two phenomena up to the failure: intact fibers (IF) and fragmentation (FM). Additionally, the influence of fiber content, V f, on the tensile strength, σ U, failure strain, ε U, and total strain energy, U T, is analyzed by means of novel mechanical-performance maps obtained by the model. The maps show a dissimilar behavior of σ U, ε U and U T with V f between GFRP and CFRP composites. The low influence of V f on the percent energetic contributions of IF and FM zones, as well as the larger energetic contribution of the FM zone, are common conclusions that can be addressed for both kinds of composites.

This is the dataset for the research paper "Learning the Stress-Strain Fields in Digital Composites using Fourier Neural Operator"

In this dataset, cooling-rate-dependent properties of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and carbon fiber reinforced PPS (CF/PPS) manufactured with different cooling rates (1, 5, and 10 °C/min) are included. Cooling-rate-dependent thermal properties (crystallization temperature, glass transition temperature, melting temperature, and coefficients of thermal expansion), physical properties (crystallinity and density), mechanical properties (moduli, yield stress, ultimate stress, and stress–strain curves), and fracture properties (load–displacement curves and R-curves) are presented. Detailed information are presented in a research article linked to this dataset. "summary-of-all-data.xlsx": Summary of all data "PPS-tensile-stress-strain-curves.xlsx": Tensile stress–strain curves of neat PPS "PPS-compressive-stress-strain-curves.xlsx": Compressive stress–strain curves of neat PPS "PPS-shear-stress-strain-curves.xlsx": Shear stress–strain curves of neat PPS "CFPPS-shear-stress-strain-curves.xlsx": Shear stress–strain curves of CF/PPS "CFPPS-transverse-stress-strain-curves.xlsx": Transverse tensile stress–strain curves of CF/PPS "CFPPS-DCB-curves.xlsx": Load–displacement curves and R-curves of DCB (mode I fracture toughness) tests "CFPPS-ENF-curves.xlsx": Load–displacement curves and R-curves of ENF (mode II fracture toughness) tests

RTV-2-based nanocomposite filled with different concentrations of SWCNTs. Please review the publication "E-Skin Development and Prototyping via Soft Tooling and Composites with Silicone Rubber and Carbon Nanotubes" on Materials (MDPI) for further details

This data set contains the finite element generated data necessary to validate the generalized stress-strain curves. It supports the paper: Generalized stress-strain curves for IBII tests on isotropic and orthotropic materials F. Pierron, L. Fletcher Journal of the Dynamic Behaviour of Materials, 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s40870-019-00197-9

Raw data regarding stress/strain and conductivity performance. (ZIP)

Thermal data measured by DSC for composites of PLLA and PLLA:PLCL(70:30)-with P45Ca45 and P40Ca50 phosphate glass, before degradation (Fig01). Contains Microsoft Excel file with Tg measurements and experimental details. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). Representative stress-strain curves (Fig02) from tensile tests of composites in ambient conditions (t0dry) and immersed in 37°C water (t0wet), all before degradation. Contains .txt files with example stress-strain curves, as well as script and data files for generating plots (.txt). Also contains Microsoft Excel file with measured mechanical properties, and key to identifying stress-strain curves (.xlsx). Calculation of mechanical properties of composites in ambient conditions (t0dry) and immersed in 37°C water (t0wet), all before degradation (Fig03). Fig03_modulus.xlsx contains calculation of predicted modulus from Counto model, and analysis of the goodness-of-fit. Voigt-Reuss bounds are also calculated for plotting in Fig 3. Fig03_yieldstrength.xlsx contains calculation of the predicted lower bound yield strength, as well as conversion of glass weight fractions to volume fractions used for plotting. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). Measurements from long-term degradation tests of composites in 37°C phosphate-buffered saline. Contains Microsoft Excel file (Fig04_data.xlsx) with raw pH, Ca²⁺ electrode potential, and wet mass measurements, along with calculation of Ca²⁺ concentration and wet mass %, along with appropriate averages and standard deviations. Example Ca²⁺ ISE calibration curve is also shown. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). Measurements of composite sample mass before and after 5, 30, and 120 days degradation in 37°C phosphate-buffered saline. Microsoft Excel file (Fig05_composite_mass.xlsx) with wet mass, dry mass, and ash content measurements, as well as calculations of water, glass, and polymer mass percentages. Fig05_data_export.xlsx contains data from the previous file, rearranged for plotting over time. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). X-ray diffraction data for polymer crystallisation within composites (Fig06.xlsx). Raw XRD patterns (.uxd) given for examples of samples undergoing no polymer crystallisation, and extensive polymer crystallisation. Polymer crystallinity percentage measured by XRD is also given, normalised to the proportion of polymer present in the composite. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). DSC data showing enthalpy relaxation (Fig07) occurring during degradation is given in a Microsoft Excel file. Example raw DSC curves before and after degradation are supplied, as well as the change in enthalpy relaxation after 5, 30, and 120 days degradation. Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). Raw SEM images of selected compositions before and after 120 days degradation (Fig08) are given (.tif), along with example XRD pattern showing the inorganic phases present within composite materials after degradation (.uxd). Script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt), as well as illustration file (.svg) and figure (.png). Mechanical properties (modulus, yield strength, elongation at break) measured in 37°C water before and after 5, 30, and 120 days degradation in 37°C phosphate-buffered saline (Fig09). Microsoft Excel file (.xlsx) given with data for each timepoint, as well as script and data files for generating plots are also given (.txt). Raw ashing data (Tab01) showing sample masses for as-fabricated composites. Experimental details, measurements (slide mass before and after ashing), and ash calculations given in Microsoft Excel file (.xlsx). Plots are generated using gnuplot (www.gnuplot.info), Note: In raw data, deprecated glass codes are sometimes used. PG7 denotes glass code P45Ca45 (P₂O₅)₄₅(CaO)₄₅(Na₂O)₁₀, and PG11 denotes glass code P40Ca50 (P₂O₅)₄₀(CaO)₅₀(Na₂O)₁₀.

