The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services. Indexes are available for the U.S. and various geographic areas. Average price data for select utility, automotive fuel, and food items are also available. Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 75 urban areas throughout the country and from about 23,000 retail and service establishments. Data on rents are collected from about 43,000 landlords or tenants.

In 2023, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 309.42, and is projected to increase to 352.27 by 2029. The base period was 1982-84. The monthly CPI for all urban consumers in the U.S. can be accessed here. After a time of high inflation, the U.S. inflation rateis projected fall to two percent by 2027. United States Consumer Price Index ForecastIt is projected that the CPI will continue to rise year over year, reaching 325.6 in 2027. The Consumer Price Index of all urban consumers in previous years was lower, and has risen every year since 1992, except in 2009, when the CPI went from 215.30 in 2008 to 214.54 in 2009. The monthly unadjusted Consumer Price Index was 296.17 for the month of August in 2022. The U.S. CPI measures changes in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households and is thought to reflect inflation in the U.S. as well as the health of the economy. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates the CPI and defines it as, "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." The BLS records the price of thousands of goods and services month by month. They consider goods and services within eight main categories: food and beverage, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and other goods and services. They aggregate the data collected in order to compare how much it would cost a consumer to buy the same market basket of goods and services within one month or one year compared with the previous month or year. Given that the CPI is used to calculate U.S. inflation, the CPI influences the annual adjustments of many financial institutions in the United States, both private and public. Wages, social security payments, and pensions are all affected by the CPI.

We explain how measures of consumer prices are computed and what the differences are between the consumer price index (CPI) and the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index. We also explain various measures used to gauge underlying inflation, or the long-term trend in prices, such as median and trimmed-mean inflation rates and core inflation.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in Modernizing price measurement and evaluating recent critiques of the consumer price index, PIIE Working Paper 25-3.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Sichel, Daniel E., and Christopher Mackie. 2025. Modernizing price measurement and evaluating recent critiques of the consumer price index. PIIE Working Paper 25-3. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures over time the prices of goods and services in major expenditure categories typically purchased by urban consumers. The expenditure categories include food, housing, apparel, transportation, and medical care. Essentially, the Index measures consumer purchasing power by comparing the cost of a fixed set of goods and services (called a market basket) in a specific month relative to the cost of the same market basket in an earlier reference period, designated as the base period. The CPI is calculated for two population groups: urban wage earners and clerical workers (CPI-W) and all urban consumers (CPI-U). The CPI-W population includes those urban families with clerical workers, sales workers, craft workers, operatives, service workers, or laborers in the family unit and is representative of the prices paid by about 40 percent of the United States population. The CPI-U population consists of all urban households (including professional and salaried workers, part-time workers, the self-employed, the unemployed, and retired persons) and is representative of the prices paid by about 80 percent of the United States population. Both populations specifically exclude persons in the military, in institutions, and all persons living outside of urban areas (such as farm families). National indexes for both populations are available for about 350 consumer items and groups of items. In addition, over 100 of the indexes have been adjusted for seasonality. The indexes are monthly with some beginning in 1913. Area indexes are available for 27 urban places. For each area, indexes are presented for about 65 items and groups. The area indexes are produced monthly for 5 areas, bimonthly for 10 areas, and semiannually for 12 urban areas. Regional indexes are available for four regions with about 95 items and groups per region. Beginning with January 1987, regional indexes are monthly, with some beginning as early as 1966. City-size indexes are available for four size classes with about 95 items and groups per class. Beginning with January 1987, these indexes are monthly and most begin in 1977. Regional and city-size indexes are available cross-classified by region and city-size class. For each of the 13 cross-classifications, about 60 items and groups are available. Beginning with January 1987, these indexes are monthly and most begin in 1977. Each index record includes a series identification code that specifies the sample (either all urban consumers or urban wage earners and clerical workers), seasonality (either seasonally adjusted or unadjusted), periodicity (either semiannual or regular), geographic area, index base period, and item number of the index.

In 2024, the consumer price index (CPI) was 315.61. Data represents U.S. city averages. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can be found here. United States urban Consumer Price Index (CPI) The U.S. Consumer Price Index is a measure of change in the price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is defined by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics as "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services." To calculate the CPI, the Bureau of Labor Statistics considers the price of goods and services from various categories: housing, transportation, apparel, food & beverage, medical care, recreation, education and other/uncategorized. The CPI is a useful measure, as it indicates how the cost of urban living in the United States has changed over time, compared to a base period. CPI is also used to calculate inflation, or change in the purchasing power of money. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. urban CPI has been rising steadily since 1992. As of 2023, the CPI was 304.7, up from 233 ten years earlier and up from 184 twenty years earlier. This indicates the extent to which, compared to a base period 1982-1984 = 100, the price of various goods and services has risen.

