1. Urban patch colonization and species establishment within cities are restricted by the behavioral, life history, and physiological attributes of colonizing species, in conjunction with environmental filtering processes at small and large spatial scales. To enhance local biodiversity in urban greenspaces, these filtering processes need to be assessed so that greenspace design and management can guide establishment of local species pools. 2. We investigated the relative importance of local and landscape-scale features on spider community assembly using a functional and taxonomic approach. Within the shrinking city of Cleveland Ohio, we established a field experiment wherein control vacant lots, urban meadows, and low- & high-diversity pocket prairies were established across eight neighborhoods (N = 32). Spiders were sampled in June-August of 2015 and 2016 using pitfall traps and vacuums. Spider functional diversity was assessed using null models, while local and landscape drivers were analyzed via canonical partial least squares and clustered image maps. 3. Increased mowing strongly influenced spider communities leading to lower-than-expected spider functional alpha and beta diversity in 2015. Patch isolation and percentage impervious surface increased the functional dissimilarity and taxonomic diversity of spiders in 2016, resulting in higher-than-expected overall functional alpha diversity. We also found that increasing plant height and biomass favored spiders with large body-size and decreased the abundance of small web-weavers. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that impervious surface is a strong environmental filter that influences the colonization and establishment of spider communities in cities. Additionally, while periodic mowing in vacant lots benefits some spider taxa, it has a negative impact on the establishment of several species, mainly larger spiders and those most sensitive to disturbance. To conserve spiders and the biota depended upon them, investment in managed greenspaces such as pocket prairies that require infrequent mowing is warranted. In so doing, cities can enhance urban biodiversity and beautify local neighborhoods.31-Mar-2020

Methods Our study was conducted in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, USA. In 2014, we established the Cleveland Pocket Prairie Project across eight inner-city neighborhoods and selected 32 vacant lots (15 x 30 m on average) wherein four experimental treatments were established: Control Vacant Lots, Urban Meadows, Low-Diversity Pocket Prairies and High-Diversity Pocket Prairies. Pocket prairies were mown to a height of 20 cm monthly in 2015 to reduce weed competition and facilitate the establishment of flowering species. All data collection occurred within a 7 x 15 m grid of 105 quadrats (1 m2 each), placed within the center of each site.

To account for both active and less-mobile spiders, specimens were collected in each site using four pitfall traps and four vacuum samples three times per year in 2015 (12-22 June, 8-20 July, 11-18 August), and in 2016 (1-9 June, 6-14 July, 3-11 August). Within each site, four quadrats were randomly selected, and pitfall traps were set up for seven consecutive days. Pitfall traps consisted of 1 L plastic cups (12 cm diameter x 14 cm depth) filled halfway with water containing a small amount of dish soap (Dawn® Ultra, original scent). While pitfall traps were active, we vacuumed an area of 0.25 m2 (30-50 cm away from each trap in any direction) for 45 seconds using a modified leaf vacuum (12 cm diameter). Specimens were stored in 80% ethanol and transported to the laboratory for sorting and identification. Due to weather and issues with landscaping contractors, vacuum sampling did not occur in July 2015.

Lycosidae and Linyphiidae adult spiders were identified to species and other adult and sub-adult spiders were identified to genus. Spider functional traits and groups were classified following Cardoso et al. (2011). Functional traits comprised foraging activity (web type or hunting method), prey range (stenophagous or euryphagous), vertical stratification (ground or vegetation), circadian activity (diurnal or nocturnal), and mean body size measured as the community-weighted mean. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Museum of Biological Diversity at The Ohio State University.

Local habitat variables were measured within 20 randomly selected quadrats. Using a 0.5 m2 sub-quadrat, vegetation was sampled twice in 2015 (16 June - 3 July and 22 July - 13 August) and three times in 2016 (13-24 June, 11-22 July, and 4-16 August). We recorded the three most dominant plant species per quadrat and diversity was calculated per site using the Shannon-Wiener index. Plant biomass was estimated with a comparative-yield method and the dry-weight-rank method from the 20 selected quadrats. First, five quadrats were ranked (1 = lowest biomass density, 5 = highest biomass density, and 2-4 in between) and established as the ‘standard yields’ reflecting the range of biomass within each site. In each of our 20 quadrats, we estimated the biomass yield, on a scale of 1 to 5, in comparison to our five standard yields. Only the five standard yields were harvested, oven-dried at 75 °C for 48 hours and weighted. Finally, we plotted our standard yields, obtained an equation from the trendline, and inserted our 20 ranked comparative yields from each site into this equation to estimate biomass in each quadrat. Average site-wide biomass was then calculated as the mean of these 20 comparative yield estimates.

