Hawaii is the state with the highest household electricity price in the United States. In February 2025, the average retail price of electricity for Hawaiian residences amounted to 41.11 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. California followed in second, with 32.41 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. Meanwhile, Utah registered the lowest price in the period, at around 12.41 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. Why is electricity so expensive in Hawaii? Fossil fuels, and specifically oil, account for approximately 80 percent of Hawaii’s electricity mix, so the electricity price in this state can be roughly brought down to the price of oil in the country. Oil was by far the most expensive fossil fuel used for electricity generation in the country. As Hawaii depends on oil imports, the cost of transportation and infrastructure must be added to the oil price. Electricity prices worldwide The U.S. retail price for electricity increased almost every year since 1990. In 2024, it stood at 13 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour, almost double the charge put on electricity back in 1990. However, household electricity prices are around 25 U.S. dollar cents per kilowatt-hour lower in the U.S. when compared to European countries reliant on energy imports, such as Germany and Italy.

New England Electricity Prices: 6 years of historical data from 2018 to 2024.

During summer 2024, New England is forecast to have the highest average residential retail electricity price in the United States, at **** U.S. cents per kilowatt hour. In contrast, the average U.S. residential retail electricity price during summer 2024 is forecast to be ** U.S. cents per kilowatt hour.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Distribution: Residential Electric Power for New England Census Division (PCU221122221122411) from Dec 1990 to Jul 2025 about New England Census Division, distributive, electricity, residential, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Average Price: Electricity per Kilowatt-Hour in Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (CBSA) (APUS11A72610) from Nov 1978 to Dec 2024 about Boston, NH, MA, electricity, energy, urban, retail, price, and USA.

United States - Average Price: Electricity per Kilowatt-Hour in the New England Census Division was 0.28200 Index in December of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Average Price: Electricity per Kilowatt-Hour in the New England Census Division reached a record high of 0.32400 in January of 2023 and a record low of 0.19300 in July of 2018. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Average Price: Electricity per Kilowatt-Hour in the New England Census Division - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

In the United States, new battery energy storage systems and nuclear plants starting operations in 2030 had the highest estimated levelized capital costs in the country, as of 2024 calculations. Battery storage had capital costs of 90.8 U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour, while advanced nuclear plants had an estimated cost of 70.9 dollars per megawatt-hour. The preliminary phase of power plant construction is characterized by capital costs.

What are levelized capital costs? The levelized cost of energy (or LCOE) is a comparative indication of the financial viability of different forms of energy over a system’s lifetime. Capital costs are the one-time expenses of acquiring the land, equipment, and construction resources to start a project. A decrease in the cost of renewable energy technologies over the past decades was an important factor in the rapid expansion of these technologies. For example, the cost of solar PV electricity worldwide declined by more than 90 percent between 2010 and 2023. Harvesting wind from the sea Despite the higher capital costs of building wind turbines in bodies of water, the high economic potential for fixed-bottom and floating offshore wind technologies is nevertheless predicted off the Atlantic coast, particularly in New England. While U.S. investors and politicians have been relatively skeptical towards the establishment of offshore wind farms in the past, the Biden administration strengthened the offshore wind energy sector. As of 2024, the offshore wind capacity pipeline in the U.S. stood at more than 80 gigawatts.

During the summer of 2024, the residential electricity price in the United States stood at almost *** U.S. dollars, the highest bill in the period of consideration. Furthermore, New England has been forecast to have had the highest average residential electricity price in the summer of 2024, at **** cents per kilowatt hour.

Ireland, Italy, and Germany had some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide, as of March 2025. At the time, Irish households were charged around 0.45 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Italy, the price stood at 0.43 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Russia, residents paid almost 10 times less. What is behind electricity prices? Electricity prices vary widely across the world and sometimes even within a country itself, depending on factors like infrastructure, geography, and politically determined taxes and levies. For example, in Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden, taxes constitute a significant portion of residential end-user electricity prices. Reliance on fossil fuel imports Meanwhile, thanks to their great crude oil and natural gas production output, countries like Iran, Qatar, and Russia enjoy some of the cheapest electricity prices in the world. Here, the average household pays less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In contrast, countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation are more vulnerable to market price fluctuations.

new england census division - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Distribution: Residential Electric Power for New England Census Division was 217.42100 Index Dec 1990=100 in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, new england census division - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Distribution: Residential Electric Power for New England Census Division reached a record high of 242.52900 in January of 2023 and a record low of 94.00000 in April of 1991. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for new england census division - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Distribution: Residential Electric Power for New England Census Division - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Estimate of energy prices for heating fuels for the 2024/25 Winter Heating Season

Industry-wide shocks can have heterogeneous impacts on firms' costs due to different firm characteristics. The heterogeneity in these impacts is crucial for understanding the pass-through of the shock, because of its implications on strategic competition. In the context of the gas price shock in the electricity market, I develop a method to identify heterogeneous impacts of the shock and show with a structural analysis that the heterogeneous feature of the shock induces markup adjustments of firms. Pass-through that is estimated without incorporating the existing heterogeneous impacts fails to reflect the change in competition arising from the shock, and is, on average, underestimated.

