Graph and download economic data for Cost of Living Index for Massachusetts (M04072US000MAM324NNBR) from Jan 1910 to Dec 1943 about MA, CPI, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Essex County, MA (MWACL25009) from 2009 to 2023 about Essex County, MA; Boston; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

West Virginia and Kansas had the lowest cost of living across all U.S. states, with composite costs being half of those found in Hawaii. This was according to a composite index that compares prices for various goods and services on a state-by-state basis. In West Virginia, the cost of living index amounted to **** — well below the national benchmark of 100. Virginia— which had an index value of ***** — was only slightly above that benchmark. Expensive places to live included Hawaii, Massachusetts, and California. Housing costs in the U.S. Housing is usually the highest expense in a household’s budget. In 2023, the average house sold for approximately ******* U.S. dollars, but house prices in the Northeast and West regions were significantly higher. Conversely, the South had some of the least expensive housing. In West Virginia, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the median price of the typical single-family home was less than ******* U.S. dollars. That makes living expenses in these states significantly lower than in states such as Hawaii and California, where housing is much pricier. What other expenses affect the cost of living? Utility costs such as electricity, natural gas, water, and internet also influence the cost of living. In Alaska, Hawaii, and Connecticut, the average monthly utility cost exceeded *** U.S. dollars. That was because of the significantly higher prices for electricity and natural gas in these states.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Middlesex County, MA (MWACL25017) from 2009 to 2023 about Middlesex County, MA; Boston; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Bristol County, MA (MWACL25005) from 2009 to 2023 about Bristol County, MA; Providence; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Barnstable County, MA (MWACL25001) from 2009 to 2023 about Barnstable County, MA; Barnstable Town; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Hampden County, MA (MWACL25013) from 2009 to 2023 about Hampden County, MA; Springfield; MA; adjusted; average; wages; real; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Norfolk County, MA (MWACL25021) from 2009 to 2023 about Norfolk County, MA; Boston; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

This statistic shows a ranking of the most affordable colleges in the United States as of 2012. To calculate the ranking the Daily Beast considered average student debt, total cost for tuition and general living expenses, average amount of financial aid received by students and average income earned by graduates in their future careers. In this graphic the average in-state attendance cost is depicted. At Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the university ranked as the most affordable, total attendance cost is on average ****** U.S. dollars.

Mastercard reported $1.85B in Cost of Sales for its fiscal quarter ending in June of 2025. Data for Mastercard | MA - Cost Of Sales including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Franklin County, MA (MWACL25011) from 2016 to 2023 about Franklin County, MA; Springfield; MA; adjusted; average; wages; real; and USA.

1. The cost of reproduction on demographic rates is often assumed to operate through changing body condition. Several studies have found that reproduction depresses body mass more if the current conditions are severe, such as high population densities or adverse weather, than under benign environmental conditions. However, few studies have investigated the association between the fitness and body mass costs of reproduction.

2. Using 25 years of individual-based capture-recapture data from Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), we built a novel Bayesian state-space model that jointly estimated inter-annual change in mass, annual reproductive success, and survival, while accounting for incomplete observations. The model allowed us to partition the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on both non-reproductive mass change and the body mass cost of reproduction and to quantify their consequences on demographic rates.

3. Contrary to our expectation, the body mass cost of reproduction (mean = 5.8 kg) varied little between years (CV = 0.08) whereas the between-year variation in body mass changes, that were independent of the previous year's reproductive state, varied substantially (CV = 0.4) in relation to autumn temperature and the amount of rain-on-snow in winter. This mass loss led to a cost of reproduction on the next reproduction, which was amplified by the same environmental covariates, from a 10% reduction in reproductive success in benign years, to a 50% reduction in harsh years. The reproductive mass loss also resulted in a small reduction in survival.

4. Our results show how demographic costs of reproduction, driven by inter-annual fluctuations in individual body condition, result from the balance between body mass costs of reproduction and body mass changes that are independent of previous reproductive state. We illustrate how a strong context dependent fitness cost of reproduction can occur, despite a relatively fixed body mass cost of reproduction. This suggests that female reindeer display a very conservative energy allocation strategy, either aborting their reproductive attempt at an early stage or weaning at a relatively constant cost. Such a strategy might be common in species living in a highly stochastic food limited environment.

Mastercard reported $1.09B in Selling and Administration Expenses for its fiscal quarter ending in June of 2025. Data for Mastercard | MA - Selling And Administration Expenses including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.

Mastercard reported $195M in Interest Expense on Debt for its fiscal quarter ending in June of 2025. Data for Mastercard | MA - Interest Expense On Debt including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.

Mastercard reported 39.41 in PE Price to Earnings for its fiscal quarter ending in June of 2025. Data for Mastercard | MA - PE Price to Earnings including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items in Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (CBSA) (CUUSA103SA0) from 1984 to 2024 about Boston, ME, NH, CT, MA, all items, urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Mastercard reported 932.89M in Outstanding Shares in April of 2024. Data for Mastercard | MA - Outstanding Shares including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.

In 2025, households in California needed an hourly wage of over 50 U.S. dollars to afford the rent of a two-bedroom apartment. Hawaii had the second-least affordable two-bedroom apartments, as a household would have to earn at least around 49 U.S. dollars per hour in order to afford rent payments. These figures are considerably higher than the average minimum wage in place in many states. There was no state in which a minimum wageworker could afford rent for the average two-bedroom apartment, if they worked 40 hours a week. Where are the least affordable counties and metros? The least affordable rents were predominately in Californian counties and metropolitan areas in 2025. District of Columbia has the highest minimum wages in the country, which stood at 17.5 U.S. dollars per hour as of January 2025. Thus, the affordability of two-bedroom apartments highlights how disproportionately high housing costs are in the state.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Suffolk County, MA (MWACL25025) from 2009 to 2023 about Suffolk County, MA; Boston; adjusted; MA; average; wages; real; and USA.

Mastercard reported $544.53B in Market Capitalization this August of 2025, considering the latest stock price and the number of outstanding shares.Data for Mastercard | MA - Market Capitalization including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last August in 2025.