Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

Ireland: Cost of living index, world average = 100: The latest value from 2021 is 175.68 index points, an increase from 157.19 index points in 2017. In comparison, the world average is 79.81 index points, based on data from 165 countries. Historically, the average for Ireland from 2017 to 2021 is 166.44 index points. The minimum value, 157.19 index points, was reached in 2017 while the maximum of 175.68 index points was recorded in 2021.

The average for 2021 based on 165 countries was 79.81 index points. The highest value was in Bermuda: 212.7 index points and the lowest value was in Syria: 33.25 index points. The indicator is available from 2017 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The UK inflation rate was 3.8 percent in September 2025, unchanged from the previous two months, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the education sector, at 7.5 percent, with prices increasing at the slowest rate in the clothing and footwear sector. The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

The average for 2021 based on 41 countries was 107.05 index points. The highest value was in Switzerland: 211.98 index points and the lowest value was in Belarus: 40.99 index points. The indicator is available from 2017 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Turkey Cost of Living Index: 63=100: Istanbul (IB) data was reported at 428,251,644.200 1963=100 in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 383,616,648.700 1963=100 for 2016. Turkey Cost of Living Index: 63=100: Istanbul (IB) data is updated yearly, averaging 12,568.000 1963=100 from Dec 1953 (Median) to 2017, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 428,251,644.200 1963=100 in 2017 and a record low of 40.100 1963=100 in 1953. Turkey Cost of Living Index: 63=100: Istanbul (IB) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Istanbul Chamber of Commerce. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.I015: Cost of Living Index: Wage Earners: Istanbul: 1963=100.

The Comoros: Cost of living index, world average = 100: The latest value from 2021 is 76.31 index points, an increase from 70.11 index points in 2017. In comparison, the world average is 79.81 index points, based on data from 165 countries. Historically, the average for the Comoros from 2017 to 2021 is 73.21 index points. The minimum value, 70.11 index points, was reached in 2017 while the maximum of 76.31 index points was recorded in 2021.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 0.25 percent in October from 1.44 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Annual indexes for major components and special aggregates of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit. Data are presented for the last five years. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

Kazakhstan Cost of Living: Average per Capita: Region: Atyrauskaya data was reported at 26,875.000 KZT in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 25,499.000 KZT for May 2018. Kazakhstan Cost of Living: Average per Capita: Region: Atyrauskaya data is updated monthly, averaging 13,656.000 KZT from Oct 2000 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 213 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27,083.000 KZT in Oct 2017 and a record low of 4,489.000 KZT in Oct 2000. Kazakhstan Cost of Living: Average per Capita: Region: Atyrauskaya data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kazakhstan – Table KZ.H012: Cost of Living: Average per Capita.

Consumer Price Index, monthly, not seasonally adjusted (1 2 3) Frequency: Monthly Table: 18-10-0004-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0020) Release date: 2022-09-20 Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census subdivision, Census metropolitan area, Census metropolitan area part

Footnotes: 1. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is not a cost-of-living index. The objective behind a cost-of-living index is to measure changes in expenditures necessary for consumers to maintain a constant standard of living. The idea is that consumers would normally switch between products as the price relationship of goods changes. If, for example, consumers get the same satisfaction from drinking tea as they do from coffee, then it is possible to substitute tea for coffee if the price of tea falls relative to the price of coffee. The cheaper of the interchangeable products may be chosen. We could compute a cost-of-living index for an individual if we had complete information about that person's taste and spending habits. To do this for a large number of people, let alone the total population of Canada, is impossible. For this reason, regularly published price indexes are based on the fixed-basket concept rather than the cost-of-living concept. 2. This table replaces table 18-10-0008-01 which was archived with the release of April 2007 data. 3. From April 2020 to November 2021, and from January 2022 to February 2022, certain sub-indexes and components thereof were imputed using special approaches in either one, or more months. The affected indexes include child care services; housekeeping services; air transportation; personal care services; recreational services; travel tours; spectator entertainment; use of recreational facilities and services; beer served in licensed establishments; wine served in licensed establishments, and liquor served in licensed establishments. The details of these treatments from April 2020 to March 2021 are provided in technical supplements available through the Prices Analytical Series. Starting in April 2021 4. The goods and services that make up the Consumer Price Index (CPI) are organized according to a hierarchical structure with the all-items CPI" as the top level. Eight major components of goods and services make up the "all-items CPI". They are: "food” 5. Food includes non-alcoholic beverages. 6. Part of the increase first recorded in the shelter index for Yellowknife for December 2004 inadvertently reflected rent increases that actually occurred earlier. As a result, the change in the shelter index was overstated in December 2004, and was understated in the previous two years. The shelter index series for Yellowknife has been corrected from December 2002. In addition, the Yellowknife All-items Consumer Price Index (CPI) and some Yellowknife special aggregate index series have also changed. Data for Canada and all other provinces and territories were not affected. 7. The special aggregate energy" includes: "electricity” 8. Goods are physical or tangible commodities usually classified according to their life span into non-durable goods, semi-durable goods and durable goods. Non-durable goods are those goods that can be used up entirely in less than a year, assuming normal usage. For example, fresh food products, disposable cameras and gasoline are non-durable goods. Semi-durable goods are those goods that may last less than 12 months or greater than 12 months depending on the purpose to which they are put. For example, clothing, footwear and household textiles are semi-durable goods. Durable goods are those goods which may be used repeatedly or continuously over more than a year, assuming normal usage. For example, cars, audio and video equipment and furniture are durable goods. 9. A service in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is characterized by valuable work performed by an individual or organization on behalf of a consumer, for example, car tune-ups, haircuts and city public transportation. Transactions classified as a service may include the cost of goods by their nature. Examples include food in restaurant food services and materials in clothing repair services.

