In a June 2021 survey, inflation was the greatest economic concern for around 29 percent of Baby Boomers, or those between the ages of 56 and 74 years old, in the United States. On the other hand, ** percent of Gen Z/Millennial respondents (those between the ages of ** and **) said that wages were the most important economic concern.

Do economics students behave more selfishly than other students? Experimental game studies suggest so. This article investigates whether economics students’ more selfish behavior is attributable to them being less concerned with fairness, having a different notion of fairness, or being more skeptical about other players’ behavior. Students from various disciplines played a third-party punishment game and commented on the reasons for their choices. Economics students were about equally likely to mention fairness in their comments and had a similar notion of what was fair in the game; however, they expected lower offers, made lower offers, and were less likely to pay to veto low offers. The economics students’ lower expectations mediated their decisions, suggesting that they behaved more selfishly because they expected others to make more selfish decisions.

Intergenerational income mobility — the ability of children to rise above their parents’ economic status — is a key concern in debates over inequality and opportunity. Most research has focused on structural factors like social capital, overlooking the role of economic freedom (market-oriented institutions, lower regulation, secure property rights). Using data on U.S. metropolitan areas, we show that higher economic freedom is strongly associated with greater income mobility. Children in high-freedom areas experience 5% to 12% more upward mobility than those in low-freedom areas. Economic freedom and social capital operate independently, suggesting multiple paths to mobility. These results highlight that reforms aimed at expanding economic freedom can directly improve opportunity — a practical lever for policymakers concerned with improving income mobility.

A survey conducted in October 2022 found that a majority of consumers in the U.S. were concerned about a potential recession. An almost equal share were worried about inflation.

The percentage of respondents who are somewhat worried about not having enough money for old age.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Concerns in Business for United States (A10030USA173NNBR) from 1866 to 1938 about business and USA.

Relative frequencies of responses by treatments.

Reduced form estimates.

In a June 2021 survey, inflation was the greatest economic concern for around ** percent of registered voters in the United States. However, only ***** percent of respondents said that interest rates are the most important economic concern.

Abstract

Further the emergence of COVID-19 and the perceived socioeconomic hardship imposed by the measures put in place to curtail the spread of the virus, the United High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in conjunction with several partners in Nigeria carried out a study to understand the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 among Persons of Concern to UNHCR including refugees, internally displaced persons, returnees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons and community members hosting displaced populations. The study examines several dimensions including the impact of the pandemic on economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights.

Geographic coverage

Nigeria (countrywide)

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

PoCs to UNHCR in Nigeria

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Disproportionate stratified random sampling

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

Questionnaire included: health and nutrition, health, protection, food security, livelihood and social cohesion, basic needs

Abstract This paper discusses the concept of "property" rights in an interdisciplinary perspective (Law and Economics) in order to compose an analytical conceptual framework to issues related to appropriability involved in public goods (PG) and common pool resources (CPR) analysis. Firstly, we discuss the differences between legal and economic concepts of property rights, trying to integrate economic and legal analytical elements: a right is an opportunity for current or future uses of an asset that is guaranteed by legal system (an enforceable power to maintain the control over economic opportunities). Although economists may not be concerned if some opportunity is guaranteed (or not) by law, nor whether its entitlement is made by means of property or by some other kind of right, these differences also matter for economic analysis. To deal with this question, we need to open the "black box" of the so called "property" rights: a) identifying and analyzing the different ways in which rights are entitled - from a legal perspective (Hohfeld) and in the footsteps of studies analyzing the economic relevance of the differences between property and possession, or property, liability and inalienability (Calabresi and Melamed); b) breaking down the concept of property rights in many faculties and analyzing them as a bundle of rights (Schlager and Ostrom). By way of conclusion, we discuss the possibilities of integrating these approaches and explore some of the implications of the study. From a public policies perspective, a more detailed understanding may assist in policy formulation (e.g., to break down and assign specific rights to different holders, etc.), and designing new forms of entitlements, or even the creation of new "assets" that could become the subject of rights.

