In February 2025, crude oil accounted for a 58 percent share of the retail cost of gasoline in the United States. Crude oil costs are the greatest determining factor for petroleum product prices such as gasoline. This is also reflected in the U.S. diesel price breakdown, with crude oil making up 49 percent of the retail price that same month. U.S. gasoline cost breakdown The end price that consumers pay for gasoline in the U.S. is made up of several different components. The weighting of these different costs in the end price of gasoline is also very dynamic depending on the market. In April 2020, just 25 percent of the cost of one U.S. gallon of gasoline was from the cost of crude oil, as a result of the 2020 oil crisis. Other cost components are those associated with refining, distribution and marketing, and taxes. Residents in California pay the highest gasoline taxes out of all U.S. states, at 68.1 cents per gallon as of January 2024. U.S. gasoline prices Since 1980, U.S. gasoline prices have fluctuated greatly, usually reflecting the volatile nature of crude oil prices. The U.S. has some of the lowest unleaded premium prices in the world. When looking at the real U.S. gasoline price to end users, figures amounted to 1.24 real U.S. dollars per gallon in 2023. This ‘real’ U.S. dollars figure refers to the purchasing power of one U.S. dollar relative to the period of time between 1982 and 1984.

Crude oil is the greatest cost component determining diesel retail prices in the United States. In February 2025, 49 percent of the diesel retail price was set by crude oil costs. That month, one gallon of diesel sold for an average of 3.68 U.S. dollars. U.S. diesel prices have generally stagnated in early 2025. Fuel consumption remains high despite higher prices Diesel and gasoline prices have experienced significant fluctuations over the past decades. In 2024, the average gasoline price stood at 3.3 U.S. dollars per gallon, a decrease from the 2022 peak but still higher than early 2000s levels. Despite these changes, U.S. gasoline consumption has remained high, averaging around 8.5 million barrels per day in 2024, with seasonal variations affecting demand. Tax impact on fuel costs across states Taxes play a significant role in determining fuel prices, with state-level differences creating notable price variations across the country. As of 2023, the average state tax for gasoline was 30.5 U.S. cents per gallon, while diesel faced a slightly higher average tax of 33.15 U.S. cents. These taxes contribute to the overall retail price and are often reinvested in road infrastructure. California, for instance, imposes some of the highest gasoline taxes in the country, reaching 68.1 U.S. cents per gallon in January 2024, which significantly impacts the state's fuel prices.

In 2024, purchasing energy made up around 46.7 percent of the gas price for household customers in Germany. The current gas tax made up around 4.4 percent.

Denmark is the most expensive EU country for drivers fueling their cars with gasoline. As of February 2024, Denmark's gasoline price averaged **** euros per liter. Of this amount, costs related to the product accounted for the greatest price component, at *** euros per liter.

This statistic displays the breakdown of the price of one liter of gasoline in Canada as of 2017, broken down by cost. In that year, crude cost accounted for the largest portion of the average price of gasoline in Canada, totaling some **** Canadian cents per liter.

This table contains the pump prices for motor fuels at petrol stations around the Netherlands. Weighted average monthly prices are published of petrol Euro95, diesel oil and LPG including VAT and excise duties. A breakdown is provided of prices on the highway, and at local manned and local unmanned petrol stations. These prices are published once a month.

Data available from: January 2006

Status of the figures: The figures in this table are final figures

Changes since the previous period: New figures have been added

When will new figures be published? The figures appear on the first Thursday of the month, not being the first two days of the month. If publication on this day is not possible due to circumstances such as public holidays, they will be published on the next working day.

This statistic shows a breakdown of the consumer price for premium gasoline in Germany in 2024. That year, the energy tax was 65.4 euro cents per liter, while the VAT stood at 28.6 euro cents per liter.

Gasoline Prices in Philippines increased to 1.06 USD/Liter in June from 0.98 USD/Liter in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Philippines Gasoline Prices - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Tariffs make up the greatest share of automotive gasoline prices in the United Kingdom. As of May 2020, tariffs accounted for over ** percent of the average gasoline price at **** euros per liter. The breakdown of gasoline prices was similar to the breakdown of diesel prices in the UK during the same period.

This table shows the average prices paid for natural gas and electricity. The total prices represent the sum of energy supply prices and network prices.

The total price is the price paid by an end-user, for instance a household or an industrial company consuming energy in their production process. Natural gas used for non-energy purposes or for electricity generation is excluded from the data.

The price cap set by the Dutch government for 2023 has now been incorporated into the prices.

Data available from: 1st semester of 2009

Status of the figures: The figures in this table are provisional for the two most recent semesters, and the annual figures follow the status of the second semester of the relevant reporting year. The remaining figures are final.

Changes as of March 28: Figures for the second half of 2024 have been added.

When will new figures be published? New provisional figures will be published three months after the semesters end, at the end of September and at the end of March.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the largest component of average retail petrol prices in Australia was the international cost of refined petrol, also referred to as Mogas 95, accounting for a 46 percent share. Some of Australia's refined petrol demand must be imported from international markets as its local refining capacity cannot produce all of the country's fuel needs.