Mean bloom abundance, bloom area, and plant height were also calculated at each site from an additional six randomly selected quadrats. Average plant height was derived from three height measurements (cm) taken in each quadrat. Likewise, bloom abundances were counted per each flowering species present in the six quadrats. For each flowering species present, we recorded five bloom area measurements (mm2) and then multiplied the average bloom size by the number of blooms present at a site to derive an average bloom area. Additionally, twenty soil cores were randomly sampled and pooled per site in April 2014 to measure the concentration of heavy metals. The Contamination Factor of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc was calculated using regional background levels from eastern United States, and from these values Pollution Load Indices were calculated per site.

Landscape information was obtained from the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission using remotely sensed images at 1-2 m resolution, captured in 2011. Following previous studies that reported spider communities patterns across the landscape we selected buffer zones at 200 m and 1500 m radii from each site. Landscape cover was classified into percentage: grass/shrubs, bare soil, water, buildings, roads/railroads, other paved surfaces, tree canopy (TC) over vegetation, TC over buildings, TC over roads/railroads, and TC over other paved surfaces. We limited the landscape covers to those directly affecting ground-dwelling spiders. To assess landscape composition, percentage grass/shrubs, percentage buildings, percentage flat impervious surface (roads/railroads & other paved), and Shannon landscape diversity were included in the analysis. For landscape configuration, we re-classified our categories into either ‘greenspace’ (grass/shrubs & TC over vegetation) or ‘other’ based on the importance of patch connectivity on our spider functional groups, and calculated the class-metrics patch size (m2) and patch isolation (m). Shannon landscape diversity, patch size, and patch isolation were computed at 200 m and 1500 m radii using Fragstats v4.2.

The Worldwide Soundscapes project is a global, open inventory of spatio-temporally replicated passive acoustic monitoring meta-datasets (i.e. meta-data collections). This Zenodo entry comprises the data tables that constitute its (meta-)database, as well as their description. Additionally, R scripts are provided to replicate the analysis published in [placeholder].

The overview of all sampling sites and timelines can be found on the corresponding project on ecoSound-web, as well as a demonstration collection containing selected recordings. The recordings of this collection were annotated and analysed to explore macro-ecological trends.

The audio recording criteria justifying inclusion into the meta-database are:

Stationary (no transects, towed sensors or microphones mounted on cars)

Passive (unattended, no human disturbance by the recordist)

Ambient (no directional microphone or triggered recordings, non-experimental conditions)

Spatially and/or temporally replicated (i.e. multiple sites sampled at the same time and/or multiple days - covering the same daytime - sampled at the same site)

The individual columns of the provided data tables are described in the following. Data tables are linked through primary keys; joining them will result in a database. The data shared here only includes validated collections.

Changes from version 3.0.1

Added files needed to reproduce the metadata and the acoustic analyses found in the publication.

Dropped underused fields: spatial_selection, temporal_exclusion, freshwater_recordist_position from collections table; secondary realm, biome, and functional group from sites table.

Meta-database CSV files

collections

collection_id: unique integer, primary key

name: name of the dataset. if it is repeated, incremental integers should be used in the "subset" column to differentiate them.

ecoSound-web_link: link of validated meta-collection on ecoSound-web

primary_contributors: full names of people deemed corresponding contributors who are responsible for the dataset

secondary_contributors: full names of people who are not primary contributors but who have significantly contributed to the dataset, and who could be contacted for in-depth analyses

date_added: when the datased was added (YYYY-MM-DD)

URL_open_recordings: internet link for openly-available recordings from this collection

URL_project: internet link for further information about the corresponding project

DOI_publication: Digital Object Identifiers of corresponding publications

core_realm_IUCN: The main, core realm of the dataset according to IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (v2.0): https://global-ecosystems.org/

medium: the physical medium the microphone is situated in

locality: optional free text about the locality

contributor_comments: free-text field for comments by the primary contributors

collections-sites

dataset_ID: primary key of collections table

site_ID: primary key of sites table

sites

site_ID: unique integer, primary key

site_name: internal name or code of sampling site as used in respective projects

latitude_numeric: site's numeric degrees of latitude

longitude_numeric: site's numeric degrees of longitude

blurred_coordinates: whether latitude and longitude coordinates are inaccurate, boolean. Coordinates may be blurred with random offsets, rounding, snapping, etc. Indicate the blurring method inside the comments field

topography_m: vertical position of the microphone relative to the sea level. for sites on land: elevation. For marine sites: depth (negative). in meters. Only indicate if the values were measured by the collaborator.

