The graph shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in China as of July 2025, by sector and area. That month, the CPI for transportation and communication in urban areas resided at **** index points. Measuring inflation The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an economic indicator that measures changes in the price level of a representative basket of consumer goods and services. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the market basket and averaging them. Goods and services are weighted according to their significance. The CPI can be used to assess the price changes related to the cost of living. It is also useful for identifying periods of inflation and deflation. A significant rise in CPI during a short period of time denotes inflation and a significant drop during a short period of time suggests deflation. Development of inflation in China Annual projections of China’s inflation rate forecast by the IMF estimate a relatively low increase in prices in the coming years. The implications of low inflation are two-fold for a national economy. On the one hand, price levels remain largely stable which may lead to equal or increased spending levels by domestic consumers. On the other hand, low inflation signifies an expansion slowdown of the economy, as is reflected by China’s gross domestic product growth. In recent years, inflation rates in rural areas have on average been slightly higher than in the cities. This reflects a shift of economic growth from the largest cities and coastal regions to the inner provinces and the countryside. Higher price levels in rural areas in turn relate to higher inflation rates of food products.

Monthly indexes and percentage changes for major components and special aggregates of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), not seasonally adjusted, for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit. Data are presented for the corresponding month of the previous year, the previous month and the current month. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

In December 2024, the PPI for finished goods increased by 2.9 percent compared to the same month in the previous year. Finished goods are commodities that will not undergo further processing and are ready for sale to the final-demand user, either an individual consumer or business firm. The Producer Price Index (PPI) program measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. The prices included in the PPI are from the first commercial transaction for many products and some services.

Graph and download economic data for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index (PCEPI) from Jan 1959 to Jul 2025 about chained, headline figure, PCE, consumption expenditures, consumption, personal, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Consumer Price Index CPI in India increased to 196 points in July from 194.20 points in June of 2025. This dataset provides - India Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys assume a prime importance among all household surveys undertaken by the national statistical offices all over the world. On the basis of such surveys, the standard of living of both households and individuals can be measured. Determining poverty line and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance depend on these surveys. In addition, weights for consumer price index which in turn is an important measure of inflation are derived from such surveys. Egypt has recognized the greatest importance of these surveys long time ago, the current HIECS 2004/2005 is the eighth Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey that was carried out in 2004/2005, on a sample of 48000 households, among a long series of similar surveys that started back in 1955, and followed by several surveys.

The survey main objectives are: To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio-economic and demographic differentials. To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is an important input for national planning. Current and past demand estimates are utilized to predict future demands. To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey. To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non food commodities and services. To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

It is the first time that the Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey implies the following issues: 1- The use of the classification of individual consumption according to purpose (COICOP) in designing the expenditure and consumption questionnaire. 2- The inclusion of the main sales outlets of food and beverages. 3- The addition of school enrollment (6+ years) to the household schedule. 4- The inclusion of expenditure for used commodities (durables and semi durables). 5- The addition of data related to change in assets owned by the household during the reference year.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The sample of the Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) of 2004/2005 is a multi-stage stratified cluster sample and self-weighted to the practical extent. Its designed size is 48000 households allocated among governorates and their urban/rural components in proportion to size. The sample was selected in three stages (the second stage is considered dummy), the first two stages is related to the Master Sample which has been drawn directly before the fieldwork of HIECS started. The third sampling stage concerns with the selection of a sample of 40 households from each Master Sample Areas (1200 areas with approximately 700 households in each).

