The spin wave (SW) dynamics of the 3D array were measured by using conventional Brillouin light scattering (BLS) technique. The 3D-ASI was fabricated by using a combination of TPL and thermal evaporation. BLS is a popular tool to measure SW dynamics of magnetic thin films and patterned nanostructures. It is a non-contact and thus non-invasive tool to measure thermally excited SWs at room temperature without any external excitation and under ambient conditions. This technique relies upon inelastic scattering of light from the sample. The mechanism of inelastic scattering can be quantum mechanically described as a photon–magnon collision, where the creation (Stokes process) and annihilation (anti-Stokes process) of a magnon of wave vector (k) and angular frequency (ω) is detected. A continuous wave of monochromatic laser light (wavelength λ = 532 nm, power = 60 mW) was focused on the sample to a spot size of around 40 µm, which is close to the lateral dimensions of the sample. As a result, the SWs were measured from almost the entire sample volume. The cross polarization between the inelastically backscattered beam and incident beam was exploited to supress the phonon contribution. A Sandercock-type six-pass tandem Fabry–Perot interferometer was used to analyse the frequencies of the scattered beam, in order to extract the SW frequencies. In our experiment, we applied a bias magnetic field (H) parallel to the substrate plane, along a principal axis (x-direction) of the lattice. A high magnetic field was first applied to completely saturate the sample magnetization, which was then gradually decreased to each bias field value for the BLS measurement. In order to study the SW frequency variation with H, the BLS spectra were measured for the k  ≈  0 in the Damon-Eschbach (DE) geometry corresponding to scattering of photon by a surface magnon, for different H values in 0.6 ≤ H ≤ 2.0 kOe. Two clear SW modes were observed in the BLS spectra, each of which showed a systematic variation with the applied magnetic field. These experimental results have been understood in the context of 3D micromagnetic simulations, which show the observed modes can be reproduced in the simulation. The simulated mode profiles revealed complex quantized characters with its power distributed over the entire structure.Here, we provide experimental and simulated data of 3D-ASI sample.Files –HysteresisLoop.txtIn the above file, the 1st column presents magnetic field in Oe and 2nd column presents normalized Kerr rotation in arb. units.BLS_Spectra_1.0kOe.txtBLS_Spectra_1.4kOe.txtBLS_Spectra_1.8kOe.txtLorentzianFitting_BLS_Spectra_1.0kOe.txtLorentzianFitting_BLS_Spectra_1.4kOe.txtLorentzianFitting_BLS_Spectra_1.8kOe.txtElasticPeak_of_BLS_spectra.txtGaussianFitting_elasticPeak.txtIn the above files, the 1st column presents frequency in GHz and 2nd column presents spectra intensity in arb. Units.simulated_SW_spectra_1.0kOe.txtsimulated_SW_spectra_1.2kOe.txtsimulated_SW_spectra_1.6kOe.txtsimulated_SW_spectra_one_3D-ASI_at_1.6kOe.txtsimulated_SW_spectra_one_tetrapod_element_at_1.6kOe.txtsimulated_SW_spectra_single_nanowire_leg_at_1.6kOe.txtIn the above files, the 1st column presents frequency in Hz and 2nd column presents spectra intensity in arb. Units.Field dependence Plot_of_expt_data_with_error_bar.txtField_dependence_Plot_of_simulated_data.txtKittel_fitting_of_highest_frequency_Mode_M2.txtIn the above files, 1st column presents magnetic field in Oe and rest columns presents frequency in GHz. For “Field dependence Plot_of_expt_data_with_error_bar.txt“3rd and 5th column present error bar of experimentally observed SW frequency.MuMax3_code_of_unit_cell_of_3D_ASI_Magnetization_Dynamics.go: MuMax3 code for magnetization dynamics simulation of 3D-ASI sample at 1.22 kOe.Research results based upon these data are published at https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00650

The current paper proposes a unique approach by examining the ancient Greek literature and antique black figure amphorae’s representations (also known as melanomorpha) for the reconstruction, after digital design processing, of a modern top-quality replica of an ancient tortoise lyre. Through the review of certain ancient Greek documents, the observation of the amphorae’s relevant representations, 3D scanning and reverse engineering as well as 3D design using advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, this study illustrates the detailed drawings and the fabrication procedures followed for a modern version of the ancient musical instrument. By using only materials available in antiquity such as specific kinds of wood, tortoise carcasses and sheep strings, as well as modern carpentry technology, a high-quality musical instrument was produced suited for use by today’s professional musicians. Two variations were produced and tested utilizing the Phrygian and Lydian ancient Greek music scales in a specialized unechoic chamber, in order to define their sound properties. Typical statistics were computed in the frequency domain such as spectral centroid, spectral standard deviation, spectral skewness, spectral kurtosis along with spectral rolloff and spectral smoothness in order to justify the lyres’ quality as musical instruments. The result was a prototype music product using advanced 3D design procedures that can be produced in a rather repeatable manner.

