You've been to the GIS lectures, concentrated through endless practicals and navigated endless GIS interfaces. You know your rasters from your vectors and your floats from your ints. So you are perfectly prepared for any challenges you might meet in your GIS dissertation. Or are you? Here we look at some of the many problems and pitfalls in managing your GIS projects.

Cristy Parsons · Geospatial Portfolio is a dynamic online platform that highlights my expertise and passion for geospatial technologies. This portfolio features a variety of GIS projects I've worked on, showcasing my skills in spatial analysis, mapping, and data visualization. Each project demonstrates the use of GIS tools to address real-world problems, from community art mapping to land use analysis. The site includes interactive maps, embedded StoryMaps, web mapping applications, and other geospatial content, offering visitors an in-depth look at my professional capabilities and projects. It's also a space where I can continue to grow, share new work, and connect with the geospatial community.

GIS for Construction Planning Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the GIS for Construction Planning market size reached USD 6.4 billion in 2024, and it is expected to grow at a robust CAGR of 13.2% during the forecast period, reaching approximately USD 18.2 billion by 2033. This dynamic growth is primarily driven by the increasing integration of geospatial technologies in construction workflows, the rising demand for efficient project management solutions, and the global emphasis on sustainable urban development. The market is witnessing significant traction as construction firms and stakeholders recognize the value of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in optimizing site selection, resource allocation, and risk mitigation.

One of the primary growth factors for the GIS for Construction Planning market is the rapid digital transformation occurring within the construction industry. As project complexity increases and timelines become tighter, construction companies are leveraging GIS solutions to gain real-time spatial insights, enhance collaboration, and streamline operations. The adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) integrated with GIS is also playing a pivotal role, enabling more accurate planning, design, and execution of construction projects. This integration empowers stakeholders to visualize project data in a geospatial context, facilitating better decision-making and reducing costly reworks. Additionally, the proliferation of smart cities and infrastructure modernization projects worldwide is significantly boosting the demand for advanced GIS tools in construction planning.

Another significant driver is the growing regulatory emphasis on environmental sustainability and risk management in construction projects. Governments and regulatory bodies are mandating comprehensive environmental impact assessments and risk analyses before granting approvals for new developments. GIS platforms provide a robust framework for conducting these assessments by enabling spatial analysis of environmental factors, potential hazards, and socio-economic impacts. As a result, construction firms are increasingly adopting GIS to ensure compliance with regulations, minimize environmental footprints, and enhance community engagement. The ability of GIS to integrate diverse datasets and generate actionable insights is proving invaluable in navigating the complex regulatory landscape of the construction sector.

Furthermore, advancements in cloud computing, IoT, and mobile technologies are accelerating the adoption of GIS in construction planning. Cloud-based GIS solutions offer scalability, flexibility, and real-time data access, making them ideal for large-scale, multi-site construction projects. The integration of IoT devices enables continuous monitoring of construction sites, asset tracking, and predictive maintenance, all of which feed valuable data into GIS platforms. These technological innovations are not only improving project efficiency but also enabling proactive risk management and resource optimization. As construction firms increasingly embrace digital transformation, the demand for sophisticated GIS solutions is expected to surge, further propelling market growth.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the GIS for Construction Planning market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The strong presence of leading technology providers, high levels of investment in infrastructure, and early adoption of advanced digital tools have positioned North America as a key growth engine. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period, driven by rapid urbanization, government-led smart city initiatives, and expanding construction activities in emerging economies such as China and India. Europe continues to demonstrate steady growth, fueled by stringent environmental regulations and a focus on sustainable development.