freshwater_depth_m: microphone depth, only used for sites inside freshwater bodies that also have an elevation value above the sea level

realm: Ecosystem type: main realm according to IUCN GET https://global-ecosystems.org/

biome: Ecosystem type: main biome according to IUCN GET https://global-ecosystems.org/

functional_group: Ecosystem type: main functional group according to IUCN GET https://global-ecosystems.org/

contributor_comments: free text field for contributor comments

GADM_0: Global ADMinistrative Database level 0 classification of terrestrial site or marine site that is within territorial waters. Source: https://gadm.org/download_world.html

IHO: International Hydrographic Organization classification of marine site. Source: https://marineregions.org/downloads.php

WDPA: World Database on Protected Areas classification of the site. Source: https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=WDPA

deployments

dataset_ID: primary key of datasets table

deployment: identical subscript letters to denote rows that belong to the same deployment. For instance, you may use different operation times and schedules for different target taxa within one deployment.

subset_site_ID: If the deployment was not done in all the sites of the corresponding collection, site IDs where the deployment was conducted

start_date: date of deployment start

start_time_mixed: deployment start local time, either in HH:MM format or a choice of solar daytimes (sunrise, sunset). Corresponds to the recording start time for continuous recording deployments. If multiple start times were used, you should mention the latest start time (corresponds to the earliest daytime from which all recorders are active). If applicable, positive or negative offsets from solar times can be mentioned (For example: if data are collected one hour before sunrise, this will be "sunrise-60")

permanent: whether the deployment is permanent, boolean

end_date: date of deployment end (date when last scheduled operation starts)

end_time_mixed: deployment end local time, either in HH:MM format or a choice of solar daytimes (sunrise, sunset, noon, midnight). Corresponds to the recording end time for continuous recording deployments.

operation_mode: continuous: recording takes place from the deployment start date-time to deployment end date-time.periodical: recording takes place periodically (i.e., with duty cycle) from the deployment start date-time to deployment end date-time.scheduled: recording takes place during scheduled daily time intervals (optionally with duty cycle)

duty_cycle_minutes: duty cycle of the recording (i.e. the fraction of minutes when it is recording), written as "recording(minutes)/period(minutes)". empty if no duty cycle is used. For example: "1/6" if the recorder is active for 1 minute and standing by for 5 minutes

operation_start_time_mixed: only for scheduled recordings: start local time, either in HH:MM format or a choice of solar daytimes (sunrise, sunset, noon, midnight). If applicable, positive or negative offsets from solar times can be mentioned (For example: if data are collected one hour before sunrise, this will be "sunrise-60")

operation_duration_minutes: only for scheduled recordings: duration of operation in minutes, if constant

operation_end_time_mixed: only for scheduled recordings: end local time, either in HH:MM format or a choice of solar daytimes (sunrise, sunset, noon, midnight). Only required if durations are variable. Do not use when end times are ambiguous (for instance, if a recording could be 1 hour or 25 hours long because the end is on the next day). If applicable, positive or negative offsets from solar times can be mentioned (For example: if data are collected one hour before sunrise, this will be "sunrise-60")

high_pass_filter_Hz: frequency of the high-pass filter of the recorder if applied, in Hz. Otherwise, write "none". This may be called a "low-cut" filter too.

bit_depth: sampling bit depth of the recordings. Often constant for a particular recorder

channels: number of recorded audio channels

sampling_frequency_kHz: frequency at which the microphone signal was sampled by the recorder (sounds of half that frequency will be recorded)

recorder: recorder used for deployment

microphone: microphone used for deployment

target_taxa: main IUCN animal taxa that were studied with this deployment, using the exact IUCN Red list names (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), separated by commas. Only genera, families, orders, and classes are accepted. Empty if there was no taxonomic focus (i.e., general soundscapes were the study focus).