This dataset forms part of a project derived from the concept of Capability-Adjusted Life Years (CALYs) customized for use in Sweden. CALYs serve as a questionnaire-based tool to gauge the quality of life, based on the capability approach, and is intended for Swedish municipalities to assess the cost-effectiveness of various interventions.

This dataset was utilized to examine how the phrasing impacted the CALY instrument. Three different versions were used to describe the six capabilities, aiming to understand their distribution across the Swedish population. These versions varied in the detail of description for each capability and were distributed among distinct population samples. For instance, regarding health:

Version A: "I have good general health (physical and mental) that allows me to work or to do what I want" Version B: "I have good general health (physical and mental) that almost always (at least 95% of days) allows me to work or to do what I want" Version C: "I have good general health (physical and mental) that mostly (at least 90% of days) allows me to work or to do what I want"

Additionally, the survey encompassed questions concerning aversion to inequality regarding health, salary, and education.

Conducted in June 2020, the study involved an internet-based survey where 500 Swedish residents for each version were sampled through a commercial web-panel, ensuring proportional representation across age, region, education, and gender. The data was collected anonymously with a PHP-based web application for surveys (limesurvey version 4.2.2, https://www.limesurvey.org) which is operated from a server at Umeå University.

Sampling a large participant pool through a commercial web panel offers administrative ease and speed compared to other methods, potentially yielding higher response rates and simpler data handling. However, the recruitment process and the representativeness of web panel participants may lack transparency, necessitating caution while analyzing and interpreting the data.

The final phrasing for capability statements was determined based on the outcomes and normative considerations, such as legal or policy aspects. If there were negligible differences in answer distributions between the three versions, simplicity led to the preference for Version A.

In Swedish municipalities, economic evaluations often rely on a simplistic cost-savings method, posing a risk that short-term cost-saving interventions might be prioritized over those that yield long-term welfare benefits. CALYs provide a systematic means to gauge the welfare impacts of different interventions, enabling comparisons, such as between improved education versus rehabilitation programs for substance abuse. The capability approach, pioneered by Amartya Sen (awarded the Swedish Central Bank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1998), measures life quality based on individuals' capabilities – what they can do or be – as opposed to solely focusing on wealth or happiness.

Identifying relevant capabilities involved a Delphi process engaging stakeholders from the Swedish civil society. Initially, there were ten capabilities from a 2015 Swedish governmental investigation (2015:56), with the Delphi process narrowing down the selection to six: Finance & housing, social relations, health, occupation, security, and civil & political rights.

Explore the impact of the Japan-U.S. trade agreement on tariffs and economic conditions, focusing on the automobile sector and export economy.

Germany DE: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Male: % of Relevant Age Group data was reported at 61.355 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 62.703 % for 2021. Germany DE: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Male: % of Relevant Age Group data is updated yearly, averaging 67.882 % from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2022, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.644 % in 1997 and a record low of 61.355 % in 2022. Germany DE: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Male: % of Relevant Age Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Lower secondary education completion rate is measured as the gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education (general and pre-vocational). It is calculated as the number of new entrants in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

Do economics students behave more selfishly than other students? Experiments involving monetary allocations suggest so. This article investigates the underlying motives for the economic students’ more selfish behavior by separating three potential explanatory mechanisms: economics students are less concerned with fairness when making allocation decisions; have a different notion of what is fair in allocations; or are more skeptical about other people’s allocations, which in turn makes them less willing to comply with a shared fairness norm. The three mechanisms were tested by inviting students from various disciplines to participate in a relatively novel experimental game and asking all participants to give reasons for their choices. Compared with students of other disciplines, economics students were about equally likely to mention fairness in their comments; had a similar notion of what was fair in the situation; however, they expected lower offers, made lower offers, and were less willing to enforce compliance with a fair allocation at a cost to themselves. The economics students’ lower expectations mediated their allocation decisions, suggesting that economics students behaved more selfishly because they expected others not to comply with the shared fairness norm.