Component Analysis

The GIS for Cons

The Air, Water, and Aquatic Environments (AWAE) research program is one of eight Science Program areas within the Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS). Our science develops core knowledge, methods, and technologies that enable effective watershed management in forests and grasslands, sustain biodiversity, and maintain healthy watershed conditions. We conduct basic and applied research on the effects of natural processes and human activities on watershed resources, including interactions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The knowledge we develop supports management, conservation, and restoration of terrestrial, riparian and aquatic ecosystems and provides for sustainable clean air and water quality in the Interior West. With capabilities in atmospheric sciences, soils, forest engineering, biogeochemistry, hydrology, plant physiology, aquatic ecology and limnology, conservation biology and fisheries, our scientists focus on two key research problems: Core watershed research quantifies the dynamics of hydrologic, geomorphic and biogeochemical processes in forests and rangelands at multiple scales and defines the biological processes and patterns that affect the distribution, resilience, and persistence of native aquatic, riparian and terrestrial species. Integrated, interdisciplinary research explores the effects of climate variability and climate change on forest, grassland and aquatic ecosystems. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Projects, Tools, and Data. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects.html Projects include Air Temperature Monitoring and Modeling, Biogeochemistry Lab in Colorado, Rangewide Bull Trout eDNA Project, Climate Shield Cold-Water Refuge Streams for Native Trout, Cutthroat trout-rainbow trout hybridization - data downloads and maps, Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems science, Fish and Cattle Grazing reports, Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, GRAIP_Lite - Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, IF3: Integrating Forests, Fish, and Fire, National forest climate change maps: Your guide to the future, National forest contributions to streamflow, The National Stream Internet network, people, data, GIS, analysis, techniques, NorWeST Stream Temperature Regional Database and Model, River Bathymetry Toolkit (RBT), Sediment Transport Data for Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado, SnowEx, Stream Temperature Modeling and Monitoring, Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream netowrks - tools and GIS downloads, Understanding Sculpin DNA - environmental DNA and morphological species differences, Understanding the diversity of Cottusin western North America, Valley Bottom Confinement GIS tools, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), Great Lakes WEPP Watershed Online GIS Interface, Western Division AFS - 2008 Bull Trout Symposium - Bull Trout and Climate Change, Western US Stream Flow Metric Dataset

The files linked to this reference are the geospatial data created as part of the completion of the baseline vegetation inventory project for the NPS park unit. Current format is ArcGIS file geodatabase but older formats may exist as shapefiles. The map units delineated on the orthophotos were derived from the NVC classification as constrained by the limitations of the photography. We combined the preliminary NVC classification with the aerial photo signatures to determine how many plant associations could be recognized on the photos. In most instances, one NVC association corresponded to one map unit. However, sometimes a plant association could not be recognized consistently on the photos or we could see more detail than was recognized by the classification. These problems were overcome by using two separate but related classifications: 1) the NVC for the plot data and 2) map units for the GIS database. The two were related or “crosswalked” by noting when plant associations were lumped into a single map unit or where when associations were split into multiple map units.

The dataset contains storm water projects planned in the future throughout California that involve groundwater recharge and direct use. It was used to develop storm water targets for the years 2020 and 2035 per directives to DWR in California Water Code Section 10608.50 (b). Projects included are those proposed to be constructed post 2014. Information from various databases was used to compile the project database. More details can be found in the public review draft report “Stormwater Targets for Groundwater Recharge and Direct Use in Urban California”. September 18, 2018.

Within the framework of the Rural Development Programming 2007-2013, Aquitaine can mobilise European funding to implement structuring and innovative projects for local development in rural and peri-urban areas, through the LEADER (Liaison Entre Actions de Développement de l’Economie Rurale) programme. After 3 generations of Community initiative programmes (LEADER I, LEADER II and LEADER+), LEADER IV is axis 4 of the rural development programme for hexagon (HRDP). The PDRH determines the measures of the European Rural Development Programme open to the 21 regions of metropolitan France outside Corsica. Within the PDRH, Axis 4 LEADER makes it possible to implement measures under Axis 1 (improving the competitiveness of the agricultural and wine sectors), 2 (improvement of the environment and rural areas) and 3 (improvement of the quality of life and diversification of economic activities in rural areas), combining them and adapting them to the profile of local territories, as part of a local development strategy. The LEADER programme 2007-2013 is an innovative approach to the implementation of local development strategies dedicated to organised rural areas, carrying out a project covering several sectors of the rural economy and involving private and public actors, brought together within a Local Action Group (LAG). Each LAG is identified by means of a precise list of municipalities, and aims to implement a “targeted priority”, i.e. a strategy developed through a development plan. The LAG is responsible for the development and implementation of the strategy of the LEADER programme in its territory through a programming committee with at least 50 % private members. The actions programmed must provide added value in terms of methodology (new partnerships) or content (impacts on the territory). Projects carried out under LEADER are also intended to be exemplary and disseminated in order to serve as examples for other rural areas, in particular through cooperation activities.