contributor_comments: free text field for contributor comments

exact_recordings: whether the deployment data here have been superseded by inserting more exact recording date-time ranges into the meta-collection on ecoSound-web

recordings (partial download from ecoSound-web)

recording_id: primary key of the recordings table

collection_id: ID of the collection the recording belongs to

name: name of the recording

site_id: site ID the recording belongs to:

recorder_id: ID of the recorder used for the recording (internal ecoSound-web code)

microphone_id: ID of the microphone used for the recording (internal ecoSound-web code)

recording_gain:recording gain applied for amplifying the audio signal, in decibels

duty_cycle_recording: fraction of the recording periode when the recorder is actively recording audio

duty_cycle_period: period of the duty cycle, i.e., time between the starts of two subsequent recordings

note: comments (contains the target taxon)

file_date: date of the recording start

file_time: local time of the recording start

sampling_rate: audio sampling rate in Hz

bitdepth: depth in bits for each audio sample

channel_num: number of channels

duration: duration of the recording in seconds. Note: duty-cycled recordings cover only a proportion of this duration

affiliations

affiliation_id: primary key of affiliations table

lab_research_group: Laboratory or research group name

department_school_institute: department, school, or institute name

university_institution: University or institution name

street_address: street address

region_state_province_city: region, state, province, or city name

postal_code: postal code

country: country

Particulate Acid-Volatile Sulfide (pAVS) and elemental selenium (pSe) concentrations from a McLane pump collected during the R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN303 from Peru to Tahiti in 2013. access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson,.odvTxt acquisition_description=Samples analyzed for acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) were collected on McLane pumps suspended from a trace metal wire (Hytrel-jacketed Vectran). Pumps filtered for four hours, flowing first over a 51-\u00b5m polyester pre-filter, then over paired 0.8-\u00b5m pore-size, 142-mm Supor polyethersulfone filters. A small portion of the top Supor filter, representing ~2% of the filter area (0.8-51 \u00b5m size-fraction material), was sub-sectioned into polyethylene vials and frozen at -85\u02daC until shipboard AVS analysis, described below. Filter blanks were held within identical filter housings and submerged on one of the deeper pumps on each cast, but were not actively filtered through. Blanks were handled identically to samples during processing, which was conducted in a HEPA-filtered environment using trace metal procedures.

