West Virginia and Kansas had the lowest cost of living across all U.S. states, with composite costs being half of those found in Hawaii. This was according to a composite index that compares prices for various goods and services on a state-by-state basis. In West Virginia, the cost of living index amounted to **** — well below the national benchmark of 100. Virginia— which had an index value of ***** — was only slightly above that benchmark. Expensive places to live included Hawaii, Massachusetts, and California. Housing costs in the U.S. Housing is usually the highest expense in a household’s budget. In 2023, the average house sold for approximately ******* U.S. dollars, but house prices in the Northeast and West regions were significantly higher. Conversely, the South had some of the least expensive housing. In West Virginia, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the median price of the typical single-family home was less than ******* U.S. dollars. That makes living expenses in these states significantly lower than in states such as Hawaii and California, where housing is much pricier. What other expenses affect the cost of living? Utility costs such as electricity, natural gas, water, and internet also influence the cost of living. In Alaska, Hawaii, and Connecticut, the average monthly utility cost exceeded *** U.S. dollars. That was because of the significantly higher prices for electricity and natural gas in these states.

The 2025 State Employee Pay page provides a comprehensive breakdown of salary structures, cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), pay raises, and classification changes for state employees across various departments and positions. It includes information on:

Updated salary schedules by classification and grade

Annual cost-of-living adjustments (if approved by legislature)

Bonus or incentive pay (where applicable)

Pay equity adjustments

Job title and classification updates

Agency-specific pay plans

This resource is essential for current state workers, HR professionals, policy analysts, and those considering employment in the public sector.

Whether you're a classified employee, exempt worker, or part of a unionized workforce, this guide outlines how your pay may be affected throughout 2025 based on legislation, union negotiations, and state budget allocations.

The United States senior living market, valued at $112.93 billion in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.86% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The aging population, particularly the baby boomer generation, is a significant factor, creating an increasing demand for assisted living, independent living, memory care, and nursing care facilities. Furthermore, rising disposable incomes and increasing awareness of the benefits of senior living communities contribute to market growth. Technological advancements in senior care, such as telehealth and remote monitoring, are also enhancing the quality of life for residents and boosting market appeal. However, the market faces some restraints, including the rising costs of healthcare and senior care services, potentially limiting accessibility for some segments of the population. Furthermore, staffing shortages within the industry represent a significant challenge. The market is segmented by property type, with assisted living, independent living, and memory care facilities representing the largest segments. Key states driving market growth include New York, Illinois, California, North Carolina, and Washington, reflecting higher concentrations of the senior population and higher disposable incomes. Major players in the market such as Ensign Group Inc, Sunrise Senior Living, Brookdale Senior Living Inc, and Atria Senior Living Inc, compete fiercely, driving innovation and service improvements. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, driven by the ongoing demographic shifts and increased demand for high-quality senior care options. Strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and investments in technology are likely to shape the competitive landscape in the coming years. The industry will continue to adapt to meet the evolving needs of the aging population, focusing on personalized care, innovative technologies, and cost-effective solutions. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the booming United States senior living market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. With a base year of 2025 and a forecast period spanning 2025-2033, this report is an invaluable resource for investors, industry professionals, and anyone seeking to understand the dynamics of this rapidly evolving sector. The report leverages extensive data analysis to provide insightful projections and uncover key trends shaping the future of senior care in the US. Expect detailed breakdowns of key segments, including assisted living, independent living, memory care, and nursing care, across major states like California, New York, Illinois, North Carolina, and Washington. Recent developments include: July 2023: Spring Cypress senior living site expansion is set to open at the end of 2024 and will consist of three phases. The first phase of the expansion will include 19 independent-living, two-bedroom cottages. The second phase will include 24 townhomes. The third phase will feature 95 apartments. The final phase will feature a resort with several luxury amenities., Apr 2023: For seniors looking for innovative, high-quality care, Avista Senior Living is transitioning away from its SafelyYou partnership to empower safer, more personalized dementia care with real-time, AI video and remote clinical experts 24/7.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increase in Aging Population Driving the Market4.; Healthcare and Long-term Care Needs Driving the Market. Potential restraints include: 4., High Affordability and Cost of Care Affecting the Market4.; Staffing and Workforce Challenges Affecting the Market. Notable trends are: Senior Housing Witnessing Increased Demand.

Pie chart showing main motivations for moving, including housing, family, jobs, lifestyle, and cost of living.