WMS and WFS addresses: Warnings — Please delete any spaces that might appear when copying/pasting the address into the GIS software — Problems with displaying multi polygons via the use of WFS (under resolution) — prefer data download if presence of multi polygons — WFS display of more than 500 objects via the WFS impossible at the moment

WMS address for integration into a GIS from Geoide_Carto: http://data.geo-ide.application.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/WMS/228/GAL_R72?

WFS address for GIS integration: http://ogc.geo-ide.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/cartes/mapserver?map=/opt/data/carto/geoide-catalogue/REG072/JDD.www.map

A 350 x 500 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 500 m saddle grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1/8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Saddle grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993). [1]Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology: The study of plant communities. New York: McGraw-Hill, 439 pp. [2]Everett, K.R., P.J. Webber, D.A. Walker, R.J. Parkinson, and J. Brown. 1978. A geoecological mapping scheme for Alaskan coastal tundra. Third International Conference on Permafrost, 10-13 July 1978, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [3]Komarkova, V. 1979. Alpine vegetation of the Indian Peaks area, Front Range, Colorado Rocky Mountains. Vaduz (Germany): J. Cramer, 591 pp. [4]Walker, D.A., K.R. Everett, P.J. Webber, and J. Brown. 1980. Geobotanical atlas of the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. United States Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report #80, Hanover, NH, 69 pp. [5]Halfpenny, J.C., K.P. Ingraham, J.A. Adams. 1983. Working Atlas for the Saddle, Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado. Long-Term Ecolological Research Data Report, April 1983, 24 pp. [6]Zonneveld, I.S. 1988. The ITC method of mapping natural and semi- natural vegetation. Pp. 401-426 in Kuchler, A.W., and I.S. Zonneveld (eds.). Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic. [7]Dangermond, J., and E. Harnden. 1990. Map data standardization: A methodology for integrating thematic cartographic data before automation. ARC News 12(2): 16-19. [8]Walker, D.A., J.C. Halfpenny, M.D. Walker, and C.A. Wessman. 1993. Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions. Bioscience 43(5): 287-301. [9]Walker, D.A., B.E. Lewis, W.B. Krantz, E.T. Price, and R.D. Tabler. 1994. Hierarchic studies of snow-ecosystem interactions: A 100-year snow-alteration experiment. Pp. 407-414 In: Ferrik, M. (ed.). Proceedings of the Fiftieth Annual Eastern and Western Snow Conference, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, 8-10 June 1993. 441 pp. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

This story map highlights select completed infrastructure projects managed by the Public Works Department at the City of Rancho Cordova, located in Sacramento County, California. The primary goal is to identify some of the many projects completed through the City's Capital Improvement Plan and Community Enhancement Investment Fund (CEIF). The application includes various completed projects from previous years and for each it provides the project name, a brief description, a representative photo, as well as the funding sources, and contact information where you can learn more.

Updates to this application are planned annually in January of each year as time permits.

For general questions regarding the projects in this story map please contact Rancho Cordova Public Works at (916) 851-8710.

For help, more information, or to report problems with this application please contact Jared Schuckert, GIS Analyst at jschuckert@cityofranchocordova.org

National Wetland Inventory (NWI) data for Minnesota provide information on the location, extent, and type of Minnesota wetlands. Natural resource managers use NWI data to improve the management, protection, and restoration of wetlands. Wetlands provide many ecological benefits including habitat for fish and wildlife, reducing floods, recharging, improving water quality, and supporting recreation.

These data were updated through a decade-long, multi-agency collaborative effort under leadership of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR). Major funding was provided by the Environmental and Natural Resources Trust Fund.

This is the first statewide update of the NWI for Minnesota since the original inventory in the mid-1980s. The work was completed in phases by dividing the state into five project areas. Those project areas have all been edgematched into a final seamless statewide dataset.