Particulate elemental samples were collected using McLane in situ pumps (P. Lam, UCSC) with splits (section) from a 0.8 \u00b5m Supor filter processed immediately in a N2-purged glove bag after collection and pump recovery; filter splits were placed and sealed in Tedlar bags and stored at -80\u00b0C until analysis. Particulate elemental selenium concentrations were determined using a sulfite leach following Velinsky and Cutter (1990) and analyzed like selenite+selenate following Cutter (1978).\u00a0 Precision was ca. 10% RSD (n=3).\u00a0 awards_0_award_nid=646152 awards_0_award_number=OCE-1235328 awards_0_data_url=http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1235328&HistoricalAwards=false awards_0_funder_name=NSF Division of Ocean Sciences awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF OCE awards_0_funding_source_nid=355 awards_0_program_manager=Henrietta N Edmonds awards_0_program_manager_nid=51517 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Acid-Volatile Sulfide and elemental selenium profiles data from McLane pumps G. Cutter, PI version 03 June 2016 - one set of depths fixed Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.646143.1 Easternmost_Easting=-77.376 geospatial_lat_max=-11.99933 geospatial_lat_min=-16.00058 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-77.376 geospatial_lon_min=-120.00217 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=5500.0 geospatial_vertical_min=15.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/646143 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_acronym=McLane Pump instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=In the data, McLane pumps are called "McL-Prof." instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=646245 instruments_0_description=McLane pumps sample large volumes of seawater at depth. They are attached to a wire and lowered to different depths in the ocean. As the water is pumped through the filter, particles suspended in the ocean are collected on the filters. The pumps are then retrieved and the contents of the filters are analyzed in a lab. instruments_0_instrument_name=McLane Pump instruments_0_instrument_nid=627 instruments_0_supplied_name=McLane pumps instruments_1_acronym=Gas Chromatograph instruments_1_dataset_instrument_description=Gas chromatograph/flame photometric ionizer instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid=646246 instruments_1_description=Instrument separating gases, volatile substances, or substances dissolved in a volatile solvent by transporting an inert gas through a column packed with a sorbent to a detector for assay. (from SeaDataNet, BODC) instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB02/ instruments_1_instrument_name=Gas Chromatograph instruments_1_instrument_nid=661 instruments_1_supplied_name=Gas chromatograph metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/646143 Northernmost_Northing=-11.99933 param_mapping={'646143': {'ISO_DATETIME_UTC_START_EVENT': 'flag - time', 'EVENT_LAT': 'flag - latitude', 'EVENT_LON': 'flag - longitude', 'depth_n': 'flag - depth'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/646143/parameters people_0_affiliation=Old Dominion University people_0_affiliation_acronym=ODU people_0_person_name=Gregory Cutter people_0_person_nid=50679 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Old Dominion University people_1_affiliation_acronym=ODU people_1_person_name=Gregory Cutter people_1_person_nid=50679 people_1_role=Contact people_1_role_type=related people_2_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_2_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_2_person_name=Ms Dicky Allison people_2_person_nid=50382 people_2_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_2_role_type=related people_3_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_3_affiliation_acronym=WHOI BCO-DMO people_3_person_name=Amber York people_3_person_nid=643627 people_3_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_3_role_type=related project=U.S. GEOTRACES EPZT,EPZT_Redox_Elements projects_0_acronym=U.S. GEOTRACES EPZT projects_0_description=From the NSF Award Abstract The mission of the International GEOTRACES Program (www.geotraces.org), of which the U.S. chemical oceanography research community is a founding member, is "to identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions" (GEOTRACES Science Plan, 2006). In the United States, ocean chemists are currently in the process of organizing a zonal transect in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) from Peru to Tahiti as the second cruise of the U.S.GEOTRACES Program. This Pacific section includes a large area characterized by high rates of primary production and particle export in the eastern boundary associated with the Peru Upwelling, a large oxygen minimum zone that is a major global sink for fixed nitrogen, and a large hydrothermal plume arising from the East Pacific Rise. This particular section was selected as a result of open planning workshops in 2007 and 2008, with a final recommendation made by the U.S.GEOTRACES Steering Committee in 2009. It is the first part of a two-stage plan that will include a meridional section of the Pacific from Tahiti to Alaska as a subsequent expedition. This award provides funding for management of the U.S.GEOTRACES Pacific campaign to a team of scientists from the University of Southern California, Old Dominion University, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The three co-leaders will provide mission leadership, essential support services, and management structure for acquiring the trace elements and isotopes samples listed as core parameters in the International GEOTRACES Science Plan, plus hydrographic and nutrient data needed by participating investigators. With this support from NSF, the management team will (1) plan and coordinate the 52-day Pacific research cruise described above; (2) obtain representative samples for a wide variety of trace metals of interest using conventional CTD/rosette and GEOTRACES Sampling Systems; (3) acquire conventional JGOFS/WOCE-quality hydrographic data (CTD, transmissometer, fluorometer, oxygen sensor, etc) along with discrete samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen (to 1 uM detection limits), plant pigments, redox tracers such as ammonium and nitrite, and dissolved nutrients at micro- and nanomolar levels; (4) ensure that proper QA/QC protocols are followed and reported, as well as fulfilling all GEOTRACES Intercalibration protocols; (5) prepare and deliver all hydrographic-type data to the GEOTRACES Data Center (and US data centers); and (6) coordinate cruise communications between all participating investigators, including preparation of a hydrographic report/publication. Broader Impacts: The project is part of an international collaborative program that has forged strong partnerships in the intercalibration and implementation phases that are unprecedented in chemical oceanography. The science product of these collective missions will enhance our ability to understand how to interpret the chemical composition of the ocean, and interpret how climate change will affect ocean chemistry. Partnerships include contributions to the infrastructure of developing nations with overlapping interests in the study area, in this case Peru. There is a strong educational component to the program, with many Ph.D. students carrying out thesis research within the program. Figure 1. The 2013 GEOTRACES EPZT Cruise Track. [click on the image to view a larger version] projects_0_end_date=2015-06 projects_0_geolocation=Eastern Tropical Pacific - Transect from Peru to Tahiti projects_0_name=U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect projects_0_project_nid=499723 projects_0_project_website=https://www.geotraces.org/ projects_0_start_date=2012-06 projects_1_acronym=EPZT_Redox_Elements projects_1_description=Extracted from the NSF award abstract: The 2013 GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect from Peru to Tahiti will cross an entensive oxygen deficient zone typically described as "suboxic"; however, measurements of sulfate reduction in this region suggest it may have some anoxic characteristics due to the presence of free sulfide. Redox conditions influence the solubility/stability of many trace elements which in turn affects their vertical and horizontal transport. A scientist from Old Dominion University plans to analyze water samples collected during the cruise for dissolved iodate/iodide, arsenic [As(III)/As(V)], selenium [Se(IV, VI), particulate Se(0), and nano- to picomolar hydrogen sulfide speciation (total, free/uncomplexed). These measurements, along