Consumer price indexes (CPIs) are index numbers that measure changes in the prices of goods and services purchased or otherwise acquired by households, which households use directly, or indirectly, to satisfy their own needs and wants. In practice, most CPIs are calculated as weighted averages of the percentage price changes for a specified set, or ‘‘basket’’, of consumer products, the weights reflecting their relative importance in household consumption in some period. CPIs are widely used to index pensions and social security benefits. CPIs are also used to index other payments, such as interest payments or rents, or the prices of bonds. CPIs are also commonly used as a proxy for the general rate of inflation, even though they measure only consumer inflation. They are used by some governments or central banks to set inflation targets for purposes of monetary policy. The price data collected for CPI purposes can also be used to compile other indices, such as the price indices used to deflate household consumption expenditures in national accounts, or the purchasing power parities used to compare real levels of consumption in different countries.

In an effort to further coordinate and harmonize the collection of CPI data, the international organizations agreed that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) would assume responsibility for the international collection and dissemination of national CPI data. Under this data collection initiative, countries are reporting the aggregate all items index; more detailed indexes and weights for 12 subgroups of consumption expenditure (according to the so-called COICOP-classification), and detailed metadata. These detailed data represent a valuable resource for data users throughout the world and this portal would not be possible without the ongoing cooperation of all reporting countries. In this effort, the OECD collects and validates the data for their member countries, including accession and key partner countries, whereas the IMF takes care of the collection of data for all other countries.

Analysis of ‘🚊 Consumer Price Index’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/yamqwe/consumer-price-indexe on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

About this dataset

9The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items (CPIAUCSL) is a measure of the average monthly change in the price for goods and services paid by urban consumers between any two time periods.(1) It can also represent the buying habits of urban consumers. This particular index includes roughly 88 percent of the total population, accounting for wage earners, clerical workers, technical workers, self-employed, short-term workers, unemployed, retirees, and those not in the labor force.(1)

The CPIs are based on prices for food, clothing, shelter, and fuels; transportation fares; service fees (e.g., water and sewer service); and sales taxes. Prices are collected monthly from about 4,000 housing units and approximately 26,000 retail establishments across 87 urban areas.(1) To calculate the index, price changes are averaged with weights representing their importance in the spending of the particular group. The index measures price changes (as a percent change) from a predetermined reference date.(1) In addition to the original unadjusted index distributed, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also releases a seasonally adjusted index. The unadjusted series reflects all factors that may influence a change in prices. However, it can be very useful to look at the seasonally adjusted CPI, which removes the effects of seasonal changes, such as weather, school year, production cycles, and holidays.(1)

The CPI can be used to recognize periods of inflation and deflation. Significant increases in the CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of inflation, and significant decreases in CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of deflation. However, because the CPI includes volatile food and oil prices, it might not be a reliable measure of inflationary and deflationary periods. For a more accurate detection, the core CPI (Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food & Energy [CPILFESL]) is often used. When using the CPI, please note that it is not applicable to all consumers and should not be used to determine relative living costs.(1) Additionally, the CPI is a statistical measure vulnerable to sampling error since it is based on a sample of prices and not the complete average.(1)

Attribution: US. Bureau of Labor Statistics from The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

For more information on the consumer price indexes, see:

• (1) Bureau of Economic Analysis. “CPI Detailed Report.” 2013
• (2) Handbook of Methods
• (3) Understanding the CPI: Frequently Asked Questions

This dataset was created by Finance and contains around 900 samples along with Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers: All Items, Title:, technical information and other features such as: - Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers: All Items - Title: - and more.

