In the first quarter of 2024, wind and solar PPA prices in Europe declined in comparison to the previous quarter, reaching **** and **** euros per megawatt hour, respectively. The price of power purchase agreements for wind and solar projects in Europe has presented a decreasing trend over the last year.
Wind and solar prices in European countries On average, wind PPAs are forecast to reach higher prices than solar across Europe. For a 10 year pay-as-produced standard PPA starting in 2025, wind prices are expected to be the lowest in countries such as Spain, Norway, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Sweden, all with an average forecast price below ** euros per megawatt hour. On the other hand, Southern European countries such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal registered the lowest forecast solar PPA prices.
The European corporate PPA market 2023 was a record year for corporate power purchase agreements in Europe. The region contracted **** gigawatts of renewable capacity through corporate PPAs, an increase of almost ** percent in comparison with the previous year. Spain and Germany were by far the countries with the largest corporate PPA contracted capacity that year, which amounted to *** and *** gigawatts of renewable energy, respectively.

As of end of 2023, more than ** gigawatts of renewable power had been contracted through corporate purchase agreements (PPAs) across Europe. Spain was the country that registered the largest contracted capacity, with about ***** gigawatts. Germany followed with *** gigawatts of renewable power contracted through PPAs.

Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model results on the influence of weekly weather conditions and air quality on weekly visitation to local parks and protected areas (PPA), including city parks, county parks, and regional parks included in this study. The odds ratio, calculated as exp(Standard Estimate), indicates the magnitude and direction of the predictors’ effect on the response variable (proportional weekly visitation). The visitation effect, calculated as -1*(1-Odds Ratio)*100 indicates the percent change in the response variable when the predictor increases by one unit (for continuous variables) or when the condition is true (for categorical variables). Significant results (p

Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model results on the influence of weekly weather conditions and air quality on weekly visitation to state parks and protected areas (PPA), including state parks and state recreation areas included in this study. The odds ratio, calculated as exp(Standard Estimate), indicates the magnitude and direction of the predictors’ effect on the response variable (proportional weekly visitation). The visitation effect, calculated as -1*(1-Odds Ratio)*100 indicates the percent change in the response variable when the predictor increases by one unit (for continuous variables) or when the condition is true (for categorical variables). Significant results (p

The Polish solar energy industry is experiencing robust growth, driven by supportive government policies aimed at transitioning to renewable energy sources, increasing energy independence, and combating climate change. The market, valued at approximately €XX million in 2025 (assuming a reasonable market size based on a 15%+ CAGR and the stated value unit of millions), is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). Key drivers include decreasing solar panel costs, technological advancements improving efficiency and lifespan, and rising electricity prices. The increasing adoption of solar energy in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, along with large-scale utility projects, fuels this growth. While challenges such as grid infrastructure limitations and land availability exist, the overall positive outlook persists due to the strong government commitment and the increasing awareness of environmental sustainability among consumers and businesses. Ground-mounted solar installations currently dominate the market share, followed by rooftop installations. The residential segment is experiencing rapid expansion, while the commercial and industrial sectors are also showing significant adoption rates, fueled by the potential for cost savings and corporate sustainability initiatives. Major players like R Power Sp Z O o, Better Energy Holding A/S, and others are actively contributing to market development through project development, financing, and technology advancements. The continued growth trajectory hinges on consistent government support, improved grid infrastructure to accommodate increased renewable energy generation, and ongoing technological innovation that further reduces costs and increases efficiency of solar power generation in Poland. Further research into specific regional variations within Poland would provide a more granular understanding of market dynamics. Recent developments include: In July 2022, Iberdrola closed a preliminary agreement to acquire 48 MW solar projects in Poland with Augusta Energy sp.z o.o., a joint venture between Greenvoltsubsidiary V-ridiumPower Group and asset manager KGAL. This transaction involves six PV plants with a combined capacity of 48 MW, which is under construction and indexed to consumer prices (CPI) under a 15-year power purchase agreement (PPA) with T-Mobile Polska. The projects are going to be commissioned in 2023., In May 2022, Ingka Investments expanded its renewable energy acquisitions by purchasing a ready-to-build wind farm located in north-western Poland. The value of the transaction was EUR 190 million, and it is expected to secure long-term access to renewable energy for IKEA's retail operations and its value chain partners in Poland., In April 2022, Sunly acquired AlsevaGroup, a Polish solar developer and EPC contractor. Eiffel Investment Group provided Sunly with a short-term loan of EUR 11 million under the Eiffel Energy Transition program for the expansion of Sunly's PV portfolio in Poland. As a result of the loan, Sunlycan purchase ready-to-build PV projects and pay the deposits necessary for grid connection and contracts-for-difference awarded through Polish auctions.. Notable trends are: Residential End-User Segment to Witness Significant Growth.

