The ICOW Project has also collected several supplementary data sets to help in subsequent data collection and analysis. While not directly involving issues, these data sets are important for testing various issue-related hypotheses (involving the impact of the regional or global institutional context, for example) and for collecting data using historical reference sources that may refer to states or other entities by non-current names. Historical State Names The ICOW historical state names data set includes alternative names (or alternative spellings of names) for each nation-state in the COW interstate system. The primary purpose of this data set is to assist data coders (or other researchers using historical sources), who can often be confused by references to entity names that no longer exist or are no longer used (leading to a risk of ignored or miscoded data). The data set attempts to list all relatively common alternative names that have been used to refer to each state over the past two centuries, so that the researcher can determine easily that "New Granada" actually refers to Colom bia rather than risking data loss or errors.

Thermodynamics of mobile ions in swollen ion exchange membranes (IEM) are essential for understanding their permselectivity. The theoretical modeling of the ion activity coefficient and the ion partitioning of the IEM is challenging. Based on a water-swollen membrane reference state and a quasi-regular solution model, we successfully correlated the ion activity coefficient in various IEMs. For all the studied 59 systems, the correlation coefficient r and determination coefficient R2 are 0.973 and 0.947, respectively. As expected, the water activity in the IEM and the ion partitioning between the IEM and the external salt solution are represented. In the new theory framework, the standard chemical potential of the counterion is different from that of the aqueous solution. Moreover, the ion activity coefficient in the IEM reaches unity for the infinite dilution external salt concentration for all systems. Our quasi-regular solution model only considered the short-range interactions between the co-ions and the “effective free counterion”, but it showed excellent correlation ability with the activity coefficient data of extensive systems. A power-law relation between the effective concentration of the free counterion and the apparent concentration of the free counterion was suggested. This indicates that the long-range electrostatic interactions in the swollen IEM are negligible due to abundant counterion condensation shielding the charge of the polymer chain.

Pearson’s r correlations between the main variables.

BackgroundCollege students, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, face substantial psychological stress. This study investigates the impact of Tai Chi (TC) practice on anxiety levels and theta oscillatory power activation characteristics among college students, aiming to provide empirical evidence for their psychological well-being.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial with 45 healthy college students, brainwave activity and changes in anxiety levels were measured. A 2 (TC group vs control group)×2 (pre-test vs post-test) factorial design was analyzed to explore TC’s regulatory effects on brainwave activity and anxiety.ResultsFollowing 12 weeks of TC practice, the TC group exhibited a significant decrease in state-trait anxiety differences (-6.14±14.33), state anxiety differences (-3.45±7.57), and trait anxiety differences (-2.68±7.43), contrasting with an increase in the control group. Moreover, contrasting with a decrease in the control group, TC group demonstrated significance increased theta oscillatory power in C3, C4, F4, P3, T7, and T8, and a significant negative correlations were observed between state anxiety and F4-θ (r = -0.31, p = 0.04), T7-θ (r = -0.43, p = 0.01), and T8-θ (r = -0.30, p = 0.05).ConclusionThe positive influence of TC on college students’ psychological well-being and brain function is evident, leading to reduced anxiety levels and increased theta oscillatory activity. While encouraging further research to delve into the mechanisms of TC on anxiety and theta brainwave characteristics, the study recommends actively promoting TC practice among college students to enhance mental health and address post-pandemic psychological challenges.

The crystal structures of three sulfonamides with the structures C6H5-SO2NH-C6H5, C6H5-SO2NH-C6H4-R (R = 4-NO2), 4-NH2-C6H4-SO2NH-C6H4-R (R = 4-NO2; 4-CN) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. On the basis of our previous data and the obtained results, comparative analysis of crystal properties was performed: molecular conformational states, packing architecture, and hydrogen bond networks using graph set notations. Conformational flexibility of the bridge connecting two phenyl rings was studied and described by a correlation equation. Hydrogen bonds were grouped according to the frequency of hydrogen bond appearance within the definite graph set assignment. The strength of the hydrogen bonds was evaluated. The influence of various molecular fragments on crystal lattice energy was analyzed. A correlation between melting points and fragmental molecular interactions in the crystal lattices was obtained. The thermodynamic aspects of the sulfonamide sublimation were studied by investigating the temperature dependence of vapor pressure using the transpiration method. A correlation between the Gibbs energy of the sublimation process and molecular H-bond acceptor factors was found. In addition, a regression equation was derived for describing the correlation between the sublimation entropy terms and crystal density data calculated from X-ray diffraction results. These dependencies allow us to predict sublimation thermodynamic parameters not knowing more than the molecular formula and crystal density.