Russia RU: BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 0.940 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.930 % for 2019. Russia RU: BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 0.967 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2020, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.065 % in 1990 and a record low of 0.649 % in 1992. Russia RU: BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

Russia RU: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 7.086 Per 1000 in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.356 Per 1000 for 2019. Russia RU: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 8.988 Per 1000 from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2020, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.599 Per 1000 in 1998 and a record low of 6.724 Per 1000 in 2018. Russia RU: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

Russia RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 3.546 Per 1000 in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.618 Per 1000 for 2019. Russia RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 4.275 Per 1000 from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2020, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.298 Per 1000 in 1998 and a record low of 3.355 Per 1000 in 2018. Russia RU: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual. In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database, while previously compiled data are still available.The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

Russia RU: Road Infrastructure Investment: Constant Euro data was reported at 6,839,213,571.000 EUR in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,844,973,349.000 EUR for 2019. Russia RU: Road Infrastructure Investment: Constant Euro data is updated yearly, averaging 6,201,392,191.000 EUR from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2020, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10,127,550,804.000 EUR in 2008 and a record low of 4,370,908,250.000 EUR in 2002. Russia RU: Road Infrastructure Investment: Constant Euro data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.ITF: Transport Infrastructure, Investment and Maintenance: Non OECD Member: Annual. [STAT_CONC_DEF] Capital expenditure on new road infrastructure or extension of existing roads, including reconstruction, renewal (major substitution work on the existing infrastructure which does not change its overall performance) and upgrades (major modification work improving the original performance or capacity of the infrastructure). Infrastructure includes land, permanent way constructions, buildings, bridges and tunnels, as well as immovable fixtures, fittings and installations connected with them (signalisation, telecommunications, toll collection installations, etc.) as opposed to road vehicles. [COVERAGE] Data should include both government and private investment, unless otherwise specified. [COVERAGE] Data include the cost of construction, extension and reconstruction (e.g. expansion and modernisation), as well as the renovation of facilities and acquisition of machinery/equipment in order to increase their initial value. Data include spending from the public and private sectors. Since 2005, data do not include investment of small business entities. Until 2003, data do not include investment in urban motorways. Since 2004, data include investment in public motorways operation services as well as investment in operation services for motorways structures (e.g. bridges, tunnels). Since 2005, data include investment in urban roads.

Yandex's annual revenue from the search and portal segment amounted to approximately 440 billion Russian rubles in 2024. This marked an increase of 30 percent compared to the previous year’s figure. The e-commerce, mobility, and delivery segment earned around 592 billion Russian rubles in 2024, having made up 54 percent of the company's total revenue in that year.  History and business model Yandex, which stands for “yet another indexer,” was presented to the wide public for the first time in 1997. The company developed its first contextual banner a year after its launch, and ever since contextual advertising has become the core business segment of the search engine. Some of the most significant milestones were marked in 2002 when Yandex became profitable, in 2005 when the company expanded beyond national borders, and in 2011 when Yandex got listed in NASDAQ stock market. New innovative services have been developed by the company on a yearly basis since its foundation.Yandex.Taxi was introduced in 2011 and has soon become one of the most profitable segments of the company. Apart from Russia, it operates across CIS countries, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, combining taxi aggregation and food tech businesses. In 2024, the mobility segment yielded a revenue of roughly 228 billion Russian rubles. Following the Western sanctions on Russia over the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Russian business of Yandex was sold to local investors and kept the name Yandex. The international business unit separated and was renamed Nebius in 2024. Financial highlights Yandex’s annual revenue along with the operating costs and expenses have been growing year-on-year. In 2024, the former was close to 1.1 trillion Russian rubles, and the latter amounted to over one trillion Russian rubles. The search and portal segment, with over 220 billion Russian rubles in adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), was the most profitable segment of the group in 2024.

The Fast-Food franchise industry has been influenced by changing consumer preferences and the convenience of online food ordering. Demand for cheaper, on-the-go food is boosting sales of fast-food chains. Fast-food establishments have had to adapt to changing consumer tastes and rising health consciousness by introducing healthier options in their menus and vegetarian and vegan offerings to capture booming demand. The rise of vegetarianism and veganism has helped smaller franchises that focus on serving these niche markets, but more traditional chains have also innovated and expanded their menu offerings. Revenue is expected to inch up at a compound annual rate of 0.1% over the five years through 2024-25 to £12.4 billion, including forecast growth of 3.9% in 2024-25. Revenue plunged in 2020-21 thanks to COVID-19 and the forced closure of industry establishments for sit-in services, though a boom in delivery services limited this drop. Revenue rebounded in 2021-22 due to the removal of restrictions and pent-up consumer demand for going out. Following the pandemic, fast-food franchises faced escalating operating costs due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which hiked up food and energy prices, hitting profitability. Cost-of-living pressures are driving more consumers towards cheap fast-food restaurants, though many are also cutting out discretionary spending on eating out. While inflation is cooling, lingering supply disruptions continue to pressure food costs, prompting franchises to streamline operations by sourcing locally and integrating AI-driven solutions into their supply chains. Intense competition and heightened operating costs have contracted the average industry profit margin, which is expected to be 8.9% in 2024-25. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029-30 to reach £15 billion. The convenience and price offered by fast-food outlets will continue to drive demand. The growing popularity of online food delivery platforms and wider product offerings that appeal to consumer tastes will boost revenue. Gen Z’s growing spending power will shape fast-food franchises’ values and menu offerings. Fast-food franchises that provide clear nutritional information, source ingredients responsibly and continuously innovate their menus with new and exciting flavours will stand out in the competitive market.