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Purpose and brief description The consumer price index is an economic indicator whose main task is to objectively reflect the price evolution over time for a basket of goods and services purchased by households and considered representative of their consumer habits. The index does not necessarily measure the price level of this basket for a specific period of time, but rather the fluctuation between two periods, the first one acting as basis for comparison. Moreover, this difference in the price level is not measured in absolute, but in relative terms. The consumer price index can be determined as a hundred times the ratio between the observed prices of a range of goods and services at a given time and the prices of the same goods and services, observed under the same circumstances during the reference period, chosen as basis for comparison. Price observations always take place in the same regions. Since 2014, the consumer price index has been a chain index in which the weighting reference period is regularly shifted and prices and quantities are no longer compared between the current period and a fixed reference period, but the current period is compared with an intermediate period. By multiplying these short-term indices, and so creating a chain, we get a long-term series with a fixed reference period. Population Belgian private households Data collection method and possible sampling Survey technique applied using a computer, based on the use of electronic questionnaires and laptops. Frequency Monthly. Timing of publication The results are available on the penultimate working day of the reference period. Definitions Weight (CPI): The weight represents the importance of the goods and services included in the CPI in the total expenditure patterns of the households. Weights are determined based on the household budget survey. Consumer price index (CPI): The consumer price index is an economic indicator whose main task is to objectively reflect the price evolution over time for a basket of goods and services purchased by households and considered representative of their consumer habits. Health index: The health index is derived from the consumer price index and has been published since January 1994. The current value of this index is determined by removing a number of products from the consumer price index product basket, in particular alcoholic beverages (bought in a shop or consumed in a bar), tobacco products and motor fuels except for LPG. Inflation: Inflation is defined as the ratio between the value of the consumer price index of a given month and the index of the same month the year before. Therefore, inflation measures the rhythm of the evolution of the overall price level. Consumer price index without petroleum products: This index is calculated by removing the following products from the consumer price index: butane, propane, liquid fuels and motor fuels. Consumer price index without energy products: This index is calculated by removing the following products from the consumer price index: electricity, natural gas, butane, propane, liquid fuels, solid fuels and motor fuels. Smoothed index: The smoothed health index, also called smoothed index (the average value of the health indexes of the last 4 months) is used as a basis for the indexation of retirement pensions, social security benefits and some salaries and wages. Public wages and social benefits are indexed as soon as the smoothed index reaches a given value, called the central index. The smoothed index is also called moving average. In order to perform a 2% index jump (laid down in the Law of 23 April 2015 on employment promotion), the smoothed health index has been temporarily blocked at its value of March 2015 (100.66). The smoothed health index was then reduced by 2% from April 2015. When the reduced smoothed health index (also called the reference index) had increased again by 2% or in other words when it had exceeded the value of 100.66, the index was no longer blocked. It occurred in April 2016. Since April 2016 the smoothed health index is calculated in the same manner as the reference index and therefore corresponds to the arithmetical mean of the health indexes of the last 4 months multiplied by a factor of 0.98. The central index is a predetermined threshold value against which the smoothed health index is compared. If the central index is reached or exceeded, there is an indexation of the wages and salaries or benefits. This indexation is proportional to the percentage between the old and the new central index. For the public sector and social benefits, the difference between the central indices always amounts to 2 %. Therefore, a 2 % indexation is applied every time the central index is reached. There are also collective labour agreements according to which the difference between the central indices amounts to 1 % or 1.5 %. The reaching of a central index then leads to an indexation of 1 % or 1,5 %. See also: https://bosa.belgium.

The FAOSTAT monthly Food CPI and General CPI database was based on the ILO CPI data until December 2014. In 2014, IMF-ILO-FAO agreed to transfer global CPI data compilation from ILO to IMF. Upon agreement, CPIs for all items and its sub components originates from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the UN Statistics Division(UNSD) for countries not covered by the IMF. However, due to a limited time coverage from IMF and UNSD for a number of countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Central Bank of Western African States (BCEAO), Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), UNdata, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and national statistical office website data are used for missing historical data from IMF and UNSD food CPI.

The FAO CPI dataset for all items(or general CPI) and the Food CPI, consists of a complete and consistent set of time series from January 2000 onwards. Data gaps on monthly Food CPI and General CPI are filled using statistical estimation procedures to have full data coverage for all countries for Food CPI and for General CPI. These indices measure the price change between the current and reference periods of the average basket of goods and services purchased by households. The General CPI is typically used to measure and monitor inflation, set monetary policy targets, index social benefits such as pensions and unemployment benefits, and to escalate thresholds and credits in the income tax systems and wages in public and private wage contracts. The FAOSTAT monthly Food CPI inflation rates are annual year-over-year inflation or percentage change over corresponding month of the previous year.

The data included in Data360 is a subset of the data available from the source. Please refer to the source for complete data and methodology details.

This collection includes only a subset of indicators from the source dataset.

The consumer price index (CPI) measures change in the average price of consumer goods and services – specifically, the ONS defines it as "a measure of consumer price inflation - the rate at which the prices of goods and services bought by households rise or fall - produced to international standards and in line with European regulations. The CPI is the inflation measure used in the government's target for inflation". The CPI is weighted based on the value of each good and service purchased by consumers.

This report analyses trends in the consumer price index (CPI). The CPI measures the changing price of the goods and services New Zealand households buy. It is the standard measure of the rate of inflation in New Zealand. The index has a base of 1,000.0, with 2021-22 designated as the base year. The data for this report is sourced from Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa).