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

In January 2025, apartment rents recorded an annual growth in most U.S. states. Nevertheless, the national average rent declined by about *** percent. West Virginia was the state with the largest rental increase, while Colorado measured the largest decline. California, one of the most expensive states to rent an apartment, such as California, saw an increase of about *** percent from the previous year. How much should you earn to afford to rent an apartment in different states in the U.S.? Both employment opportunities and the living costs vary widely across the country. In California, which is among the most competitive housing markets in the U.S., the hourly wage needed to afford a two-bedroom apartment rental was roughly ** U.S. dollars, more than twice higher than in North Carolina, Louisiana, or Michigan in 2024. When it comes to the median household income, on the other hand, California does not even make it in the top ten states. How much should you earn to afford a home in some of U.S. largest metros? In 2022, the annual salary needed to buy a median-priced home in the U.S. was ****** U.S. dollars. However, in some of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States, where housing prices are up to two or three times higher, homebuyers would have to earn more than 100,000 U.S. dollars to afford a home. In San Jose, which was the most expensive metro, the annual salary needed for a median-priced home was approximately ******* U.S. dollars.

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Furniture and Household Durables: Living Room Furniture (Nonupholstered), Wood was 180.04700 Index Dec 2004=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Furniture and Household Durables: Living Room Furniture (Nonupholstered), Wood reached a record high of 180.04700 in June of 2025 and a record low of 100.00000 in December of 2004. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Furniture and Household Durables: Living Room Furniture (Nonupholstered), Wood - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing: Wood Household Den, Family Room, Library, and Living Room Furniture, Except Custom was 376.44900 Index Dec 1979=100 in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing: Wood Household Den, Family Room, Library, and Living Room Furniture, Except Custom reached a record high of 377.45000 in March of 2025 and a record low of 49.40000 in February of 1967. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing: Wood Household Den, Family Room, Library, and Living Room Furniture, Except Custom - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

State minimum wage applies only if employer provides healthcare benefits. State minimum wage is changed annually based on changes in the CPI and a cost of living formula.

For the years 1976-1978, the displayed wage represents the largest minimum wage paid. Some individuals newly covered under state law received a lower wage.

For more information, visit https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm

The assisted living sector is navigating a complex landscape shaped by economic pressures, regulatory changes and demographic shifts. Recent trends show facilities facing challenges because of wage pressures. Employee shortages drive up wages, straining budgets and reducing funds for upgrades. Proposed federal and state funding caps at the start of 2025 create financial uncertainty and reduce revenue sources for assisted living retirement communities. Despite these challenges, the aging population is boosting demand for senior living options, providing a counterbalance by expanding the potential resident base. Facilities increasingly opt for efficiency and sustainability by consolidating spaces and focusing on tailored services, aligning with evolving resident preferences and enhancing overall service offerings. Revenue is expected to climb at a CAGR of 1.7% to $96.8 billion through the end of 2025, with a healthy boost of 4.4% in 2025 alone.

Over the past five years, various cost-related factors have pressured profitability. Rising wages, driven by employee shortages, force facilities to enhance compensation packages and benefits, pressing profit. Regulations mandating staff-to-patient ratios often require hiring costly temporary staff, further heightening expenses. Communities are adjusting pricing structures and optimizing staffing solutions to counter these challenges, balancing the rising costs to sustain financial stability. Downsizing has eased rent costs, permitting reallocations toward wages or tech upgrades.

The industry anticipates reshaping through technology integration and service diversification in the later years. Incorporating virtual reality, telehealth and wearable devices promises transformative impacts on resident care, enhancing engagement and health management. Larger organizations with robust resources are poised to lead with specialized memory care and holistic wellness programs, attracting private payees. The consolidation trend could lead to economies of scale and increased profitability, especially as cuts in government funding threaten smaller entities. With an aging population delaying retirement, facilities have a unique opportunity to expand amenities and cater to diverse needs, positioning themselves for a promising future amid demographic and technological trends. Industry revenue is expected to strengthen at a CAGR of 3.4% to $114.5 billion through the end of 2030.

Manufactured Homes and Mobile Homes Sales Market Outlook

The global manufactured homes and mobile homes sales market size was valued at approximately $27.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $42.8 billion by 2032, registering a CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period. The growth in this market is primarily driven by increasing demand for affordable housing solutions, advancements in manufacturing technologies, and the rising trend of downsizing and minimalistic living among the population.

One significant growth factor for the manufactured homes and mobile homes sales market is the affordability compared to traditional housing. With real estate prices soaring in urban areas, many individuals and families are turning to manufactured and mobile homes as a cost-effective housing option. These homes provide the necessary amenities at a fraction of the cost of conventional homes, thereby attracting a large segment of budget-conscious buyers. Additionally, the financial benefits extend beyond the initial purchase, with lower maintenance costs and property taxes, which further appeal to cost-savvy consumers.

Another growth driver is the advancement in construction and manufacturing technologies. Modern manufactured and mobile homes are designed using state-of-the-art building methods and materials that enhance durability, energy efficiency, and overall living comfort. These technological innovations have significantly improved the quality perception of manufactured homes, making them a viable alternative to traditional housing. The incorporation of smart home technologies and sustainable building practices also aligns with the growing consumer preference for eco-friendly and connected living environments.

Moreover, the changing demographics and lifestyle preferences are contributing to the market growth. The increasing trend of minimalistic and mobile living among millennials and retirees is fostering the demand for manufactured and mobile homes. This segment of the population values flexibility, mobility, and low-maintenance living, all of which are offered by manufactured homes. The adaptability of these homes to various locations and the ease of relocation also cater to the needs of a more transient and adventurous lifestyle.