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Objective: To evaluate whether a quantitative speech measure is effective in identifying and monitoring motor speech impairment (MSI) in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), and to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of MSI in PPA. Methods: Sixty-four patients with PPA were evaluated at baseline, with a subset (N=39) evaluated longitudinally. Articulation rate (AR), a quantitative measure derived from spontaneous speech, was measured at each timepoint. MRI was collected at baseline. Differences in baseline AR were assessed across PPA subtypes, separated by severity level. Linear mixed-effects models were conducted to assess groups differences across PPA subtypes in rate of decline in AR over a one-year period. Cortical thickness measured from baseline MRIs was used to test hypotheses about the relationship between cortical atrophy and MSI. Results: Baseline AR was reduced for patients with non-fluent variant PPA (nfvPPA), as compared to other PPA subtypes and controls, even in mild stages of disease. Longitudinal results showed a greater rate of decline in AR for the nfvPPA group over one year, as compared to logopenic and semantic variant subgroups. Reduced baseline AR was associated with cortical atrophy in left-hemisphere premotor and supplementary motor cortices. Conclusions: The AR measure is an effective quantitative index of MSI that detects MSI in mild disease stages and tracks decline in MSI longitudinally. The AR measure additionally demonstrates anatomic localization to motor-speech specific cortical regions. Our findings suggest that this quantitative measure of MSI might have utility in diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of motor speech impairments in PPA.

The halide perovskite Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phases are a homologous layered subclass of solution-processable semiconductors that have aroused great attention, especially for developing long-term solar photovoltaics. They are defined as (A′)2(A)n−1PbnX3n+1 (A′ = spacer cation, A = cage cation, and X = halide anion). The orientation control of low-temperature self-assembled thin films is a fundamental issue associated with the ability to control the charge carrier transport perpendicular to the substrate. Here we report new chemical derivatives designed from a molecular perspective using a novel spacer cation 3-phenyl-2-propenammonium (PPA) with conjugated backbone as a low-temperature strategy to assemble more efficient solar cells. First, we solved and refined the crystal structures of single crystals with the general formula (PPA)2(FA0.5MA0.5)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 2 and 3, space group C2) using X-ray diffraction and then used the mixed halide (PPA)2(Cs0.05(FA0.88MA0.12)0.95)n−1Pbn(I0.88Br0.12)3n+1 analogues to achieve more efficient devices. While forming the RP phases, multiple hydrogen bonds between PPA and inorganic octahedra reinforce the layered structure. For films we observe that as the targeted layer thickness index increases from n = 2 to n = 4, a less horizontal preferred orientation of the inorganic layers is progressively realized along with an increased presence of high-n or 3D phases, with an improved flow of free charge carriers and vertical to substrate conductivity. Accordingly, we achieve an efficiency of 14.76% for planar p–i–n solar cells using PPA-RP perovskites, which retain 93.8 ± 0.25% efficiency with encapsulation after 600 h at 85 °C and 85% humidity (ISOS-D-3).

Statistical summary for weekly weather and air quality variables in local parks and protected areas (PPA) over the study period (2017 - 2021) in the Pacific Northwest, United States; (n = 3,169 weekly measurements). AQI = air quality index; PM 2.5 = particulate matter with diameter

Comparison of subject characteristics according to the myopic degree and optic disc rotation direction.

Factors associated with deep peripapillary microvascular reduction (< 70%) in healthy myopic eyes.

Descriptions of variables used in the generalized estimation equations models for federal, state, and local park and protected area (PPA) settings. Sample sizes relate to the weekly measurement for each study site over the time period and are as follows: federal (n = 3,258), state (n = 3,331) and local (n = 3,169). U.S. EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.G.S. = U.S. Geological Survey; QGIS = Q Geographic Information System.

Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the neurodegeneration of language brain systems. Three main clinical forms (non-fluent, semantic, and logopenic PPA) have been recognized, but applicability of the classification and the capacity to predict the underlying pathology is controversial. We aimed to study FDG-PET imaging data in a large consecutive case series of patients with PPA to cluster them into different subtypes according to regional brain metabolism.Methods: 122 FDG-PET imaging studies belonging to 91 PPA patients and 28 healthy controls were included. We developed a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis with Ward's linkage method, an unsupervised clustering algorithm. We conducted voxel-based brain mapping analysis to evaluate the patterns of hypometabolism of each identified cluster.Results: Cluster analysis confirmed the three current PPA variants, but the optimal number of clusters according to Davies-Bouldin index was 6 subtypes of PPA. This classification resulted from splitting non-fluent variant into three subtypes, while logopenic PPA was split into two subtypes. Voxel-brain mapping analysis displayed different patterns of hypometabolism for each PPA group. New subtypes also showed a different clinical course and were predictive of amyloid imaging results.Conclusion: Our study found that there are more than the three already recognized subtypes of PPA. These new subtypes were more predictive of clinical course and showed different neuroimaging patterns. Our results support the usefulness of FDG-PET in evaluating PPA, and the applicability of computational methods in the analysis of brain metabolism for improving the classification of neurodegenerative disorders.

The relationship between the micro technical indexes and the macro road performance of high modulus asphalt (HMA) is helpful for understanding its mechanism and performance, and promoting its application. To explore the relationship, two kinds of high modulus asphalt (HMA), LLDPE/SBS composite modified asphalt and rubber/PPA composite modified asphalt were prepared according to the HMA requirements. Secondly, Molecular models of two kinds of HMA were established through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and the high temperature parameters of LLDPE/SBS composite modified asphalt were obtained with the two methods, namely the micro molecular dynamics simulation and high temperature rheological test, respectively. Then, through correlation analysis and regression calculation, the estimation formula was established between the results of molecular dynamics simulation and high temperature rheological test. Finally, in order to evaluate and verify the rationality of the estimation formula, the two methods were carried out on the other HMA (rubber/PPA composite modified asphalt). The results show that the shear modulus obtained by molecular dynamics simulation has a good correlation with the high temperature rheological properties. The estimation formula based on molecular dynamics simulation can be used to estimate the high temperature shear modulus of high modulus asphalt, and the relative error is less than 7%, which means that the formula can be used to effectively predict the high temperature performance of high modulus asphalt.

Abstract: Roads, despite playing a key role in economy, begin or aggravate processes of forest fragmentation and lead to several species losing their natural habitats, acting as filters and barriers that impose challenges to animal locomotion. Wildlife crossings seek to reestablish the connectivity of the landscape. In general, after being installed, these passages need to be evaluated regarding their functioning. In this study, we present the results of monitoring the underpasses on Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), which crosses Carlos Botelho State Park. The underpasses, constituted by bridges and culverts, were constructed after a license obtained to restore this section of the road. Camera traps were installed inside all crossing structures, and systematic samples were obtained through four field expeditions, with sampling efforts of 10 days each, between March 2018 and February 2019. The footprints found around the intersection structures were also considered. A two-sided Student’s t-test was applied to verify differences in richness between the underpasses that have distinct types of margins. Differences in abundance were analyzed through the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. A Whittaker diagram was generated according to the order of the species, from the most common to the rarest, while their diversity was estimated through Simpson’s Diversity Index (1 - D). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the interaction between diversity and altitude variation. We observed a richness of 16 species of terrestrial tetrapods, without any statistically significant differences between underpasses with dry or flooded margins. Cuniculus paca was the most abundant species, and higher altitudes presented the most diversity. We concluded that the underpasses located inside Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of watercourses are essential to maintain the flow of animals beneath the road.

Counts of parks and protected areas included in this study by state and managerial jurisdiction.

PPA, peripapillary atrophy; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficients.Reproducibility of SD-OCT Measurements of PPA Length and Tilt Angle (n = 184).

Alleles are from the “Top-Bottom” strand as provided by Illumina. Effect size shown is regression coefficient, which represents per-allele change in phenotype mean (after adjustment).‡Log10 Bayes Factor; G = General model, A =  additive model. PPA =  posterior probability of association, assuming prior 10−4. PPA was calculated from additive and general model BFs with 4∶1 weighting respectively.*EU =  reported in Europeans, IA = reported in Indian Asians, None =  not reported.a =  in high LD with rs174546, b =  no information available.**Values given here are from [12].

Test results of rheological properties of rubber/PPA high modulus asphalt.