When inflation occurs in a country, the value of the currency decreases. That means that the purchasing power consumers have with a fixed amount of money decreases. Wages, especially lower and middle class wages, usually increase at a MUCH slower rate than prices of consumer goods; so consumers are likely to make the same wage, but are not able to buy the same amount of goods and services. Consumers in countries with hyperinflation suffer greatly because of this economic phenomenon.

Data was downloaded from: Link

For notes/metadata regarding the definition, measurement, or data collection for a certain country or group can be found by downloading the excel file from the linked webpage.

Original data provider: International Monetary Fund, World Development Indicators. License : CC BY-4.0.

INDICATOR_CODE: FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG

INDICATOR_NAME: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)

SOURCE_NOTE: Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly.
The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Years included: 1960-2016

The following countries have no values for any year:

• Somalia

• Puerto Rico

• Guam

• US Virgin Islands

The dataset also conains some records that refer to groups of countries, which may be useful for those with no recorded values. Some of those groups are:

• Fragile and conflict affected situations

• Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)

• Caribbean small states

• Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)

• Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)

• East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)

• East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)

• Least developed countries: UN classification

• Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)

If this data is being used for the Kiva Crowdfunding Data Science for Good event; The following countries (as they are named in this dataset), are named slightly differently in the Kiva dataset (to the best of my knowledge). For example, West Bank in Gaza is referred to as Palestine in the Kiva Dataset.

• Congo, Dem. Rep.

• Congo, Rep.

• Kyrgyz Republic

• Lao PDR

• Myanmar

• West Bank and Gaza

• St. Vincent and the Grenadines

• Virgin Islands (U.S.)

• Yemen, Rep.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: NonSmoothed Trimmed Means data was reported at 0.420 % in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.550 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: NonSmoothed Trimmed Means data is updated monthly, averaging 0.410 % from Jan 1995 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 363 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.700 % in Jun 1995 and a record low of -0.350 % in Aug 1998. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: NonSmoothed Trimmed Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB056: Consumer Price Index: Core Inflation Rate. Notes: The variation of the items fuel, electricity, public transportation, personal expenses, tobacco, courses and communication rates are distributed in 12 month-terms. After the smoothening process the 20% greatest and 20% smallest variations are excluded.

Belgium Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Education: Not Defined data was reported at 0.731 Per 1000 in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.713 Per 1000 for 2024. Belgium Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Education: Not Defined data is updated yearly, averaging 0.330 Per 1000 from Dec 2018 (Median) to 2025, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.731 Per 1000 in 2025 and a record low of 0.212 Per 1000 in 2019. Belgium Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Education: Not Defined data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate-General Statistics - Statistics Belgium. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Belgium – Table BE.I010: Consumer Price Index: Weights.

Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Recreation and Culture data was reported at 107.900 2020=100 in Dec 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 109.933 2020=100 for Sep 2022. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Recreation and Culture data is updated quarterly, averaging 104.367 2020=100 from Mar 1985 (Median) to Dec 2022, with 152 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114.900 2020=100 in Sep 1999 and a record low of 10.633 2020=100 in Mar 1985. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Recreation and Culture data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member: Quarterly. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in November 1985

Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Communication data was reported at 91.100 2020=100 in Dec 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 91.733 2020=100 for Sep 2022. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Communication data is updated quarterly, averaging 135.667 2020=100 from Mar 1985 (Median) to Dec 2022, with 152 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 161.333 2020=100 in Jun 2011 and a record low of 17.967 2020=100 in Mar 1985. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Communication data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member: Quarterly. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in November 1985

Here 3 DataSet for a complete overview of the economy of the country you are interested in.

Big Mac Index, Inflation forecast and Average Salary

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Big Mac Index

The Big Mac index was invented by The Economist in 1986 as a lighthearted guide to whether currencies are at their “correct” level. It is based on the theory of purchasing-power parity (PPP). By diverting the average national Big Mac prices to U.S. dollars, the same goods can be informally compared. So when the price of a burger is considered, the economic value of all these factors is accounted for. Thus, comparing the prices of similar burgers in two countries reflects a region’s cost of living and affordability. This is the theory behind Burgernomics.