The average price of coal delivered to the electric power sector was the highest in the New England region at 92.97 U.S. dollars per short ton. In comparison, the average price in the U.S. overall totaled about 39 U.S. dollars per short ton.

UK Electricity decreased 24.38 GBP/MWh or 23.80% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Electricity Price.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. These data were collected for a project investigating bidding behaviour in the electricity wholesale markets in England and Wales between 1996 and 2004, concentrating on the period between April 1999 and March 2001. This sub-period covered the last two years of the Electricity Pool of England and Wales, a compulsory centralised market which was abolished in favour of the New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA) based upon voluntary bilateral trading, as far as possible. Proponents of the change believed that the Pool had been subject to manipulation and would inevitably produce less competitive results than a more normal market. This study comprised two parts: an in-depth investigation of bids made by individual stations, using existing industry data, and a high-level modelling exercise to simulate prices over the entire period, for which a new dataset of information on power stations, costs, and demand levels was collected. This dataset allowed the simulation of prices over the period, and to compare the simulations with actual prices. The principal investigators' hypothesis, supported by the results, was that if an unchanging simulation model provided a good fit to actual prices over the entire period, then the change in market rules did not affect the underlying relationship between market conditions and prices. The statistics on which the new dataset was based were collected by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) and National Grid Transco. Details of the project and links to publications may be found on the ESRC award web page. Main Topics: Data cover the wholesale electricity market in England and Wales, electricity prices, and wholesale markets. Users should note that there is no accompanying documentation for this dataset. No sampling (total universe) Transcription of existing materials

This repository includes python scripts and input/output data associated with the following publication:

[1] Brown, P.R.; O'Sullivan, F. "Spatial and temporal variation in the value of solar power across United States Electricity Markets". Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109594

Please cite reference [1] for full documentation if the contents of this repository are used for subsequent work.

Many of the scripts, data, and descriptive text in this repository are shared with the following publication:

[2] Brown, P.R.; O'Sullivan, F. "Shaping photovoltaic array output to align with changing wholesale electricity price profiles". Applied Energy 2019, 256, 113734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113734

All code is in python 3 and relies on a number of dependencies that can be installed using pip or conda.

Contents

• pvvm/*.py : Python module with functions for modeling PV generation and calculating PV energy revenue, capacity value, and emissions offset.
• notebooks/*.ipynb : Jupyter notebooks, including:
  • pvvm-vos-data.ipynb: Example scripts used to download and clean input LMP data, determine LMP node locations, assign nodes to capacity zones, download NSRDB input data, and reproduce some figures in [1]
  • pvvm-example-generation.ipynb: Example scripts demonstrating the use of the PV generation model and a sensitivity analysis of PV generator assumptions
  • pvvm-example-plots.ipynb: Example scripts demonstrating different plotting functions
  • validate-pv-monthly-eia.ipynb: Scripts and plots for comparing modeled PV generation with monthly generation reported in EIA forms 860 and 923, as discussed in SI Note 3 of [1]
  • validate-pv-hourly-pvdaq.ipynb: Scripts and plots for comparing modeled PV generation with hourly generation reported in NREL PVDAQ database, as discussed in SI Note 3 of [1]
  • pvvm-energyvalue.ipynb: Scripts for calculating the wholesale energy market revenues of PV and reproducing some figures in [1]
  • pvvm-capacityvalue.ipynb: Scripts for calculating the capacity credit and capacity revenues of PV and reproducing some figures in [1]
  • pvvm-emissionsvalue.ipynb: Scripts for calculating the emissions offset of PV and reproducing some figures in [1]
  • pvvm-breakeven.ipynb: Scripts for calculating the breakeven upfront cost and carbon price for PV and reproducing some figures in [1]
• html/*.html : Static images of the above Jupyter notebooks for viewing without a python kernel
• data/lmp/*.gz : Day-ahead nodal locational marginal prices (LMPs) and marginal costs of energy (MCE), congestion (MCC), and losses (MCL) for CAISO, ERCOT, MISO, NYISO, and ISONE.
  • At the time of publication of this repository, permission had not been received from PJM to republish their LMP data. If permission is received in the future, a new version of this repository will be linked here with the complete dataset.
• results/*.csv.gz : Simulation results associated with [1], including modeled energy revenue, capacity credit and revenue, emissions offsets, and breakeven costs for PV systems at all LMP nodes