In 2023, the average price of household natural gas in France amounted to *** euros per megawatt-hour, up from ** euros in the previous year. Supply and network costs accounted for the largest share of the natural gas bill. While supply costs almost doubled between 2020 and 2023, network costs, consumption tax, and transmission tariff remained stable or slightly increased.The household electricity price in France grew by approximately ** euros per megawatt-hour over the same period.

Gasoline Prices in Tanzania remained unchanged at 1.10 USD/Liter in July. This dataset provides - Tanzania Gasoline Prices- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The global spectral fuel analysis market is experiencing robust growth, driven by stringent environmental regulations demanding cleaner fuels and the increasing need for efficient fuel quality control across various sectors. The market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $4.2 billion by the end of the forecast period. This growth is fueled by advancements in spectral analysis technologies offering faster, more accurate, and cost-effective fuel characterization. The rising adoption of portable and benchtop analyzers in refineries, petrochemical plants, and laboratories further contributes to market expansion. Key segments include benchtop and portable spectral fuel analyzers, catering to the chemical, oil and gas, and other industries. Companies such as Eralytics, Spectro Scientific, and Agilent Technologies are leading players, constantly innovating to meet evolving industry needs. While the market faces constraints such as high initial investment costs associated with advanced analyzers and the need for skilled personnel, the overall growth trajectory remains positive, driven by the increasing importance of fuel quality and efficiency. The regional breakdown shows a significant market presence in North America and Europe, fueled by established infrastructure and stringent environmental regulations. However, Asia-Pacific is anticipated to demonstrate considerable growth potential due to rapid industrialization and increased investment in energy infrastructure. Within the application segments, the oil and gas industry dominates, followed by the chemical sector. The "Others" segment, encompassing diverse applications, is also showing promising growth due to the versatility of spectral fuel analysis across various industries. Future market growth hinges on technological advancements, particularly in the development of miniaturized, portable devices, and expansion into emerging markets. Furthermore, collaborative efforts between technology providers and industry stakeholders are crucial for promoting wider adoption and accelerating market penetration.

Germany PPI: MQ: EX: Natural Gas, Liquefied or in Gaseous State data was reported at 234.600 2015=100 in Dec 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 214.800 2015=100 for Nov 2023. Germany PPI: MQ: EX: Natural Gas, Liquefied or in Gaseous State data is updated monthly, averaging 90.000 2015=100 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Dec 2023, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 643.000 2015=100 in Oct 2022 and a record low of 38.100 2015=100 in Aug 2020. Germany PPI: MQ: EX: Natural Gas, Liquefied or in Gaseous State data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.I036: Producer Price Index: 2015=100: Detailed Breakdowns.

offshore oil and gas services are not identified as a sector in the french classification of economic activities (naf). they include a range of high value added segments among engineering services but also maritime works and manufacturing activities, some of which are included in other maritime activities analysed in the present report, e.g. maritime works (for offshore oil rig construction), lng carrier building and cable and pipe making and laying. turnover is analysed using a rough breakdown per main activity segment as proposed by the industry association. value added and employment are estimated using insee data on larger business sectors. exploration and production investment and fuel prices data are sourced from the oil and gas extraction industry and imf, and supplement the description as key drivers of the activity.

Across OECD countries, crude product prices account for the largest share of retail prices for motor fuels. In 2023, ** percent of the end consumer price was determined by crude prices. This compared to a ** percent share attributed to country-specific taxes. Among the listed countries, Italy saw the highest tax share, making up ** percent of pump prices there.

Gasoline Stabilizer Market Outlook

The global gasoline stabilizer market size was valued at approximately $1.2 billion in 2023, and is projected to reach around $1.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.0%. The market's growth is driven by increasing demand for fuel-efficient and less polluting gasoline, which has led to the rising need for gasoline stabilizers to enhance fuel longevity and performance.

One of the primary growth factors for the gasoline stabilizer market is the growing awareness about fuel degradation and its adverse effects on engine performance. As gasoline ages, it can form gum and varnish that clogs fuel injectors and carburetors, leading to poor engine performance and increased maintenance costs. Gasoline stabilizers are effective in preventing these issues by inhibiting oxidation and keeping the fuel fresh for extended periods. This awareness is particularly vital in regions with harsh climatic conditions where fuel degradation can occur more rapidly.

Another significant driver is the increasing adoption of gasoline stabilizers in the automotive and marine sectors. In the automotive industry, the proliferation of vehicles with advanced engine technologies necessitates the use of high-quality fuels to ensure optimal performance. Additionally, the marine sector is witnessing a growing application of gasoline stabilizers to protect engines during long periods of inactivity, such as during off-seasons for boats. The ability of gasoline stabilizers to prevent fuel-related issues in these sectors contributes substantially to market growth.

