Abstract

The Côte d’Ivoire EHCVM 2018/is implemented by the National institute of Statistics (INS) with support from the World Bank and the WAEMU Commission. The objective of the program is to strengthen the capacity of its member countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinee Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) to conduct living conditions surveys that meet harmonized, regional standards and to make the collected micro-data publicly accessible. The EHCVM is a nationally representative survey of 13,000 households, which are also representative of the geopolitical zones (at both the urban and rural level).

The survey uses two main survey instruments: a household/individual questionnaire, and a community-level questionnaire. The surveys took place in two waves with each wave covering half of the sample. The first wave was fielded between September 2018 and December 2018, while the second wave occurred between April 2019 and July 2019. The two-wave approach was chosen to account for seasonality of consumption.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cote d'Ivoire EHCVM 2018/19 sample covers all regions with urban and rural areas surveyed in all regions.

Upon deciding on the sample size and repartition, the survey design team implemented a 2-stage sampling methodology. At the first stage, 1084 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected from the sample frame. In the second stage, 12 households were selected in each enumeration area randomly.

The total survey sample size is 12992 households - 5275 from urban areas and 7717 from rural areas. After that, the survey design randomly divided each enumeration area into two equal groups. The survey team interrogated the first group in wave 1 and the other in wave 2. Finally, for various reasons, including availability and quality monitoring, the final sample size comprises slightly more households (twelve) in round 2 than in round 1. In wave one, the survey teams interviewed 6490 households (2744 in urban areas and 3746 in rural areas. In wave two, the teams interviewed 6502 households (2531 in urban areas and 3971 in rural areas).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The Côte d’Ivoire ECHVM 2018/19 consists of two questionnaires for each of the two visits. The Household Questionnaires was administered to all households in the sample. The Community Questionnaire was administered to the community to collect information on the socio-economic indicators of the enumeration areas where the sample households reside.

EHCVM 2018/19 Household Questionnaire: The Households Questionnaire provides information on demographics; education; health; employment (including activity-related information, primary and secondary employments); nonjob revenues; saving and credit (including information for payments due for 15 years old members of the household); food consumption; food security; nonfood consumption; nonagricultural enterprises; housing; household’s assets; transfers (received and sent); shocks and survival strategies; safety nets; agriculture (including information on plots, costs of inputs, and crops); livestock; fishing; agricultural equipment; and a module that provides indicators to helps users situate the household on the poverty spectrum based on subjective considerations and comparative indicators.

EHCVM 2018/19 Community Questionnaire: The Community Questionnaire solicits information on general community’s characteristics; community access to infrastructure and to social services; community agricultural activity; community participation; and local retail price information.

Abstract

The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (LSS) was the first LSMS Survey to have field tested the methodology and questionnaire developed by LSMS. It consists of three complementary surveys: the household survey, the community survey and the price survey. The household survey collected detailed information on expenditures, income, employment, assets, basic needs and other socio-economic characteristics of the households. The Community Survey collected information on economic and demographic characteristics of the rural communities to which each cluster of households belonged. This was designed to enable the linkage of community level with household level data. The price survey component of the CILSS collected data on prices at the nearest market to each cluster of households, so that regional price indices could be constructed for the household survey. The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (LSS) was undertaken over a period of four years, 1985-88, by the Direction de la Statistique in Côte d'Ivoire, with financial and technical support from the World Bank during the first two years of the survey. It was the first year-round household survey to have been undertaken by the Ivorian Direction de la Statistique. The sample size each year was 1600 households and the sample design was a rotating panel. That is, half of the households were revisited the following year, while the other half were replaced with new households. The survey thus produced four cross-sectional data sets as well as three overlapping panels of 800 households each (1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

(a) SAMPLE DESIGN The principal objective of the sample selection process for the LSS Household Survey was to obtain a nationally representative cross-section of African households, some of which could be interviewed in successive years as panel households. A two-stage sampling procedure was used. In the first stage, 100 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected across the country from a list of all PSUs available in the sampling frame. At the second stage, a cluster of 16 households was selected within each PSU. This led to a sample size of 1600 households a year, in 100 cluster s of 16 households each. Half of the households were replaced each year while the other half (the panel households in 1986, 1987 and 1988) were interviewed a second time. It is important to note that there was a change in the sampling procedures (the sampling frame, PSU selection process and listing procedures), used to select half of the clusters/households interviewed in 1987 (the other half were panel households retained from 1986), and all of the clusters/households interviewed in 1988. Households selected on the basis of the first set of sampling procedures will henceforth be referred to as Block 1 data while households based on the second set of sampling procedures will be referred to as Block 2 data.