Data notes

• ISO LMP data are used with permission from the different ISOs. Adapting the MIT License (https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT), "The data are provided 'as is', without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or sources be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the data or other dealings with the data." Copyright and usage permissions for the LMP data are available on the ISO websites, linked below.
• ISO-specific notes on LMP data:
  • CAISO data from http://oasis.caiso.com/mrioasis/logon.do are used pursuant to the terms at http://www.caiso.com/Pages/PrivacyPolicy.aspx#TermsOfUse.
  • ERCOT data are from http://www.ercot.com/mktinfo/prices.
  • MISO data are from https://www.misoenergy.org/markets-and-operations/real-time--market-data/market-reports/ and https://www.misoenergy.org/markets-and-operations/real-time--market-data/market-reports/market-report-archives/.
  • PJM data were originally downloaded from https://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/energy/day-ahead/lmpda.aspx and https://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/energy/real-time/lmp.aspx. At the time of this writing these data are currently hosted at https://dataminer2.pjm.com/feed/da_hrl_lmps and https://dataminer2.pjm.com/feed/rt_hrl_lmps.
  • NYISO data from http://mis.nyiso.com/public/ are used subject to the disclaimer at https://www.nyiso.com/legal-notice.
  • ISONE data are from https://www.iso-ne.com/isoexpress/web/reports/pricing/-/tree/lmps-da-hourly and https://www.iso-ne.com/isoexpress/web/reports/pricing/-/tree/lmps-rt-hourly-final. The Material is provided on an "as is" basis. ISO New England Inc., to the fullest extent permitted by law, disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, statutory or otherwise, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, non-infringement of third parties' rights, and fitness for particular purpose. Without limiting the foregoing, ISO New England Inc. makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy, reliability, completeness, date, or timeliness of the Material. ISO New England Inc. shall have no liability to you, your employer or any other third party based on your use of or reliance on the Material.
• Data workup: LMP data were downloaded directly from the ISOs using scripts similar to the pvvm.data.download_lmps() function (see below for caveats), then repackaged into single-node single-year files using the pvvm.data.nodalize() function. These single-node single-year files were then combined into the dataframes included in this repository, using the procedure shown in the pvvm-vos-data.ipynb notebook for MISO. We provide these yearly dataframes, rather than the long-form data, to minimize file size and number. These dataframes can be unpacked into the single-node files used in the analysis using the pvvm.data.copylmps() function.

Usage notes

• Code is provided under the MIT License, as specified in the pvvm/LICENSE file and at the top of each *.py file.
• Updates to the code, if any, will be posted in the non-static repository at https://github.com/patrickbrown4/pvvm_vos. The code in the present repository has the following version-specific dependencies:
  • matplotlib: 3.0.3
  • numpy: 1.16.2
  • pandas: 0.24.2
  • pvlib: 0.6.1
  • scipy: 1.2.1
  • tqdm: 4.31.1
• To use the NSRDB download functions, you will need to modify the "settings.py" file to insert a valid NSRDB API key, which can be requested from https://developer.nrel.gov/signup/. Locations can be specified by passing (latitude, longitude) floats to pvvm.data.downloadNSRDBfile(), or by passing a string googlemaps query to pvvm.io.queryNSRDBfile(). To use the googlemaps functionality, you will need to request a googlemaps API key (https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/get-api-key) and insert it in the "settings.py" file.
• Note that many of the ISO websites have changed in the time since the functions in the pvvm.data module were written and the LMP data used in the above papers were downloaded. As such, the pvvm.data.download_lmps() function no longer works for all ISOs and years. We provide this function to illustrate the general procedure used, and do not intend to maintain it or keep it up to date with the changing ISO websites. For up-to-date functions for accessing ISO data, the following repository (no connection to the present work) may be helpful: https://github.com/catalyst-cooperative/pudl.

New Zealand NZ: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data was reported at 0.090 USD/kWh in 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.090 USD/kWh for 2022. New Zealand NZ: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data is updated yearly, averaging 0.070 USD/kWh from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.100 USD/kWh in 2021 and a record low of 0.060 USD/kWh in 2001. New Zealand NZ: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.GGI: Environmental: Environmental Policy, Taxes and Transfers: OECD Member: Annual.

A guide to read and understand your new Spanish electricity bill, showing standard and peak-hours timeframes

Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Maximum data was reported at 359.880 AUD/MWh in 17 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,821.600 AUD/MWh for 16 May 2025. Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Maximum data is updated daily, averaging 168.870 AUD/MWh from Jan 1999 (Median) to 17 May 2025, with 9634 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17,500.000 AUD/MWh in 08 Feb 2025 and a record low of 34.080 AUD/MWh in 20 Feb 2016. Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Maximum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Energy Market Operator. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.P003: Electricity Prices.

Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Manimum data was reported at -18.500 AUD/MWh in 17 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 65.010 AUD/MWh for 16 May 2025. Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Manimum data is updated daily, averaging 28.755 AUD/MWh from Jan 1999 (Median) to 17 May 2025, with 9634 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 357.040 AUD/MWh in 12 Jul 2022 and a record low of -1,000.000 AUD/MWh in 02 Dec 2024. Australia Electricity Average Spot Price: New South Wales: Manimum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Energy Market Operator. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.P003: Electricity Prices.