Abstract This paper presents the fatigue behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites at constant amplitude tension-tension loading conditions. A two parameter residual strength and fatigue life model has been proposed by accounting the effect of stress ratio when the structure undergoes continuous loading. A model is also developed to predict the fatigue life of GFRP composites based on fatigue endurance limit. Experiments were conducted on GFRP composite specimens to predict fatigue life and residual strength at various stress levels. Tests were also conducted to gain an understanding of the tensile behavior of GFRP composite specimens under different quasistatic strain rates. The lowest tensile strength resulting from strain rate studies has been used ultimately for conducting fatigue life and residual strength tests. Reliability of the proposed models has been verified with experimental results and with the models seen in literature.

Particle size distribution data measured by dynamic light scattering for coarse glass powder and fine (attritor milled) glass powder (Fig02). Contains Microsoft Excel .xlsx files and .txt files with particle size distributions, as well as script and data files for generating plots (.txt). Raw SEM images (.tif) of coarse and fine glass powder are also included. Results from X-ray micro-computed tomography 3D object analysis (Fig03) are supplied in Microsoft Excel .xlsx files. For composites made using films and precipitate, three volumes of interest (VOIs) are shown in separate .xlsx files. Object analysis results are combined into one .xlsx files for each composite condition to generate an average object size distribution, which is exported to a .txt file. μCT slice images and SEM images of composites fabricated from composite films and precipitate are also included in .png format. Script files for generating figures are also included (.txt). Mechanical testing data from tensile tests of composites fabricated from composite films and precipitate (Fig04). Tests were carried out in 37°C water. Contains .txt files with example stress-strain curves, as well as script and data files for generating plots (.txt). Digital photographs (.png files) of samples before and after tensile failure are also included. Plots are generated using gnuplot (www.gnuplot.info),

Geopolymer composites combining a hard and a soft phase in a Brick-and-Mortar structure are tested. This dataset presents the results of varying the polymer stiffness.

Data is organized as follows:

1. Mechanical testing data data:

1.1. Stress vs. strain data for bending performance

1.2. Stress vs. strain data for fracture performance

1.3. Mechanical data summary

1. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) videos (Code used: Yang, Jin. Augmented Lagrangian Digital Image Correlation (2D_ALDIC). CaltechDATA, 2020, doi:10.22002/D1.1443.)

2.1. DIC videos for bending 2.1.1. DIC video for bending of low stiffness composite 2.1.2. DIC video for bending of medium stiffness composite 2.1.3. DIC video for bending of high stiffness composite

2.2. DIC videos for fracture 2.2.1. DIC video for fracture of low stiffness composite 2.2.2. DIC video for fracture of medium stiffness composite 2.2.3. DIC video for fracture of high stiffness composite

We will quantify the microscale stress and strain fields generated during the macroscopic compression of concrete. Currently, the macroscopic modulus and strength of concrete are predicted accurately by “mean-field” micromechanics theories and numerical models based on the postulate that each sand particle (aggregate) in the microstructure experiences the same stress state during macroscale loading and is perfectly bonded to the surrounding cement-paste matrix. Recent work by the proposers demonstrates that the aggregates instead experience significant stress variability. Our proposed experiments will exploit combined 3DXRD, scanning 3DXRD and x-ray computed tomography, with digital volume correlation, to quantify stress variability and aggregate-matrix debonding during elastic and inelastic stages of compression in-situ. Results will improve micromechanics theories and provide first-of-its-kind information on aggregate-matrix interface mechanisms previously inaccessible in-situ.

Contains example data for sensor strain, stress and resistance for sensors cycled at different rates, along with a couple of example plotting and curve fit scripts.