(b) SAMPLE FRAME 1. Sampling Procedures for Block 1 Data The Sampling Frame. The sampling frame for the 1985, 1986, and half of the 1987 samples (except for Abidjan and Bouaké) was a list of localities constructed on the basis of the 1975 Census, updated to 1983 by the demographers of the Direction de la Statistique and based on a total population estimated at 9.4 million in 1983.The Block 1 frame for Abidjan and Bouaké was based on data from a 1979-80 electoral census of these two cities. The electoral census had produced detailed maps of the two cities that divided each sector of the city into smaller sub-sectors (îlots). Sub-sectors with similar types of housing were grouped together by statisticians in the Direction de la Statistique to form PSUs. From a list of all PSUs in each city, along with each PSU's population size, the required number of PSUs were selected using a systematic sampling procedure. The step size was equal to the city's population divided by the number of PSUs required in each city. One problem identified in the selection process for Abidjan arose from the fact that one sector of the city (Yopougon) which had been relatively small in 1980 at the time of the electoral census, had since become the largest agglomeration in Côte d'Ivoire. This problem was presumably unavoidable since accurate population data for Yopougon was not available at the time of the PSU selection process.

Selection of PSUs. Geographic stratification was not explicitly needed because the systematic sampling procedure that was used to select the PSUs ensured that the sample was balanced with respect to region and by site type, within each region. The main geographical regions defined were: East Forest, West Forest, and Savannah. Site types varied as follows: large cities, towns, large and small villages, surrounding towns, village centers, and villages attached to them. The 100 PSUs were selected, with probabilities proportional to the size of their population, from a list of PSUs sorted by region and within each region, by site type. Selection of households within each PSU. A pre-survey was conducted in June-July of 1984, to establish the second-stage sampling frame, i.e. a list of households for each PSU from which 16 households could be selected. The same listing exercise was to be used for both the 1985 and 1986 surveys, in order to avoid having to conduct another costly pre-survey in the second year. Thus, the 1984 pre-survey had to provide enough households so as to be able to select two clusters of households in each PSU and to allow for replacement households in the event that some in the sample could not be contacted or refused to participate. A listing of 64 households in each PSU met this requirement. In PSUs with 64 households or fewer, every household was listed. In selecting the households, the "step" used was equal to the estimated number of households in the PSU divided by 64. For example, if the PSU had an estimated 640 households, then every tenth household was included in the listing, counted from a random starting point in the PSU. For operational reasons, the maximum step allowable was a step of 30. In practice, it appears that enumerators used doors, instead of housing structures, in counting the step. Al though enumerators were supposed to start the listing process from a random point in the PSU, in rural areas and small towns, reportedly, the lister started from the center of the PSU.

1. Sampling Procedures for Block 2 Data

The Sampling Frame. The sampling frame for Block 2 data was established from a list of places from the results of the Census of inhabited sites (RSH) performed in preparation for the 1988 Population Census. Selection of PSUs. The PSUs were selected with probability proportional to size. However, in order to save what might have been exorbitant costs of listing every household in each selected PSU in a pre-survey, the Direction de la Statistique made a decision to enumerate a smaller unit within each PSU. The area within each PSU was divided into smaller blocks called `îlots'. Households were then selected from a randomly chosen îlot within each PSU. The sample îlot was selected with equal probability within each PSU, not on the basis of probability proportional to size. (These îlots are reportedly relatively small compared with the size of PSUs selected for the Block 1 frame, but no further information is available about their geographical position within the PSUs.) Selection of households within each PSU. All households in each îlot selected for the Block 2 sample were listed. Sixteen households were then randomly chosen from the list of households for each îlot.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

The Household Questionnaire was almost entirely pre-coded, thus reducing errors involved in the coding process. Also, the decentralized data entry system allowed for immediate follow-up on inconsistencies that were detected by the data entry program. Household and personal identification codes were recorded in each section, facilitating merging data across sections

Response rate

During the first year of the survey, a total of 124 of the 1600 original sample households (7.8 percent) were not interviewed and were thus replaced by other households. The most common reason for non-response in the first year was the inability to locate the address or housing unit. Only 14 households (0.9 percent of the sample) were found but refused to participate, and these were all in Abidjan.

Sampling error estimates

(a) ACCURACY The general consensus is that the quality of the LSS household data is very good. An informal review of data quality conducted by Ainsworth and Mehra (1988) assessed the 1985 and 1986 LSS data in terms of their accuracy, completeness, and internal consistency. The LSS household data were found to score high marks on each of these three counts. One measure of data quality is the extent to which individuals in question respond for themselves during the interview, rather than having proxy responses provided for them by other household members. The investigation of CILSS household survey data for 1985 and 1986 showed that 93 percent of women responded for themselves to the fertility section and that 79 to 80 percent of all adult household members responded for themselves to the employment module. The percent of children responding for themselves to the employment module was far less, 43 to 45 percent. Nevertheless, these rates were found to be higher than for the Peru Living Standards Survey (29 percent).

