The dataset is downloaded from the "Compustat Global - Annual Fundamentals" database. The dataset contains all Dutch listed firms in the period 1998-2020. The variables are mainly financial statement line items related to firm fundamentals and financial reporting / audit quality.

The global financial database market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for real-time data analytics and insights across various financial sectors. The market, currently estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $28 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The rise of algorithmic trading and quantitative finance necessitates access to high-quality, comprehensive financial data, driving demand for both real-time and historical databases. Moreover, regulatory compliance requirements are pushing financial institutions to invest in robust data management systems, contributing to market growth. The increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions and advanced analytical tools further accelerates market expansion. The market is segmented by application (personal and commercial use) and database type (real-time and historical). The commercial segment currently dominates, propelled by the needs of large financial institutions, investment banks, and asset management firms. However, the personal use segment is expected to witness significant growth driven by the increasing accessibility of financial data and analytical tools to individual investors. Geographical distribution shows a strong presence in North America and Europe, which are expected to remain dominant markets due to the established financial infrastructure and advanced technological capabilities. However, Asia-Pacific is anticipated to demonstrate the fastest growth, driven by increasing economic activity and the expansion of financial markets in emerging economies. Competition is intense, with established players like Bloomberg and Refinitiv (Thomson Reuters) alongside emerging niche players. The competitive landscape is marked by both established giants and agile newcomers. Established players, like Bloomberg, Thomson Reuters, and WRDS, leverage their extensive data networks and brand reputation. However, these are challenged by newer entrants offering innovative solutions and specialized datasets targeting specific niche markets. The ongoing technological advancements, such as the rise of big data analytics and artificial intelligence, presents both opportunities and challenges. While AI-powered analytics unlock deeper insights from financial data, the need to adapt to evolving technologies and data security concerns require substantial investment. Regulatory changes and data privacy concerns also represent potential restraints, requiring continuous adaptation and compliance measures. The future of the market hinges on the ability of players to innovate, adapt to evolving regulations, and meet the increasing demand for speed, accuracy, and comprehensive financial data insights. The market's trajectory strongly suggests a promising future for both established and emerging companies.

Abstract In view of the influence of corporate reputation on investors' choices and risk concerns, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between corporate reputation and bankruptcy risk in public firms. The investigation is a contribution to the burgeoning literature on corporate reputation associated with accounting, despite reputation being classified as an intangible asset capable of generating competitive advantage. Our sample included 4,578 observations (441 firms) covering the period 2005-2016. The overall score on the World's Most Admired Companies ranking was used as a proxy for reputation. Bankruptcy risk was quantified by Altman Z-scores (Zang, 2012) and accounting information for each year in the period was retrieved from the database Compustat Global. Our results reveal that corporate reputation has a negative influence on bankruptcy risk, reiterating the importance of risk management. When firms attract and strive to secure the favor of stakeholders, they increase risk for the same reason. However, this effect is counterbalanced by good reputation. Thus, corporate reputation is a valuable strategic resource with which managers can boost confidence among investors, increase the firm's credit worthiness and perpetuate the organization on the market. Furthermore, these results expand the literature on corporate reputation and risk of bankruptcy, and show signs that companies with high reputation have lower risk of bankruptcy and tend to honor their debts.

We examine how firms hedge in financial distress. Using hand-collected data from oil and gas producers, we find that derivative portfolios in these firms are characterized by short put options. These positions are part of a composite three-way collar strategy that combines buying put options and selling put and call options with differing strike prices. We show that because liquidity demand varies with the degree of financial distress, the three-way collar strategy is the optimal risk management strategy that preserves incentives for future growth.

The sample consists of publicly traded oil and gas producers in the US (SIC code 1311) between Q1:2013 and Q4:2015. Hedging strategies are hand-coded based on quarterly reports (10Q/10-Q reports). We sum each firm's outstanding derivatives positions regardless of maturity for each quarter and create a variable per hedging strategy that takes the value 1 if the sum is positive, zero otherwise. We classify individual firms’ hedge portfolios into five distinct hedging strategies based on the character of the provided protection and the cash flow impact. The dataset contains the classifiers for these five hedging strategies and is identified by quarter and global company key (GVKEY).

The dataset contains quarterly classification of US oil companies' hedging strategies over the period 2013-2015. The strategies are classified based on reporting in each company's quarterly report. Five strategies are identified (described in the data file). Companies are identified by Global Company Key. The Global Company Key or GVKEY is a unique six-digit number key assigned to each company in the Capital IQ Compustat database