The Consumer Price Index (IPC) offers a statistical measurement of the conjunctural evolution of the set of prices of the goods and services consumed by families and that are acquired at normal prices, in certain functions of consumption. The source of information is the monthly state-wide statistics produced by the INE. It offers both a general index and a price index by group of products or services, either for the State as a whole or for the Basque Country; it disseminates the annual averages and also the variations or increases between reference periods.

Consumer Price Index CPI in the United States increased to 321.47 points in May from 320.80 points in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Consumer Price Index (CPI) - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The annual average consumer price index in Mexico stood at approximately 135.39 points in 2024. Following a continuous upward trend, the index has risen by around 135.33 points since 1980. Between 2024 and 2030, the index will rise by around 27.41 points, continuing its consistent upward trajectory.As defined by the International Monetary Fund, this indicator measures inflation on the basis of the average consumer price index. This index measure expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services during a certain year. Typically a reference year exists for which a value of 100 had been assigned.

This dataset gives information on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for food is a component of the all-items CPI. The CPI measures the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative market basket of consumer goods and services. While the all-items CPI measures the price changes for all consumer goods and services, including food, the CPI for food measures the changes in the retail prices of food items only.

This table contains 13 series, with data from 1949 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). Data are presented for the current month and previous four months. Users can select other time periods that are of interest to them.

Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data was reported at 90.467 2020=100 in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 95.092 2020=100 for 2021. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data is updated yearly, averaging 119.871 2020=100 from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 167.358 2020=100 in 1997 and a record low of 53.850 2020=100 in 1985. Israel IL: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Local Source Base Year: Clothing and Footwear data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MEI: Consumer Price Index: COICOP 1999: OECD Member: Annual. The CPI measures the change in prices which consumer pay for fixed market basket of consumption goods and services. Price coverage: Prices include applicable taxes (VAT) and fees on the products at the time of sale. Cash payments are the basis for the price survey. Monthly installment payment and credit card interest are excluded. Price collection procedure: The data collection methods are adapted according to the specific characteristics of the CPI classes. The main price surveys are: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), conducted by the CBS staff at the central office; Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) by field collectors with handheld personal computers (HPC) and Direct Data Entry (DDE) into the database. Also for some special items Internet is used either in parallel with CAPI or as a part of DDE collection. The CPI includes a measure of rented housing Owner Occupied Housing (OOH) is included in the CPI and is calculated using rental equivalent method. The method for imputation of OOH is based on stratified average prices of contracts that are subject to renewal. In order to reduce variance in the monthly series, two month moving averages are compared each month. However, the method for OOH still leaves room for quality differences to play role in month-to-month average price changes. The method relies on successful stratification of apartments to groups whose relative price changes are as similar as possible. While the stratification is based on apartment location and number of rooms, some quality characteristics may experience month-to-month variation. Treatment of own account production is not included Goods and services sold illegally, second hand goods, goods and services partially or totally subsidized by the government and financial transactions are not included. Insurance: Insurance of personal transport and Health insurance (private and provided by the Government) are included. Treatment of missing items: Price changes for missing observations are imputed based on the price movements of other observations of the same item. Selection of replacement items: Products that become permantely unavailable are replaced in the sample and enumerators select a replacement possessing as many of the same quality characteristics as possible. Prices from previous period are sought for the replacement item for linking purpose. Treatment of quality change: There are two types of replacement approach: comparable and non-comparable. If a new product possesses the previously defined important characteristics of the old product, the new product is defined as comparable and a minor quality change is regarded as price change. Otherwise, if a significant quality change is introduced, the new product is defined as not comparable. The breakage in price series is treated by the linking method. Explicit quality adjustments are usually not performed. Hedonic methods are being considered but not yet implemented. In some cases, where the product cycle is short and new versions with improved quality characteristics are frequently introduced, the overlap method may give biased estimates. Introduction of new products: New items are introduced when the market basket is updated. New products are introduced into the sample as they gain significant market share. Business and professional periodicles are closely followed to gain information on new products that are gaining consumer demand. Seasonal items: Missing prices for seasonal products are imputed. Certain procedures are in place to avoid too early reintroduction of seasonal products back to the index. For price changes a bridge method is used when the items are reintroduced to the collection. Index series are also calculated and released in seasonally adjusted form.; Index series starts in November 1985

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: USA MEASURE: CPI UNIT_MEASURE: IX METHODOLOGY: N EXPENDITURE: _T ADJUSTMENT: N TRANSFORMATION: _Z FREQ: M

All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

The median CPI is a measure of inflation computed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. It ranks the components of CPI inflation and picks the one in the middle. Its construction makes it less sensitive to short-lived price fluctuations, thereby better capturing the trend in prices. Released monthly.