(b) COMPLETENESS

Investigation of several variables and modules

Abstract

The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (CILSS) was the first LSMS Survey to have field tested the methodology and questionnaire developed by LSMS. It consists of three complementary surveys: the household survey, the community survey and the price survey. The household survey collected detailed information on expenditures, income, employment, assets, basic needs and other socio-economic characteristics of the households. The Community Survey collected information on economic and demographic characteristics of the rural communities to which each cluster of households belonged. This was designed to enable the linkage of community level with household level data. The price survey component of the CILSS collected data on prices at the nearest market to each cluster of households, so that regional price indices could be constructed for the household survey.

The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (CILSS) was undertaken over a period of four years, 1985-88, by the Direction de la Statistique in Côte d'Ivoire, with financial and technical support from the World Bank during the first two years of the survey. It was the first year-round household survey to have been undertaken by the Ivorian Direction de la Statistique.

The sample size each year was 1600 households and the sample design was a rotating panel. That is, half of the households were revisited the following year, while the other half were replaced with new households. The survey thus produced four cross-sectional data sets as well as three overlapping panels of 800 households each (1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88).

Geographic coverage

National coverage. Domains: Urban/rural; Regions (East Forest, West Forest, East Savannah, West Savannah)

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The principal objective of the sample selection process for the CILSS Household Survey was to obtain a nationally representative cross-section of African households, some of which could be interviewed in successive years as panel households.

A two-stage sampling procedure was used. In the first stage, 100 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected across the country from a list of all PSUs available in the sampling frame. At the second stage, a cluster of 16 households was selected within each PSU. This led to a sample size of 1600 households a year, in 100 cluster s of 16 households each. Half of the households were replaced each year while the other half (the panel households in 1986, 1987 and 1988) were interviewed a second time.

It is important to note that there was a change in the sampling procedures (the sampling frame, PSU selection process and listing procedures), used to select half of the clusters/households interviewed in 1987 (the other half were panel households retained from 1986), and all of the clusters/households interviewed in 1988. Households selected on the basis of the first set of sampling procedures will henceforth be referred to as Block 1 data while households based on the second set of sampling procedures will be referred to as Block 2 data.

Sampling Procedures for Block 1 Data

The Sampling Frame. The sampling frame for the 1985, 1986, and half of the 1987 samples (except for Abidjan and Bouaké) was a list of localities constructed on the basis of the 1975 Census, updated to 1983 by the demographers of the Direction de la Statistique and based on a total population estimated at 9.4 million in 1983.

The Block 1 frame for Abidjan and Bouaké was based on data from a 1979-80 electoral census of these two cities. The electoral census had produced detailed maps of the two cities that divided each sector of the city into smaller sub-sectors (îlots). Sub-sectors with similar types of housing were grouped together by statisticians in the Direction de la Statistique to form PSUs. From a list of all PSUs in each city, along with each PSU's population size, the required number of PSUs were selected using a systematic sampling procedure. The step size was equal to the city's population divided by the number of PSUs required in each city. One problem identified in the selection process for Abidjan arose from the fact that one sector of the city (Yopougon) which had been relatively small in 1980 at the time of the electoral census, had since become the largest agglomeration in Côte d'Ivoire. This problem was presumably unavoidable since accurate population data for Yopougon was not available at the time of the PSU selection process.

Selection of PSUs. Geographic stratification was not explicitly needed because the systematic sampling procedure that was used to select the PSUs ensured that the sample was balanced with respect to region and by site type, within each region. The main geographical regions defined were: East Forest, West Forest, and Savannah. Site types varied as follows: large cities, towns, large and small villages, surrounding towns, village centers, and villages attached to them. The 100 PSUs were selected, with probabilities proportional to the size of their population, from a list of PSUs sorted by region and within each region, by site type.

Selection of households within each PSU. A pre-survey was conducted in June-July of 1984, to establish the second-stage sampling frame, i.e. a list of households for each PSU from which 16 households could be selected. The same listing exercise was to be used for both the 1985 and 1986 surveys, in order to avoid having to conduct another costly pre-survey in the second year. Thus, the 1984 pre-survey had to provide enough households so as to be able to select two clusters of households in each PSU and to allow for replacement households in the event that some in the sample could not be contacted or refused to participate. A listing of 64 households in each PSU met this requirement. In PSUs with 64 households or fewer, every household was listed. In selecting the households, the "step" used was equal to the estimated number of households in the PSU divided by 64. For example, if the PSU had an estimated 640 households, then every tenth household was included in the listing, counted from a random starting point in the PSU. For operational reasons, the maximum step allowable was a step of 30. In practice, it appears that enumerators used doors, instead of housing structures, in counting the step. Al though enumerators were supposed to start the listing process from a random point in the PSU, in rural areas and small towns, reportedly, the lister started from the center of the PSU.