Empirical research on the determinants of individual-level support for trade liberalization has focused almost entirely on the economic effects of trade. Yet international relations scholarship has long recognized that commerce also has a variety of security implications. This paper explores if and when security considerations influence individual attitudes towards trade. In this study, we ask two questions: First, to what extent do expectations about the security implications of trade affect individual-level attitudes toward trade agreements? Second, does the introduction of security concerns into the discussion of trade agreements influence how heavily individuals weigh their economic costs and benefits? We employ an original experiment embedded in a conjoint survey to investigate the relative impact of a variety of economic and security considerations on respondents’ support for trade. Our findings suggest that security information matters and undermines the appeal of some, though not all, economic arguments for trade liberalization among our respondents.

Abstract

As of July 2019, it is estimated that over 4,054,000 Venezuelans have left the country and approximately 168,357 have either requested asylum or temporary residency in Brazil, mainly in Roraima state and progressively in the city of Manaus in Amazonas state. Utilising an Area-Based Approach, REACH collected localised information on the situation of Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living in host communities and abrigos managed by humanitarian actors in city neighbourhoods across Boa Vista, Pacaraima and Manaus. The aim was to increase the understanding of humanitarian actors of the living conditions, primary needs, vulnerabilities and coping strategies of the asylum seekers and migrants. This study aims to provide a representative overview of the profiles of Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living in different geographic locations and shelter settings in Brazil, for the purpose of increasing the understanding of humanitarian actors as to the extent to which the living conditions, needs, and vulnerabilities of Venezuelan households vary between households living in abrigos and those living in host communities, across three cities that are relevant nodes in the Brazilian refugee response: Pacaraima, Boa Vista, and Manaus. The findings indicate that challenges related to accessing services are relatively similar across different locations and shelter settings. The findings indicate that challenges related to accessing services are relatively similar across different locations and shelter settings. Of all services, Venezuelans seem to face the most challenges regarding access to education; findings suggest that a lack of required documents and a limited local capacity are constraining the enrolment of Venezuelan children into local schools. These two factors were also the most likely to pose barriers to accessing social services and healthcare facilities. Difficulties in speaking the local language and long distances to facilities were found to further constrain households' access to services, albeit to a lesser extent.

Geographic coverage

Pacaraima, Boa Vista, and Manaus.

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

Households living in shelters.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A master list of households resident within each abrigo was requested from the relevant site manager.

The requested dataset required the following fields:
- Tent location (Sector / Tent Number) to facilitate locating selected households;
- Household composition (number of household members, age, sex, focal point y/n);
- Individual and/or Group ID to facilitate secondary data verification to ProGress dataset (if necessary).

The dataset from each abrigo was merged into one master list. Each household within the master dataset was allocated with a consecutive number and households were selected using a random number generator. A total of 1119 households were interviewed.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face interview

An area's economic and social characteristics have significant effects on its development and need for various types of public programs. To provide policy-relevant information about diverse county conditions to policymakers, public officials, and researchers, ERS has developed a set of county-level typology codes that captures differences in economic and social characteristics.

The 2004 County Typology codes classify all U.S. counties according to six non-overlapping categories of economic dependence and seven overlapping categories of policy-relevant themes. The economic types include farming, mining, manufacturing, services, Federal/State government, and unspecialized counties. The policy types include housing stress, low education, low employment, persistent poverty, population loss, nonmetro recreation, and retirement destination. In addition, a code identifying counties with persistent child poverty is available.

An update of the County Typology codes is planned for 2014.

Japan OS: Workers' Concern on Employ & Working Cond 1yr from Now: Slightly data was reported at 48.500 % in Jun 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 49.700 % for Mar 2018. Japan OS: Workers' Concern on Employ & Working Cond 1yr from Now: Slightly data is updated quarterly, averaging 47.900 % from Jun 2006 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.500 % in Sep 2013 and a record low of 42.100 % in Dec 2012. Japan OS: Workers' Concern on Employ & Working Cond 1yr from Now: Slightly data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Japan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.S074: Opinion Survey (OS) on the General Public's Views and Behavior: On Household Circumstances .

Replication Data for: "The Political Implications of American Concerns about Economic Inequality," published in Political Behavior