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Inflation forecast

Inflation forecast is measured in terms of the consumer price index (CPI) or harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) for euro area countries, the euro area aggregate and the United Kingdom. Inflation measures the general evolution of prices. It is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by households. Projections are based on an assessment of the economic climate in individual countries and the world economy, using a combination of model-based analyses and expert judgement. The indicator is expressed in annual growth rates.

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Average Salary (income)

The average salary is calculated based on reported salaries of respondents. The average salary definition is to add the salaries in the sample together, then divide by the number of respondents. The result is the average salary for everyone surveyed.

Consumer Price Index CPI in Pakistan increased to 281.78 points in November from 280.66 points in October of 2025. This dataset provides - Pakistan Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) gives comparable measures of inflation for the countries and country groups for which it is produced. It is an economic indicator that measures the change over time of the prices of consumer goods and services acquired by households. In other words, it is a set of consumer price indices (CPI) calculated according to a harmonised approach and a set of definitions as laid down in Regulations and Recommendations.

In addition, the HICP provides the official measure of consumer price inflation in the https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Euro_area">euro area for the purposes of monetary policy and the assessment of inflation convergence as required under the Maastricht criteria for accession to the euro.

The HICP is available for all EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. In addition to the individual country series there are three country groups: the euro area (EA), the European Union (EU), and the European Economic Area (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" target="_blank">EEA), the latter covering Iceland and Norway, in addition to the EU. Liechtenstein does not produce HICP and is therefore not included in the EEA HICP aggregate.

The official indices for the country-groups reflect the changing country composition of the EA, the EU and the EEA. The HICP for new Member States is chained into the aggregate indices at the time of accession. For analytical purposes Eurostat also computes country-group indices with stable country composition over time.

HICP for Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye (candidate countries), as well as Kosovo (^*) are also published. Their data is flagged with 'd' ('definition differs'), given that its conformity with the methodological HICP requirements has not been evaluated by Eurostat.

A proxy-HICP for the all-items index and main headings is also available for the United States.

National HICPs are produced by National Statistical Institutes (NSIs), while country-group indices (EU, EA and EEA) are produced by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Eurostat" target="_blank">Eurostat.

The data are released monthly in Eurostat's database and include price indices and rates of change (monthly, annual and 12-month moving average changes). In addition to the headline 'all-items HICP', a number of sub-indices for different goods and services and special aggregates are available.

Every year, with the release of the January data, the relative weights for the indices and the special aggregates (item weights) as well as the individual countries' weight within the country groups (country weights) are published.

Eurostat publishes early estimates, called 'flash estimate', of the euro area overall inflation rate and selected components. These are published monthly, usually on the last working day of the reference month.

(*) Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data was reported at 100.100 Prev Mth=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.200 Prev Mth=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data is updated monthly, averaging 99.680 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 2014 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 104.110 Prev Mth=100 in Dec 2014 and a record low of 98.630 Prev Mth=100 in Apr 2016. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA010: Consumer Price Index: Previous Month=100: Non Food.

IL: CPI: Local Source Base Year: All Items data was reported at 108.000 2020=100 in Dec 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 107.700 2020=100 for Nov 2022. IL: CPI: Local Source Base Year: All Items data is updated monthly, averaging 62.000 2020=100 from Jan 1970 (Median) to Dec 2022, with 636 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 108.000 2020=100 in Dec 2022 and a record low of 0.001 2020=100 in Jan 1970. IL: CPI: Local Source Base Year: All Items data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in January 1970