Sampling Procedures for Block 2 Data

The Sampling Frame. The sampling frame for Block 2 data was established from a list of places from the results of the Census of inhabited sites (RSH) performed in preparation for the 1988 Population Census.

Selection of PSUs. The PSUs were selected with probability proportional to size. However, in order to save what might have been exorbitant costs of listing every household in each selected PSU in a pre-survey, the Direction de la Statistique made a decision to enumerate a smaller unit within each PSU. The area within each PSU was divided into smaller blocks called `îlots'. Households were then selected from a randomly chosen îlot within each PSU. The sample îlot was selected with equal probability within each PSU, not on the basis of probability proportional to size. (These îlots are reportedly relatively small compared with the size of PSUs selected for the Block 1 frame, but no further information is available about their geographical position within the PSUs.)

Selection of households within each PSU. All households in each îlot selected for the Block 2 sample were listed. Sixteen households were then randomly chosen from the list of households for each îlot.

Bias in the Selection of Households within PSUs, Block 1 Data

Analysis of the four years of the CILSS data revealed that household size (unweighted), dropped by 24 percent between 1985 and 1988. Three possible explanations were considered: (1) area l demographic change; (2) non-sampling measurement errors were involved; or (3) some sort of sampling bias. Investigation ruled out the first two possibilities. The third possibility clearly was an issue because the sampling frame and listing procedures had indeed changed in midstream and this was likely to have had an effect. In fact, the investigation found that the substantial part of the drop in household size over the years occurred between the first and second panel data sets in 1987, i.e. the tail end of Block 1 data and the start of Block 2 data. From this, it is reasonable to assume that differences in the sampling frame and sampling procedures between the two blocks were indeed responsible.

The listing procedures for Block 1 data indicate d that the selection of households within PSUs was likely to have been biased toward the selection of larger dwellings. Based on a discussion with Christopher Scott, statistical consultant, Demery and Grootaert explain as follows: "In the selected primary sampling units, where the listing of households was to occur, enumerators were instructed to start the listing process at a random location in the primary sampling unit and from this point to select every nth household, that is, with a given fixed "step" until sixty-four households were listed. There are two sources of potential bias in this listing procedure. First, the selection of the starting point might not have been random, but subject to motivated bias on the part of the enumerator (such as the selection of a point where there are numerous dwellings or that is easily accessible). Second, in practice, enumerators counted doors to achieve the "step", rather than counting actual households. This method leads to sample

Abstract

The Côte d’Ivoire EHCVM 2021/22 is implemented by the National institute of Statistics (INS) with support from the World Bank and the WAEMU Commission. The objective of the program is to strengthen the capacity of its member countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinee Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) to conduct living conditions surveys that meet harmonized, regional standards and to make the collected micro-data publicly accessible. The EHCVM is a nationally representative survey of 13,000 households, which are also representative of the geopolitical zones (at both the urban and rural level).

The survey uses two main survey instruments: a household/individual questionnaire, and a community-level questionnaire. The surveys took place in two waves with each wave covering half of the sample. The first wave was fielded between November 2021 and January 2022, while the second wave occurred between April 2022 and July 2022. The two-wave approach was chosen to account for seasonality of consumption.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household Individual Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the 2018/19 survey was the 2014 General Population and Housing Census (RGPH). In 2021/2022, a new enumeration was conducted in the same clusters. The sample for the 2018/2019 survey was drawn using a two-stage stratified sampling plan. The stratum consisted of combinations of region and type of settlement (urban/rural). Within each stratum, at the first stage, clusters (primary sampling units) were selected with probability proportional to their size in terms of the number of households. At the second stage, 12 households were selected with equal probability within each cluster.

In 2021/2022, the strategy involves revisiting the same clusters. This entails either surveying the same 12 households from 2018/19 if they are relocated (after the enumeration phase), or surveying relocated households and supplementing the sample to 12 households in clusters where fewer are found during the enumeration phase (either because there were fewer than 12 households in the final 2018/19 database or because some households cannot be located).

The total survey sample size is 13,693 households - 5,675 from urban areas and 8,018 from rural areas. After that, the survey design randomly divided each enumeration area into two equal groups. The survey team interrogated the first group in wave 1 and the other in wave 2. Finally, for various reasons, including availability and quality monitoring, the final sample size comprises slightly more households (twelve) in round 2 than in round 1. In wave one, the survey teams interviewed 6,835 households (2,936 in urban areas and 2, 3,899 in rural areas. In wave two, the teams interviewed 6,858 households (2,739 in urban areas and 4,119 in rural areas).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The Côte d’Ivoire ECHVM 2021/22 consists of two questionnaires for each of the two visits. The Household Questionnaires was administered to all households in the sample. The Community Questionnaire was administered to the community to collect information on the socio-economic indicators of the enumeration areas where the sample households reside.