Stringent environmental regulations and the shift towards cleaner fuels are also propelling the demand for gasoline stabilizers. Governments worldwide are implementing stringent emission norms, compelling industries and individual consumers to use additives that enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Gasoline stabilizers, by preventing the formation of harmful deposits, play a crucial role in meeting these regulatory requirements. This trend is particularly prominent in regions like Europe and North America, where environmental regulations are more stringent.

Gasoline, a crucial component of the global energy landscape, plays a significant role in powering vehicles and machinery worldwide. Its widespread use underscores the importance of maintaining its quality and performance over time. Gasoline stabilizers are essential in this regard, as they help mitigate the natural degradation process that gasoline undergoes when stored for extended periods. By preventing the formation of deposits and maintaining fuel efficacy, these stabilizers ensure that gasoline remains a reliable energy source, supporting both everyday transportation needs and industrial applications. As the demand for efficient and sustainable energy solutions grows, the role of gasoline and its stabilizers becomes increasingly vital in meeting global energy requirements.

Regionally, North America and Europe are expected to dominate the gasoline stabilizer market due to the high adoption rate of advanced automotive technologies and stringent environmental regulations. The Asia Pacific region is also anticipated to witness significant growth, driven by increased vehicle ownership, industrial activities, and rising environmental consciousness. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though currently smaller markets, are projected to show moderate growth due to expanding industrial sectors and increasing consumer awareness.

Product Type Analysis

The gasoline stabilizer market can be segmented based on product types, including liquid, additive, and others. Liquid gasoline stabilizers are designed to mix seamlessly with gasoline, providing an easy and effective solution for both individual consumers and commercial users. These stabilizers are typically added directly to the fuel tank and are widely appreciated for their ease of use. The liquid segment is expected to maintain significant market share due to its convenience and effectiveness in preventing fuel degradation, particularly in regions with variable climatic conditions.

Additive gasoline stabilizers, on the other hand, are blended with gasoline during the refining process or added separately before usage. These additives are engineered to provide specific benefits, such as enhanced combustion efficiency, reduced emissions, and improved engine protection. The additive segment is witnessing r

Germany PPI: Mfg: ME: Gas Generators, Distilling and Filtering Apparatus data was reported at 123.100 2015=100 in Dec 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 122.800 2015=100 for Nov 2023. Germany PPI: Mfg: ME: Gas Generators, Distilling and Filtering Apparatus data is updated monthly, averaging 96.750 2015=100 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Dec 2023, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 123.100 2015=100 in Dec 2023 and a record low of 89.900 2015=100 in Apr 2004. Germany PPI: Mfg: ME: Gas Generators, Distilling and Filtering Apparatus data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.I036: Producer Price Index: 2015=100: Detailed Breakdowns.

Abstract

Studies on electricity market design for high shares of wind and solar often predict the breakdown of energy-only markets, citing a lack of fuel costs to set prices. Issues include prolonged zero prices, politically unacceptable scarcity prices, price collapses from minor capacity changes, low market value cost recovery, revenue variability across different weather years, and challenges in long-term storage operation. These issues arise from modeling with perfectly inelastic demand. Introducing even a small amount of short-term elasticity (-5%) significantly mitigates these problems. A simplified model with wind, solar, batteries, and hydrogen storage shows that demand elasticity and storage opportunity costs stabilize pricing, smoothing the price duration curve, reducing zero-price hours from 90% to 30%, and ensuring price stability across capacities and weather years. Green hydrogen-derived fuels replace fossil fuels as backup. The long-term model matches the short-term model prices with identical capacities, guiding storage bidding strategies for short-term operations. A model trained on 35 years of weather data and tested on another 35 years demonstrates the energy-only market's potential in future dispatch and investment coordination.

Data Sources

- Solar and Wind Time Series (1950-2020): Bloomfield and Brayshaw (2021)
- Techno-Economic Assumptions: technology-data (v0.8.1), Danish Energy Agency
- Demand Elasticity Assumptions: Hirth et al. (2024), Arnold (2023)

Installation

Use conda environment manager:

conda update conda
conda env create -f workflow/envs/environment.fixed.yaml
conda activate price-formation

Main Dependencies:

• pypsa (v0.27.1)
• linopy (v0.3.8)
• snakemake (v8.5)
• gurobi (v11.0.2)

Run

From the root of the repository:

snakemake -call --use-conda --conda-frontend conda

Or with a specific scenario configuration file:

snakemake -call --use-conda --conda-frontend conda --configfile config/config.foo.yaml

Cluster

On an HPC cluster, run:

snakemake -call --profile slurm --use-conda --conda-frontend conda

Compress Results

Use tar to compress results (excluding the report directory):

tar -cJf price-formation-results.tar.xz \
config data figures results resources workflow \
.gitignore .pre-commit-config.yaml .syncignore-receive \
.syncignore-receive CITATION.cff LICENSE matplotlibrc README.md

Licenses

The code in this repository is MIT licensed.

The data in this repository is CC-BY-4.0 licensed.