The market for Prefabricated Home Sales is witnessing a notable surge as consumers increasingly seek out efficient and sustainable housing solutions. Prefabricated homes, often synonymous with manufactured and mobile homes, offer a streamlined construction process that reduces waste and minimizes environmental impact. This method of construction not only supports eco-friendly initiatives but also significantly cuts down on building time, allowing homeowners to move into their new residences more quickly. As the demand for sustainable living grows, prefabricated homes are becoming a popular choice among environmentally conscious buyers who value both efficiency and quality in their housing options.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a significant share of the market due to the high acceptance and established infrastructure for manufactured and mobile homes. The United States, in particular, has a long history and a substantial market for these types of dwellings, supported by favorable regulations and financing options. The Asia Pacific region is also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by rapid urbanization, population growth, and increasing disposable incomes in countries like China and India. These regions are recognizing the potential of manufactured homes as a solution to their housing shortages and urban sprawl issues.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the manufactured homes and mobile homes sales market is categorized into Single-Wide Homes, Double-Wide Homes, and Triple-Wide Homes. Single-Wide Homes are the most economical and compact option, typically featuring a narrow floor plan that can be easily transported. This segment is particularly popular among first-time buyers and individuals looking for a minimalistic lifestyle. Single-Wide Homes often appeal to young professionals and small families due to their affordability and efficient use of space.

Double-Wide Homes offer more living space and are designed to be assembled on-site from two sections. This type o

The annual salary received by members of the United States Congress in 2025 is ******* U.S. dollars. This has been the case since 2009. The Government Ethics Reform Act of 1989 provides an automatic cost of living adjustment increase in line with the

Reverse Mortgage Services Market Outlook

The reverse mortgage services market size is projected to grow significantly, from $15 billion in 2023 to an estimated $30 billion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%. This impressive growth can be attributed mainly to the increasing aging population worldwide and the rising need for financial solutions that allow elderly individuals to monetize their home equity without selling their properties.

One of the primary growth factors for the reverse mortgage services market is the demographic shift towards an older population. With longer life expectancies and the baby boomer generation reaching retirement age, there is a rising demand for financial products that cater to the elderly. Reverse mortgages offer a viable solution for seniors who wish to stay in their homes while accessing additional funds to cover living expenses, medical bills, and other costs. Moreover, the increased awareness and understanding of reverse mortgages have made them a more attractive option for financial planning among retirees.

Another significant growth driver is the economic landscape, which has seen fluctuations that impact retirees' income and savings. With traditional pension schemes becoming less common and more individuals relying solely on their savings and Social Security, there is a pressing need for additional income streams. Reverse mortgages provide a supplementary source of income without the need to sell one's home, making it a popular choice among retirees facing financial constraints. Additionally, the low-interest-rate environment has made reverse mortgages more accessible, as the cost of borrowing against home equity has remained relatively affordable.

The regulatory environment has also played a crucial role in the market's growth. Governments and financial institutions in various regions have introduced policies and safeguards to ensure the ethical and transparent administration of reverse mortgages. For instance, in the United States, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs), which are insured by the federal government. Such regulations provide a level of security and confidence to potential borrowers, thereby fostering market growth.

From a regional perspective, North America is expected to dominate the reverse mortgage services market during the forecast period. The region's well-established financial infrastructure, coupled with a high population of elderly individuals, ensures a consistent demand for reverse mortgage products. Additionally, Europe and Asia Pacific are anticipated to see substantial growth due to the increasing acceptance of reverse mortgages and the aging population in these regions. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also beginning to explore reverse mortgage services, driven by demographic changes and economic development.

Type Analysis

Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs) are the most prevalent type of reverse mortgage, particularly in the United States. These federally insured loans allow seniors to convert part of the equity in their homes into cash. The popularity of HECMs can be attributed to the security they provide, being backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). This type of reverse mortgage tends to have stringent eligibility criteria and offers counseling to ensure borrowers fully understand the terms of the loan. As a result, HECMs have gained trust among retirees, making them a cornerstone of the reverse mortgage services market.

Proprietary reverse mortgages are another significant segment within the market. These are private loans that are not insured by the federal government and are generally aimed at homeowners with high-value properties. Proprietary reverse mortgages offer larger loan amounts compared to HECMs, making them an attractive option for affluent seniors. The flexibility and customization of these loans have contributed to their growing popularity. Financial institutions offering proprietary reverse mortgages often provide tailored solutions to meet the specific needs of affluent clients, thereby expanding their market share.

Single-purpose reverse mortgages are less common but serve an essential role in the market. These loans are typically offered by state and local government agencies or nonprofit organizations and are designed for specific purposes, such as home repairs or property taxes. The limited scope of single-purpose reverse mortgages makes them a suitable option for seniors with