EHCVM 2021/22 Household Questionnaire: The Households Questionnaire provides information on demographics; education; health; employment (including activity-related information, primary and secondary employments); nonjob revenues; saving and credit (including information for payments due for 15 years old members of the household); food consumption; food security; nonfood consumption; nonagricultural enterprises; housing; household’s assets; transfers (received and sent); shocks and survival strategies; safety nets; agriculture (including information on plots, costs of inputs, and crops); livestock; fishing; agricultural equipment; and a module that provides indicators to helps users situate the household on the poverty spectrum based on subjective considerations and comparative indicators.

EHCVM 2021/22 Community Questionnaire: The Community Questionnaire solicits information on general community’s characteristics; community access to infrastructure and to social services; community agricultural activity; community participation; and local retail price information.

Abstract

The Côte d’Ivoire EHCVM 2018/is implemented by the National institute of Statistics (INS) with support from the World Bank and the WAEMU Commission. The objective of the program is to strengthen the capacity of its member countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinee Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) to conduct living conditions surveys that meet harmonized, regional standards and to make the collected micro-data publicly accessible. The EHCVM is a nationally representative survey of 13,000 households, which are also representative of the geopolitical zones (at both the urban and rural level).

The survey uses two main survey instruments: a household/individual questionnaire, and a community-level questionnaire. The surveys took place in two waves with each wave covering half of the sample. The first wave was fielded between September 2018 and December 2018, while the second wave occurred between April 2019 and July 2019. The two-wave approach was chosen to account for seasonality of consumption.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households, Individual, Community

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cote d'Ivoire EHCVM 2018/19 sample covers all regions with urban and rural areas surveyed in all regions.

Upon deciding on the sample size and repartition, the survey design team implemented a 2-stage sampling methodology. At the first stage, 1084 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected from the sample frame. In the second stage, 12 households were selected in each enumeration area randomly.

The total survey sample size is 12992 households - 5275 from urban areas and 7717 from rural areas. After that, the survey design randomly divided each enumeration area into two equal groups. The survey team interrogated the first group in wave 1 and the other in wave 2. Finally, for various reasons, including availability and quality monitoring, the final sample size comprises slightly more households (twelve) in round 2 than in round 1. In wave one, the survey teams interviewed 6490 households (2744 in urban areas and 3746 in rural areas. In wave two, the teams interviewed 6502 households (2531 in urban areas and 3971 in rural areas).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (CILSS) was the first LSMS Survey to have field tested the methodology and questionnaire developed by LSMS. It consists of three complementary surveys: the household survey, the community survey and the price survey. The household survey collected detailed information on expenditures, income, employment, assets, basic needs and other socio-economic characteristics of the households. The Community Survey collected information on economic and demographic characteristics of the rural communities to which each cluster of households belonged. This was designed to enable the linkage of community level with household level data. The price survey component of the CILSS collected data on prices at the nearest market to each cluster of households, so that regional price indices could be constructed for the household survey. The Côte d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey (CILSS) was undertaken over a period of four years, 1985-88, by the Direction de la Statistique in Côte d'Ivoire, with financial and technical support from the World Bank during the first two years of the survey. It was the first year-round household survey to have been undertaken by the Ivorian Direction de la Statistique. The sample size each year was 1600 households and the sample design was a rotating panel. That is, half of the households were revisited the following year, while the other half were replaced with new households. The survey thus produced four cross-sectional data sets as well as three overlapping panels of 800 households each (1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88).

Abstract

The objectives of the Smallholder Household Survey in Cote d'Ivoire were to: - Generate a clear picture of the smallholder sector at the national level, including household demographics, agricultural profile, and poverty status and market relationships; - Segment smallholder households in Cote d'Ivoire according to the most compelling variables that emerge; - Characterize the demand for financial services in each segment, focusing on customer needs, attitudes and perceptions related to both agricultural and financial services; and, - Detail how the financial needs of each segment are currently met, with both informal and formal services, and where there may be promising opportunities to add value.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households and individual household members

Universe

The universe for the survey consists of smallholder households defined as households with the following criteria: 1) Household with up to 5 hectares OR farmers who have less than 50 heads of cattle, 100 goats/sheep/pigs, or 1,000 chickens; AND 2) Agriculture provides a meaningful contribution to the household livelihood, income, or consumption.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The smallholder household survey in Cote d’Ivoire is a nationally-representative survey, with a target sample size of 3,000 smallholder households. The sample was designed to provide reliable survey estimates at the national level.

Sampling Frame In preparation for the 2014 population census, the country was divided into 22,600 census enumeration areas (EAs). For the ongoing 2015 agricultural census, the National Statistical Office (INS) has identified 18,321 EAs that contain agricultural households. The sampling frame for the smallholder survey is the list of these enumeration areas (EAs) containing agricultural households.