Abstract For studying the stress-strain state at singular points and their neighborhoods new concept is proposed. A singular point is identified with an elementary volume that has a characteristic size of the real body representative volume. This makes it possible to set and study the restrictions at that point. It is shown that problems with singular points turn out to be ambiguous, their formulation depends on the combination of the material and geometric parameters of the investigated body. Number of constraints in a singular point is redundant compared to the usual point of the boundary (it makes singular point unique, exclusive). This circumstance determines the non-classical problem formulation for bodies containing singular points. The formulation of a non-classical problem is given, the uniqueness of its solution is proved (under the condition of existence), the algorithm of the iterative-analytical decision method is described. Restrictions on the state parameters at the composite wedge vertex, one generatrix of which is in non-friction contact with a rigid surface are studied under temperature and strength loading. The proposed approach allows to identify critical combinations of material and geometric parameters that define the singularity of stress and strain fields close to singular representative volumes. The constraints on load components needed to solution existence are established. An example of a numerical analysis of the state parameters at the wedge vertex and its neighborhood is considered. Solutions built on the basis of a new concept, directly in a singular point, and its small neighborhood differ significantly from the solutions made with asymptotic methods. Beyond a small neighborhood of a singular point the solutions obtained on the basis of different concepts coincide.

A new method has been developed for creating localised in-plane fibre-waviness in composite coupons and used to create a large batch of specimens. This method could be used by manufacturers to experimentally explore the effect of fibre-waviness on composite structures both directly and indirectly to develop and validate computational models. The specimens were assessed using ultrasound, digital image correlation and a novel inspection technique capable of measuring residual strain fields. To explore how the defect affects the performance of composite structures, the specimens were then loaded to failure. Predictions of remnant strength were made using a simple ultrasound damage metric and a new residual strain-based damage metric. The predictions made using residual strain measurements were found to be substantially more effective at characterising ultimate strength than ultrasound measurements. This suggests that residual strains have a significant effect on the failure of laminates containing fibre-waviness and that these strains could be incorporated into computational models to improve their ability to simulate the defect.

Composite Leaf Springs Market Outlook

The global composite leaf springs market size was valued at approximately USD 512 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1,020 million by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.1% during the forecast period. The increasing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles and the growing need for weight reduction in automotive components are prominent factors driving the market growth.

The rise in stringent government regulations targeting vehicular emissions has driven the automotive industry to seek innovative solutions for reducing vehicle weight. Composite leaf springs, being significantly lighter than traditional steel springs, have emerged as a crucial component in this pursuit. Their superior strength-to-weight ratio not only contributes to fuel efficiency but also enhances vehicle performance and handling. This trend is particularly pronounced in regions such as Europe and North America, where emission norms are notably rigorous.

Another significant growth factor is the rising awareness and adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. Composite leaf springs are increasingly being incorporated into these vehicles due to their lightweight nature, which is crucial for extending the range of electric vehicles. Moreover, the reduced weight aids in compensating for the heavier battery packs used in electric vehicles. This shift towards sustainable transportation is projected to fuel the demand for composite leaf springs over the forecast period.

Technological advancements in composite materials also play a pivotal role in market expansion. Innovations in manufacturing processes and material compositions have resulted in enhanced durability and performance of composite leaf springs. These advancements have broadened their application across various vehicle types, including passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and heavy commercial vehicles. The ongoing research and development activities aimed at improving the cost-effectiveness of these materials are expected to further bolster market growth.

Flexible Composites have become increasingly significant in the development of composite leaf springs. These materials offer enhanced adaptability and resilience, allowing for more efficient load distribution and improved ride comfort. The ability of flexible composites to conform to varying stress and strain conditions makes them ideal for automotive applications where dynamic performance is crucial. As the automotive industry continues to prioritize weight reduction and fuel efficiency, the role of flexible composites in manufacturing processes becomes even more critical. Their integration into composite leaf springs not only enhances the mechanical properties but also contributes to the overall sustainability goals by reducing material waste and energy consumption during production.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region holds a substantial share of the composite leaf springs market, driven by the growing automotive industry in countries such as China, India, and Japan. The region's robust industrial base and favorable government initiatives supporting the automotive sector are key contributors to this growth. Furthermore, the increasing disposable income and rising demand for passenger and commercial vehicles in this region provide a conducive environment for market expansion.

Material Type Analysis

The composite leaf springs market, when segmented by material type, includes Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), and others. The GFRP segment holds a significant share in the market due to its cost-effectiveness and adequate mechanical properties. GFRP composite leaf springs are extensively used in light commercial vehicles and passenger cars, where moderate strength and rigidity are sufficient. The affordability of GFRP makes it a preferred choice among manufacturers looking to balance performance and cost.

Conversely, the CFRP segment is experiencing notable growth, driven by its superior strength-to-weight ratio and enhanced fatigue resistance. CFRP composite leaf springs are particularly favored in high-performance and premium vehicles, where weight reduction is critical for achieving superior acceleration, braking, and fuel efficiency. The higher cost of CFRP comp

Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (FRCMCs) have numerous applications, such as engine components, rocket re-entry nozzles and military vehicles due to their light weight, combined strength and toughness at high temperature. With the commercialization of GE LEAP engine using a ceramic shrouds, FRCMC is regarded as a game changer in key engineering areas for high energy efficiency and safety. FRCMCs have a complex microstructure and as damage accumulates it shows non-linear stress-strain behaviour. This is exactly what we are going to study. Neutrons will tell us how much the lattice has deformed in the material under load; we then take digital images of the surface of the sample to calculate the total deformation. By comparing the two, the tolerance of damage in FRCMCs can be determined and correlated to its microstructure for optimizing the material design.