How to cite: Statistics Canada Table 18-10-0004-01 Consumer Price Index, monthly, not seasonally adjusted https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1810000401

Inflation Rate in Hong Kong increased to 1.20 percent in October from 1.10 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Hong Kong Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In July 2025, the inflation rate for food prices in the United Kingdom was measured at 4.9 percent. A period of continuous deflation between March 2015 and January 2017 preceded a return to a sustained rise in the cost of food from February 2017 onwards. While food prices were deflating between September 2020 and July 2021, they started increasing rapidly from August 2021 to March 2023. The inflation rate started to decline from April 2023, but is picking up again in 2025.Inflation rate and consumer price indexInflation is commonly measured via the consumer price index, which illustrates changes to prices paid by consumers for a representative basket of goods and services. An annualized percentage change in the price index constitutes a measure of inflation. In order to maintain an inflation rate at a stable level, to enable the general public and businesses to plan their spending, the Government set a two percent inflation target for the Bank of England. The discounter boom The increase in food prices in the United Kingdom has shifted shopping behaviors amongst consumers. Value is now key and shoppers are changing their retailer loyalties. Aldi, the German discount supermarket retailer, overtook Morrisons as Great Britain's fourth largest supermarket in September of 2022. Aldi's market share reached double digits for the first time in April 2023. It is yet to be seen if Lidl, Aldi's discounter competitor, can also continue to rise up in the ranks and eventually take over Morrisons as the fifth leading food retailer.

Inflation Rate in the United Kingdom decreased to 3.60 percent in October from 3.80 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in The Payoff to America from Globalization: A Fresh Look with a Focus on Costs to Workers, PIIE Policy Brief 17-16. If you use the data, please cite as: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Zhihao (Lucy) Lu. (2017). The Payoff to America from Globalization: A Fresh Look with a Focus on Costs to Workers. PIIE Policy Brief 17-16. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

INPC: MoM: Rio de Janeiro: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data was reported at 0.020 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -0.730 % for Feb 2025. INPC: MoM: Rio de Janeiro: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data is updated monthly, averaging 0.790 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.380 % in Apr 2022 and a record low of -4.990 % in Apr 2020. INPC: MoM: Rio de Janeiro: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Inflation – Table BR.IC014: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: Dec1993=100: Month-on-Month: by Municipality: Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro.

INPC: YoY: Fortaleza: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data was reported at 10.550 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.080 % for Feb 2025. INPC: YoY: Fortaleza: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data is updated monthly, averaging 7.265 % from Dec 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 52 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25.710 % in Jan 2023 and a record low of -7.610 % in Dec 2020. INPC: YoY: Fortaleza: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Inflation – Table BR.IC026: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: Dec1993=100: Year-on-Year: by Municipality: Ceará: Fortaleza.

INPC: Year to Date: Curitiba: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data was reported at 2.700 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.280 % for Feb 2025. INPC: Year to Date: Curitiba: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data is updated monthly, averaging 3.710 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.510 % in Dec 2022 and a record low of -15.300 % in Jun 2020. INPC: Year to Date: Curitiba: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Inflation – Table BR.IC042: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: Dec1993=100: Year-to-Date: by Municipality: Paraná: Curitiba.

Russia Avg Producer Price: OKPD2: Furniture & Others: Wooden Furniture: Dining Room & Living Room: Others data was reported at 2,502.320 RUB in Jan 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,282.480 RUB for Dec 2018. Russia Avg Producer Price: OKPD2: Furniture & Others: Wooden Furniture: Dining Room & Living Room: Others data is updated monthly, averaging 2,221.670 RUB from Jan 2017 (Median) to Jan 2019, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,632.730 RUB in Jul 2018 and a record low of 1,762.610 RUB in Sep 2017. Russia Avg Producer Price: OKPD2: Furniture & Others: Wooden Furniture: Dining Room & Living Room: Others data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Prices – Table RU.PB023: Average Producer Price: Furniture and Others.

INPC: Year to Date: Vitória: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data was reported at 3.320 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.100 % for Feb 2025. INPC: Year to Date: Vitória: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data is updated monthly, averaging 2.510 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.960 % in Oct 2022 and a record low of -10.760 % in Jun 2020. INPC: Year to Date: Vitória: Home Appliances: Furniture and Utensils: Furniture: Living Room data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Inflation – Table BR.IC052: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: Dec1993=100: Year-to-Date: by Municipality: Espírito Santo: Vitória.