Sample allocation and selection In order to take nonresponse into account, the target sample size was increased to 3,333 households assuming a nonresponse rate of 10%. The total sample size was first allocated to the zones based on their population counts using the power allocation method. Within each zone, the resulting sample was then distributed to urban and rural areas in proportion to their population. Given that EAs were the primary sampling units and 15 households were selected in each EA, a total of 223 EAs were selected. The sample for the smallholder survey is a stratified multistage sample. Stratification was achieved by separating each zone into urban and rural areas. The urban/rural classification is based on the 2014 population census. Therefore, 6 strata were created, and the sample was selected independently in each stratum.

In the first stage, EAs were selected as primary sampling units with probability proportional to size, the size being the population count in the EAs. A household listing operation was conducted in all selected EAs to identify smallholder households and to provide a frame for selecting smallholder households to be included in the sample. In the second stage, 15 smallholders were sampled in each EA with equal probability.

In each sampled household, the household questionnaire was administered to the head of the household, the spouse, or any knowledgeable adult household member to collect information about household characteristics. The multiple respondent questionnaire was administered to all adult members in each sampled household to collect information on their agricultural activities, financial behaviors, and mobile money use. In addition, in each sampled household only one household member was selected using the Kish grid and was administered the single respondent questionnaire.

The full description of the sample design can be found in the user guide for this data set.

Sampling deviation

After the selection of the EAs and the printing of the EA maps, it was necessary to reduce the number of EAs to be listed to 212 for budgetary reasons. Therefore, 212 EAs were randomly selected among the previously 223 sampled EAs and were finally included in the survey sample.

The smallholder survey in Cote d’Ivoire is the fifth survey in the series, following the surveys in Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania and Bangladesh. Fieldwork in the first countries experienced a lot of failed call backs where identified eligible households and household members could not be interviewed during the time allocated to fieldwork in each country. As a result, the final sample size fell slightly short of the target. For this reason, in Cote d’Ivoire the number of households selected in each EA was increased from 15 to 17 following the household listing operation in all sampled EAs.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

To capture the complexity of smallholder households, the smallholder household survey was divided into three questionnaires: 1) The Household questionnaire; 2) the Multiple Respondent questionnaire; and 3) the Single respondent questionnaire. It was designed in this way to capture the complete portrait of the smallholder household, as some members of the household may work on other agricultural activities independently and without the knowledge of others.

The household questionnaire collected information on the following: • Basic household members’ individual characteristics (age, gender, education attainment, schooling status, relationship with the household head). • Whether each household member contributes to the household income or participates in the household’s agricultural activities. This information was later used to identify all household members eligible for the other two questionnaires. • Household assets and dwelling characteristics.

Both the Multiple and Single Respondent questionnaires collected different information on the following: • Agricultural practices—farm information such as size, crop types, livestock, decision-making, farming association, and markets. • Household economics—employment, income, expenses, shocks, borrowing and saving habits, and investments.

The Single respondent questionnaire also collected the following information: • Mobile phones—attitudes toward phones, use, access, ownership, desire, and importance. • Financial services—attitudes toward financial products and services such as banking and mobile money, including ownership, usage, access and importance.

The questionnaires were translated into French and then pretested. After the pretest, debriefing sessions were held with the pretest field staff and the questionnaires were modified based on the observations from the pretest. After the questionnaires were finalized, a script was developed to support data collection on mobile phones. The script was tested and validated before it was use in the field.

Cleaning operations

The data files were checked for completeness, inconsistencies and errors by InterMedia and corrections were made as necessary and where possible.

Response rate

The user guide to the data set provides detailed tables on household and household member response rates for the Cote d’Ivoire smallholder household survey. A total of 3,415 households were selected for the survey, of which 3,109 were found to be occupied during data collection. Of these, 3,019 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 97.1 percent.

In the interviewed households, 6,659 eligible household members were identified for the Multiple Respondent questionnaire. Interviews were completed with 5,706 eligible household members, yielding a response rate of 85.7 percent for the Multiple Respondent questionnaire.

Among the 3,019 eligible household members selected for the Single Respondent questionnaire, 2,949 were successfully interviewed yielding a response rate of 97.7 percent.

Sampling error estimates

The sample design for the smallholder household survey was a complex sample design featuring clustering, stratification and unequal probabilities of selection. For key survey estimates, sampling errors taking into account the design features were produced using either the SPSS Complex Sample module or STATA based on the Taylor series approximation method.