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data was reported at 96.040 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 95.720 Same Mth PY=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data is updated monthly, averaging 97.735 Same Mth PY=100 from Jan 2014 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 60 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 110.330 Same Mth PY=100 in Nov 2015 and a record low of 94.470 Same Mth PY=100 in Nov 2017. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Smart Phone data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA015: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Non Food.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Wireless Headphones data was reported at 93.700 Same Mth PY=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 94.860 Same Mth PY=100 for Feb 2025. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Wireless Headphones data is updated monthly, averaging 97.970 Same Mth PY=100 from Jan 2021 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 119.570 Same Mth PY=100 in Mar 2022 and a record low of 89.060 Same Mth PY=100 in Mar 2023. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Wireless Headphones data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA015: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Non Food.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Mobile Phone Set data was reported at 97.390 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 97.510 Same Mth PY=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Mobile Phone Set data is updated monthly, averaging 96.885 Same Mth PY=100 from Jan 2003 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 192 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 108.600 Same Mth PY=100 in Apr 2015 and a record low of 90.720 Same Mth PY=100 in Jan 2004. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Mobile Phone Set data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA015: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Non Food.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Karelia: Non Food: Communication Means data was reported at 98.520 Prev Dec=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 99.900 Prev Dec=100 for Feb 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Karelia: Non Food: Communication Means data is updated monthly, averaging 98.190 Prev Dec=100 from Jan 2002 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 279 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 120.580 Prev Dec=100 in Mar 2022 and a record low of 81.100 Prev Dec=100 in Dec 2002. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Karelia: Non Food: Communication Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IB034: Consumer Price Index: North Western Federal District: Republic of Karelia.

Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Household Maintenance data was reported at 108.858 2020=100 in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 103.408 2020=100 for 2021. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Household Maintenance data is updated yearly, averaging 113.642 2020=100 from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 145.683 2020=100 in 1999 and a record low of 31.475 2020=100 in 1985. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Household Maintenance data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member: Annual. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in November 1985

Germany Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: MS: Insurance: CT: Transport Means data was reported at 8.320 Per 1000 in 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 8.320 Per 1000 for 2022. Germany Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: MS: Insurance: CT: Transport Means data is updated yearly, averaging 8.320 Per 1000 from Dec 2020 (Median) to 2023, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.320 Per 1000 in 2023 and a record low of 8.320 Per 1000 in 2023. Germany Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: MS: Insurance: CT: Transport Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.I032: Consumer Price Index: Weights: Annual.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Landline Telephone Set data was reported at 101.480 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 101.790 Same Mth PY=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Landline Telephone Set data is updated monthly, averaging 103.955 Same Mth PY=100 from Jan 2009 to Dec 2018, with 120 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 131.990 Same Mth PY=100 in Nov 2015 and a record low of 101.170 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2012. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Communication Means: Landline Telephone Set data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA015: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Non Food.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: Smoothed Trimmed Means data was reported at 0.470 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.430 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: Smoothed Trimmed Means data is updated monthly, averaging 0.450 % from Jan 1996 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 351 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.510 % in Jan 1996 and a record low of -0.070 % in Aug 1998. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA: Core: Smoothed Trimmed Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB056: Consumer Price Index: Core Inflation Rate. Notes: The variation of the items fuel, electricity, public transportation, personal expenses, tobacco, courses and communication rates are distributed in 12 month-terms. After the smoothening process the 20% greatest and 20% smallest variations are excluded.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Komi: Non Food: Communication Means data was reported at 95.590 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 98.420 Prev Mth=100 for Feb 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Komi: Non Food: Communication Means data is updated monthly, averaging 100.000 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 2002 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 279 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 123.370 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2022 and a record low of 92.100 Prev Mth=100 in Oct 2008. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Komi: Non Food: Communication Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IB035: Consumer Price Index: North Western Federal District: Republic of Komi.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Chuvashia: Non Food: Communication Means data was reported at 98.080 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 100.430 Prev Mth=100 for Feb 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Chuvashia: Non Food: Communication Means data is updated monthly, averaging 100.000 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 2002 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 279 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 115.770 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2022 and a record low of 89.910 Prev Mth=100 in Apr 2022. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Chuvashia: Non Food: Communication Means data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IB070: Consumer Price Index: Volga Region Federal District: Republic of Chuvashia.