Ducks Unlimited (Ann Arbor, MI) and St. Mary’s University Geospatial Services (Winona, MN) conducted the wetland mapping and classification under contract to the MNDNR. The Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory at the University of Minnesota provided support for methods development and field validation. The DNR Resource Assessment Office provided additional support for data processing, field checking, and quality control review.

The updated NWI data delineate and classify wetlands according to the system developed by Cowardin et al. (1979), which is consistent with the original NWI. The updated data also contain a simplified plant community classification (SPCC) and a simplified hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification. Quality assurance of the data included visual inspection, automated checks for attribute validity and topologic consistency, as well as a formal accuracy assessment based on an independent field verified data set. Further details on the methods employed can be found in the technical procedures document for this project located on the project website (http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/wetlands/nwi_proj.html ).

DOWNLOAD NOTE: NWI data are only provided in either ESRI File Geodatabase or OGC GeoPackage formats. A Shapefile is not available because the size of the NWI dataset exceeds the limit for that format. If you are unable to use the File Geodatabase or GeoPackage, you can view data through Wetland Finder, an interactive mapping application on the DNR’s website (https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/ewr/wetlandfinder ).

SYMBOLOGY NOTE: The ESRI File Geodatabase download includes four layer files that symbolize the data using four different wetland classification systems. The symbology layer files for the Cowardin class and the simplified HGM class are grouped into a smaller number of classes than the full elaborated classifications. Detail is available in the Minnesota Wetland Inventory User Guide and Summary Statistics report (https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/wetlands/nwi-user-guide.pdf ). The layer files for these data have been set up to restrict drawing of the data when zoomed out beyond 1:250,000 scale. This is, in part, to prevent problems with slow performance with this large dataset.

This dataset contains 63 shapefiles that represent the areas of relevance for each research project under the National Environmental Science Program Marine and Coastal Hub, northern and southern node projects for Rounds 1, 2 & 3.

Methods:
Each project map is developed using the following steps:
1. The project map was drawn based on the information provided in the research project proposals.
2. The map was refined based on feedback during the first data discussions with the project leader.
3. Where projects are finished most maps were updated based on the extents of datasets generated by the project and followup checks with the project leader.

The area mapped includes on-ground activities of the project, but also where the outputs of the project are likely to be relevant. The maps were refined by project leads, by showing them the initial map developed from the proposal, then asking them "How would you change this map to better represent the area where your project is relevant?". In general, this would result in changes such as removing areas where they were no longer intending research to be, or trimming of the extents to better represent the habitats that are relevant.

The project extent maps are intentionally low resolution (low number of polygon vertices), limiting the number of vertices 100s of points. This is to allow their easy integration into project metadata records and for presenting via interactive web maps and spatial searching. The goal of the maps was to define the project extent in a manner that was significantly more accurate than a bounding box, reducing the number of false positives generated from a spatial search. The geometry was intended to be simple enough that projects leaders could describe the locations verbally and the rough nature of the mapping made it clear that the regions of relevance are approximate.

In some cases, boundaries were drawn manually using a low number of vertices, in the process adjusting them to be more relevant to the project. In others, high resolution GIS datasets (such as the EEZ, or the Australian coastline) were used, but simplified at a resolution of 5-10km to ensure an appopriate vertices count for the final polygon extent. Reference datasets were frequently used to make adjustments to the maps, for example maps of wetlands and rivers were used to better represent the inner boundary of projects that were relevant for wetlands.

In general, the areas represented in the maps tend to show an area larger then the actual project activities, for example a project focusing on coastal restoration might include marine areas up to 50 km offshore and 50 km inshore. This buffering allows the coastline to be represented with a low number of verticies without leading to false negatives, where a project doesn't come up in a search because the area being searched is just outside the core area of a project.


Limitations of the data:
The areas represented in this data are intentionally low resolution. The polygon features from the various projects overlap significantly and thus many boundaries are hidden with default styling. This dataset is not a complete representation of the work being done by the NESP MaC projects as it was collected only 3 years into a 7 year program.

Format of the data:
The maps were drawn in QGIS using relevant reference layers and saved as shapefiles. These are then converted to GeoJSON or WKT (Well-known Text) and incorporated into the ISO19115-3 project metadata records in GeoNetwork. Updates to the map are made to the original shapefiles, and the metadata record subsequently updated.