Côte d’Ivoire Round 1 Household and Female (HQFQ) survey data provide representative estimates at the national and urban and rural level. A total of 73 enumerations areas (EAs) were selected by Côte d’Ivoire’s National Statistics Institute, using probability proportional to size, from a sampling frame provided by the Fourth General Census of Population and Housing in 2014. Structures, households, and service delivery points (SDPs) were enumerated in each selected EA. Thirty-five households were selected randomly from each EA. All eligible women, aged 15 to 49, in the sampled households were contacted and consented for interviews. Data collection occurred from September-October 2017. The final sample included 2,402 complete household interviews and 2,785 complete female interviews. More information about this dataset can be found in the corresponding codebook, accessible at https://doi.org/10.34976/b88s-zx32

Description: Latest release of data (anonymized) collected in informal settlements in Côte d'Ivoire and Kenya during my PhD thesis, with the respective metadata (questionnaire files). Please note that some data (geolocation, specific age of participant, and health facilities used) have been ommitted due to personal data protection concerns.

Includes: Data (CSV), questonnaires (XLS), and Jupyter notebooks summarizing the data (using Python).

Ethical clearance: We obtained ethical clearance in Switzerland from EPFL’s HREC (decision n° 068-2020), in Kenya from KEMRI (KEMRI/RES/7/3/1) and the National Commission for Science, Technology & Innovation (NACOSTI/P/21/10921), and in Côte d’Ivoire from the National Health and Life Sciences Ethics Committee (Comité National d’Éthique des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, ref. n° 005-22/MSHPCMU/CNESVS-km).

Citation: Pessoa Colombo V. Relating health benefits of water, sanitation, and hygiene services with the context of urban informal settlements: lessons from Côte d'Ivoire and Kenya. PhD thesis. EPFL: Lausanne. 2023. https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-10143

Côte d’Ivoire Round 2 Household and Female (HQFQ) survey data provide representative estimates at the national and urban and rural level. A total of 73 enumerations areas (EAs) were selected by Côte d’Ivoire’s National Statistics Institute, using probability proportional to size, from a sampling frame provided by the Fourth General Census of Population and Housing in 2014. Structures, households, and service delivery points (SDPs) were enumerated in each selected EA. Thirty-five households were selected randomly from each EA. All eligible women, aged 15 to 49, in the sampled households were contacted and consented for interviews. Data collection occurred from July to August 2018. The final database included 2,425 households and 2,797 de facto women. More information about this dataset can be found in the corresponding codebook, accessible at https://doi.org/10.34976/b88s-zx32

Ivory Coast CI: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data was reported at 0.740 % in 2015. Ivory Coast CI: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 0.740 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2015, with 1 observations. Ivory Coast CI: Survey Mean Consumption or Income per Capita: Bottom 40% of Population: Annualized Average Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank: Poverty. The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the bottom 40% is computed as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the bottom 40% of the population in the income distribution in a country from household surveys over a roughly 5-year period. Mean per capita real consumption or income is measured at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet). For some countries means are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The annualized growth rate is computed as (Mean in final year/Mean in initial year)^(1/(Final year - Initial year)) - 1. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported. The initial year refers to the nearest survey collected 5 years before the most recent survey available, only surveys collected between 3 and 7 years before the most recent survey are considered. The final year refers to the most recent survey available between 2011 and 2015. Growth rates for Iraq are based on survey means of 2005 PPP$. The coverage and quality of the 2011 PPP price data for Iraq and most other North African and Middle Eastern countries were hindered by the exceptional period of instability they faced at the time of the 2011 exercise of the International Comparison Program. See PovcalNet for detailed explanations.; ; World Bank, Global Database of Shared Prosperity (GDSP) circa 2010-2015 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity).; ; The comparability of welfare aggregates (consumption or income) for the chosen years T0 and T1 is assessed for every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major concern for a country, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next best survey year(s). Annualized growth rates are calculated between the survey years, using a compound growth formula. The survey years defining the period for which growth rates are calculated and the type of welfare aggregate used to calculate the growth rates are noted in the footnotes.