The Master Sample (1200 areas) has been allocated among the governorates of Egypt, with its urban/rural components, in proportion with the estimated size of households of every stratum (governorate) and substratum (urban/rural populations). At the first sampling stage, the shiakha in urban and village in rural are considered the smallest administrative divisions for which census data are available. Therefore such divisions were considered Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) for urban and rural samples of all governorates respectively. Small towns which are not further subdivided into smaller administrative units are dealt with as urban PSUs. While the larger shiakhas or towns were subdivided into several PSUs using the 1996 census data. At the contrary, a village with less than 600 households in 1996 (700 households at present) was joined to the adjacent village so as to make certain that all PSUs are greater than 600 households in 1996. Subsequently, the sampling frames of the first stage sample of urban/rural substrata for all governorates were formed. Implicit stratification was introduced to both urban and rural frames. At the second stage of sampling, a single area segment was selected following the equal probability selection method. A field operation has been carried out for the purpose of creating a household list for each selected second stage sample segment. In the third sampling stage representing the final stage, 40 households were selected from each area segment selected in the second sampling stage of the master sample. With the aim of reducing the field efforts it was deemed efficient to limit the spread of the household sample over the entire area segments by sampling clusters of 5 households each instead of sampling individual households directly. It is worth mentioning that the method of systematic selection will jeopardize the property of equal probability selection as each household in the list still has 40 chances of being selected in the sample.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among the documentation materials published in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire. 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption. 3- Income questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following: - Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003. - Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose (COICOP). - Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire

This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information. It includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 16 questions for every person. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The main outlets that provide food and beverage. - Domestic and foreign tourism. - The housing conditions including 15 questions. - Means of transportation used to go to work or school. - The household possession of appliances and means

Consumer Price Index CPI in Malawi increased to 241 points in July from 235.70 points in June of 2025. This dataset provides - Malawi Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Consumer Price Index CPI in Pakistan decreased to 270.18 points in August from 271.94 points in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Pakistan Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2024, the average annual inflation rate in China ranged at around 0.2 percent compared to the previous year. For 2025, projections by the IMF expect slightly negative inflation. The monthly inflation rate in China dropped to negative values in the first quarter of 2025. Calculation of inflation The inflation rate is calculated based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for China. The CPI is computed using a product basket that contains a predefined range of products and services on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. Included are expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities, and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. The product basked is adjusted every five years to reflect changes in consumer preference and has been updated in 2020 for the last time. The inflation rate is then calculated using changes in the CPI. As the inflation of a country is seen as a key economic indicator, it is frequently used for international comparison. China's inflation in comparison Among the main industrialized and emerging economies worldwide, China displayed comparatively low inflation in 2023 and 2024. In previous years, China's inflation ranged marginally above the inflation rates of established industrialized powerhouses such as the United States or the European Union. However, this changed in 2021, as inflation rates in developed countries rose quickly, while prices in China only increased moderately. According to IMF estimates for 2024, Zimbabwe was expected to be the country with the highest inflation rate, with a consumer price increase of about 561 percent compared to 2023. In 2023, Turkmenistan had the lowest price increase worldwide with prices actually decreasing by about 1.7 percent.

Inflation Rate in Nigeria decreased to 21.88 percent in July from 22.22 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides - Nigeria Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

South Africa’s inflation has been quite stable for the past years, levelling off between 3.2 and 6.9 percent, and is in fact expected to stabilize at around 4.5 percent in the future. South Africa is a mixed economy, generating most of its GDP through the services sector, especially tourism. However, the country struggles with unemployment and poverty.

Inflation who?

The inflation rate of a country is an important key factor to determine the country’s economic strength. It is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket, containing goods and services on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include, for example, expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, utilities, but also recreational activities, and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. Some of these goods are more volatile than others – food prices, for example, are considered less reliable. The European Central Bank aims to keep inflation at around two percent in the long run.

What happened in 2016?

In 2016, South Africa’s inflation rate peaked at over 6.3 percent, and gross domestic product, and thus economic growth , took a hit, a sure indicator that something was affecting the country’s economic scaffolding: Low growth due to weak demand and an uncertain political future caused a crisis; then-President Jacob Zuma’s alleged mismanagement and unstable reign steeped in controversy and criminal charges even caused the economy’s outlook to be downgraded by ratings agencies. Zuma was relieved of his office in 2018 – ever since, inflation, GDP, and economic growth seem to have stabilized.