All projects are represented as a single multi-polygon. The multiple polygons was developed by merging of separate areas into a single multi-polygon. This was done to improve compatibility with web platforms, allowing easy conversion to GeoJSON and WKT.

This dataset will be updated periodically as new NESP MaC projects are developed and as project progress and the map layers are improved. These updates will typically be annual.


Data dictionary:
NAME - Title of the layer
PROJ - Project code of the project relating to the layer
NODE - Whether the project is part of the Northern or Southern Nodes
TITLE - Title of the project
P_LEADER - Name of the Project leader and institution managing the project
PROJ_LINK - Link to the project metadata
MAP_DESC - Brief text description of the map area
MAP_TYPE - Describes whether the map extent is a 'general' area of relevance for the project work, or 'specific' where there is on ground survey or sampling activities
MOD_DATE - Last modification date to the individual map layer (prior to merging)


Updates & Processing:
These maps were created by eAtlas and IMAS Data Wranglers as part of the NESP MaC Data Management activities. As new project information is made available, the maps may be updated and republished. The update log will appear below with notes to indicate when individual project maps are updated:
20220626 - Dataset published (All shapefiles have MOD_DATE 20230626)


Location of the data:
This dataset is filed in the eAtlas enduring data repository at: data\custodian
esp-mac-3\AU_AIMS-UTAS_NESP-MaC_Project-extents-maps

The Salmon Recovery Portal is a comprehensive, online database found at https://srp.rco.wa.gov. It displays information on salmon recovery actions and goals. Tracking more than 12,000 on-the-ground projects across the state, the Salmon Recovery Portal makes it easy to see how projects relate to each other, what needs to be done next for salmon, and how progress is being made to address the problems harming salmon. The Salmon Recovery Portal allows those doing salmon recovery to track and prioritize salmon recovery projects, making it easier to see the big picture.The full feature service is available here: https://gismanager.rco.wa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Public_SRP_Primary_Worksites/MapServer/0

Background HealthCyberMap aims at mapping parts of health information cyberspace in novel ways to deliver a semantically superior user experience. This is achieved through "intelligent" categorisation and interactive hypermedia visualisation of health resources using metadata, clinical codes and GIS. HealthCyberMap is an ArcView 3.1 project. WebView, the Internet extension to ArcView, publishes HealthCyberMap ArcView Views as Web client-side imagemaps. The basic WebView set-up does not support any GIS database connection, and published Web maps become disconnected from the original project. A dedicated Internet map server would be the best way to serve HealthCyberMap database-driven interactive Web maps, but is an expensive and complex solution to acquire, run and maintain. This paper describes HealthCyberMap simple, low-cost method for "patching" WebView to serve hypermaps with dynamic database drill-down functionality on the Web. Results The proposed solution is currently used for publishing HealthCyberMap GIS-generated navigational information maps on the Web while maintaining their links with the underlying resource metadata base. Conclusion The authors believe their map serving approach as adopted in HealthCyberMap has been very successful, especially in cases when only map attribute data change without a corresponding effect on map appearance. It should be also possible to use the same solution to publish other interactive GIS-driven maps on the Web, e.g., maps of real world health problems.

A 300 x 600 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 650 m Martinelli grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1/8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Martinelli grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993). [1]Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology: The study of plant communities. New York: McGraw-Hill, 439 pp. [2]Everett, K.R., P.J. Webber, D.A. Walker, R.J. Parkinson, and J. Brown. 1978. A geoecological mapping scheme for Alaskan coastal tundra. Third International Conference on Permafrost, 10-13 July 1978, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [3]Komarkova, V. 1979. Alpine vegetation of the Indian Peaks area, Front Range, Colorado Rocky Mountains. Vaduz (Germany): J. Cramer, 591 pp. [4]Walker, D.A., K.R. Everett, P.J. Webber, and J. Brown. 1980. Geobotanical atlas of the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. United States Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report #80, Hanover, NH, 69 pp. [5]Zonneveld, I.S. 1988. The ITC method of mapping natural and semi- natural vegetation. Pp. 401-426 in Kuchler, A.W., and I.S. Zonneveld (eds.). Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic. [6]Dangermond, J., and E. Harnden. 1990. Map data standardization: A methodology for integrating thematic cartographic data before automation. ARC News 12(2): 16-19. [7]Walker, D.A., J.C. Halfpenny, M.D. Walker, and C.A. Wessman. 1993. Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions. Bioscience 43(5): 287-301. [8]Walker, D.A., B.E. Lewis, W.B. Krantz, E.T. Price, and R.D. Tabler. 1994. Hierarchic studies of snow-ecosystem interactions: A 100-year snow-alteration experiment. Pp. 407-414 In: Ferrik, M. (ed.). Proceedings of the Fiftieth Annual Eastern and Western Snow Conference, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, 8-10 June 1993. 441 pp.