Background During the years 2019-2023, Tony’s Chocolonely commissioned five annual household surveys among farmers in all of their partner cooperatives in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. In both countries, a research company was tasked with conducting the face-to-face interviews. The main aim of these surveys was to assess the multidimensional poverty rates, using the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Besides the MPI-relevant items on health, education and standard of living, questionnaires also included a range of other questions. These covered various topics such as the use of external labour, livestock ownership or the ratio of cocoa Vs. non-cocoa income. The surveys were set up as a panel. In as much as possible, enumerators returned to the same respondents each year. Out of the initial 2019 sample of farmers, 45% participated in all five rounds of the panel. Sampling Simple random samples were drawn in each coop, using cooperative membership lists as sample frames. As new cooperatives in Côte d’Ivoire joined Tony’s Open Chain in 2021, 2022 and 2023, those were added to the panel. During the first two survey rounds, sample sizes were determined in proportion to the total number of farmers in the coop: in each coop, a sample of about 10% of total coop size was drawn. As Tony’s Chocolonely data needs changed in 2021, it was decided to switch to non-proportionate sampling: during the last three rounds of the panel, about 150 farmers per coop were interviewed, irrespective of coop size. For these rounds, a weight variable per country is included in the dataset for country-level analyses. MPI and HFIAS scales The provided dataset includes the ten MPI deprivation indicators, the sum of weighted MPI deprivations, as well as a binary variable to distinguish MPI-poor from MPI-non-poor households. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variable to categorize households as ‘food secure’, ‘mildly food insecure’, ‘moderately food insecure’ or ‘severely food insecure’, based on the nine items of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Data anonymization All data have been anonymized by removing personally identifiable information, such as names, phone numbers, GPS data, detailed household composition and responses to open questions. Each respondent has been assigned a unique ID to be identifiable across rounds (famer_hash). To further increase confidentiality, coop names have been replaced by pseudonyms. Across time consistency of farmer codes Users of the dataset should note that some farmer codes may have different demographic information associated with them across different years. In most cases, this will mean that a different household member has been interviewed by the enumerator. In some cases it may be that the farmer code has been reassigned to a different household (likely due to farmers leaving the cooperative). This should not affect the representativeness of the sample per year but will introduce some noise when running time series analyses. Using the data Tony’s Open Chain encourage open use of this data and are excited to learn from how others use and analyse the data – if you carry out an analysis of this data, please do share it with us by contacting emmavandam@tonyschocolonely.com.

PMA Côte d’Ivoire Phase 2 Household and Female survey collects data on knowledge, practice, and coverage of family planning services in 122 enumeration areas (EAs) selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster design with urban-rural strata. The results are representative at the national level and within urban/rural strata. The final sample included 3,830 (95.7%) households and 3,948 (96.0%) women who completed the interviews for the cross-sectional survey. The data was collected between September and January 2022.Phase 2 panel data collection was conducted among females aged 15-49 at the time of the Phase 2 survey who were interviewed at the baseline survey between September and November 2020 and consented to follow-up. Of the 4,074 eligible respondents, 21.1% were not reached for follow-up. Of those reached, 3,117 (76.5%) completed the survey, for a response rate of 96.9% among contacted women. More information about this dataset can be found in the corresponding codebook, accessible at https://doi.org/10.34976/cjvx-z226

Time series data for the statistic Classification of household consumption and country Cote d'Ivoire. Indicator Definition:Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is used in household budget surveys, consumer price indices and international comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and its component expenditures. Although COICOP is not strictly linked to any particular model of consumer behavior, the classification is designed to broadly reflect differences in income elasticities. It is an integral part of the SNA1993 and more detailed subdivision of the classes provide comparability between countries and between statistics in these different areas.

Ivory Coast CI: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 10.100 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.000 % for 2018. Ivory Coast CI: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 13.350 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2021, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.400 % in 2008 and a record low of 10.100 % in 2021. Ivory Coast CI: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Ivory Coast CI: Female Headed Households data was reported at 18.000 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.400 % for 2005. Ivory Coast CI: Female Headed Households data is updated yearly, averaging 16.550 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2012, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.400 % in 2005 and a record low of 14.400 % in 1999. Ivory Coast CI: Female Headed Households data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Female headed households shows the percentage of households with a female head.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys.; ; The composition of a household plays a role in the determining other characteristics of a household, such as how many children are sent to school and the distribution of family income.

Ivory Coast Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: World Bank: % of total population data was reported at 29.200 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 37.300 % for 2018. Ivory Coast Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: World Bank: % of total population data is updated yearly, averaging 37.300 % from Dec 2015 (Median) to 2021, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.400 % in 2015 and a record low of 29.200 % in 2021. Ivory Coast Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: World Bank: % of total population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ivory Coast – Table CI.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The multidimensional poverty headcount ratio (World Bank) is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to the World Bank's Multidimensional Poverty Measure. The Multidimensional Poverty Measure includes three dimensions – monetary poverty, education, and basic infrastructure services – to capture a more complete picture of poverty.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

The objectives of the Smallholder Household Survey in Cote d'Ivoire were to:
- Generate a clear picture of the smallholder sector at the national level, including household demographics, agricultural profile, and poverty status and market relationships;
- Segment smallholder households in Cote d'Ivoire according to the most compelling variables that emerge;
- Characterize the demand for financial services in each segment, focusing on customer needs, attitudes and perceptions related to both agricultural and financial services; and,
- Detail how the financial needs of each segment are currently met, with both informal and formal services, and where there may be promising opportunities to add value.

Additional file 1. Database including 408 variables on individual socio-demographic and economic characteristics of 47635 people.

*Statistically significant difference between wealth quintiles in the respective survey, using logistic regression models (p