This data shows the location and specific information about Supplemental Environmental Projects in Michigan. A Supplemental Environmental Project or SEP is a voluntary project undertaken by a company as part of an enforcement action. This project creates a way for the company in non-compliance to give back to the impacted community and defers some of their settlement payment.You can access specific information about various projects, such as the type of project and nexus created by the project (air quality, lighting upgrade, vegetative barrier and more), where the project was, how much the project cost, and information about the enforcement case that led to the project being developed. You can also view this data and related information in our Supplemental Environmental Projects and Air Quality Enforcement Viewer (item details).Call 800-662-9278 for assistance with reading or interpreting this map. For questions regarding content within this application, please email MoranE@Michigan.gov. Submit feedback on this application or report problems or data functionality suggestions to EGLE-Maps@Michigan.gov.

To provide processed satellite images of key areas along the U. S.-Mexico border for use in a broad spectrum of studies. Landsat data have been used by government, commercial, industrial, civilian, and educational communities in the U.S. and worldwide. They are being used to support a wide range of applications in such areas as global change research, agriculture, forestry, geology, resources management, geography, mapping, water quality, and oceanography. Landsat data have potential applications for monitoring the conditions of the Earth's land surface.

The passage of the North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA), establishment of the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission as well as the EPA U.S./Mexico Border XXI Program has focused attention to the environmental social-cultural, and economic conditions in the United States-Mexico frontier and to the enhanced necessity of a binational, transborder approach in addressing problems. Towards this end, this U.S.-Mexico borderlands Thematic Mapper selection is designed to be utilized as fundamental part of a basic geographic information system database for natural resource, environmental, and land-management studies.

A 300 x 600 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 650 m Martinelli grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1g8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Martinelli grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993).

A 350 x 500 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 500 m saddle grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1g8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Saddle grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993).

The Louisiana State Legislature created Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) in order to conserve, restore, create and enhance Louisiana's coastal wetlands. The wetland restoration plans developed pursuant to these acts specifically require an evaluation of the effectiveness of each coastal wetlands restoration project in achieving long-term solutions to arresting coastal wetlands loss. This data set includes mosaicked aerial photographs for the Pelican Island and Pass La Mer to Chaland Pass Resoration (BA-38) project for 2005, 2007, 2011, and 2013. This data is used as a basemap habitat classification. It also serves as a visual tool for project managers to help them identify any obvious problems or land loss within their project boundary. To better evaluate the effectiveness of restoration efforts, a habitat classification is performed on specific CWPPRA sites to help assess landscape changes. The intended use of this data set is to provide information to aid efforts in the conservation, restoration, creation and enhancement of Louisiana's coastal wetlands in order to aid in long-term solutions to these and other problems. The dataset consists of 4 separate items: 1. BA-38 Habitat: Chaland 2005 (Raster GIS dataset) 2. BA-38 Habitat: Chaland 2007 (Vector GIS dataset) 3. BA-38 Habitat: Pelican 2011 (Vector GIS dataset) 4. BA-38 Habitat: Pelican 2013 (Vector GIS dataset)

Pre-planning application locations. This data set depicts the location of pre-applications. The regulatory review process can usually be expedited if the applicant elects to participate in a pre-application conference with District engineers and environmental scientists early in the project planning process. A meeting with District staff can help the applicant and the project designers to better understand District rules and regulations, and help District staff understand the project. The District staff can outline procedures to facilitate submittal of a complete application or explain permitting requirements, as needed. Any potential permitting problems could be identified at the meeting.