The oscillatory behavior of the center of mass (CoM) and the ground reaction forces (GRFs) of walking people can be successfully explained by a 2D spring-loaded inverted pendulum model (SLIP). However, the application of the 2D model is just restricted to a two-dimensional plane and it doesn't take the GRFs in the lateral direction into consideration. In this article, we simulated the gait cycle with a nonlinear dynamic model – a three-dimensional bipedal walking model that compensated for defects in the 2D model. An experiment was conducted to compare the simulation results with the experimentaldata, which revealed that experimental data of the ground reaction forces were in good agreement with the results of numerical simulation. A correlation analysis was also conducted between several initial dynamic parameters of the model. Through an examination of the impact of 3D dynamics parameters on the peaks of GRFs in three directions, we found that the 3D parameters had a major effect on the lateral GRFs. These findings demonstrate that the characteristics of human walking can be interpreted from a simple spring-damper system.

Visualization of the complex 3D architecture of myocardial scar could improve guidance of radio-frequency ablation in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia (VT). In this study, we sought to develop a framework for 3D holographic visualization of myocardial scar, imaged using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), on the augmented reality HoloLens. 3D holographic LGE model was built using the high-resolution 3D LGE image. Smooth endo/epicardial surface meshes were generated using Poisson surface reconstruction. For voxel-wise 3D scar model, every scarred voxel was rendered into a cube which carries the actual resolution of the LGE sequence. For surface scar model, scar information was projected on the endocardial surface mesh. Rendered layers were blended with different transparency and color, and visualized on HoloLens. A pilot animal study was performed where 3D holographic visualization of the scar was performed in 5 swines who underwent controlled infarction and electroanatomic mapping to identify VT substrate. 3D holographic visualization enabled assessment of the complex 3D scar architecture with touchless interaction in a sterile environment. Endoscopic view allowed visualization of scar from the ventricular chambers. Upon completion of the animal study, operator and mapping specialist independently completed the perceived usefulness questionnaire in the six-item usefulness scale. Operator and mapping specialist found it useful (usefulness rating: operator, 5.8; mapping specialist, 5.5; 1–7 scale) to have scar information during the intervention. HoloLens 3D LGE provides a true 3D perception of the complex scar architecture with immersive experience to visualize scar in an interactive and interpretable 3D approach, which may facilitate MR-guided VT ablation.

A biologically inspired model architecture for inferring 3D shape from texture is proposed. The model is hierarchically organized into modules roughly corresponding to visual cortical areas in the ventral stream. Initial orientation selective filtering decomposes the input into low-level orientation and spatial frequency representations. Grouping of spatially anisotropic orientation responses builds sketch-like representations of surface shape. Gradients in orientation fields and subsequent integration infers local surface geometry and globally consistent 3D depth. From the distributions in orientation responses summed in frequency, an estimate of the tilt and slant of the local surface can be obtained. The model suggests how 3D shape can be inferred from texture patterns and their image appearance in a hierarchically organized processing cascade along the cortical ventral stream. The proposed model integrates oriented texture gradient information that is encoded in distributed maps of orientation-frequency representations. The texture energy gradient information is defined by changes in the grouped summed normalized orientation-frequency response activity extracted from the textured object image. This activity is integrated by directed fields to generate a 3D shape representation of a complex object with depth ordering proportional to the fields output, with higher activity denoting larger distance in relative depth away from the viewer.

To assess dynamic loads, large offshore wind turbines need detailed and reliable statistical information on the inflow turbulence. We present a model that includes low frequencies down to hr using the observed in that range. The presented model contains a parameter representing the anisotropy of the two-dimensional, incompressible turbulence, and it assumes the low-frequency fluctuations to be homogeneous in the vertical direction. Combined with a three-dimensional model for the smaller scales, the model can predict correlations between different points. We have validated the model against two offshore wind data sets- a nacelle-mounted, forward-looking Doppler lidar with four beams at the Hywind Scotland offshore wind farm and sonic anemometer measurements at the FINO1 research platform in the North Sea. One-point auto spectra and two-point cross spectra were calculated after splitting the data into different atmospheric stability classes. The relative strength of the 2D low-frequency fluctuations to the 3D fluctuations was higher under stable conditions. The combined 2D+3D model was able to fit the measured spectra with good accuracy and could then predict the two-point cross spectra, co-coherences, and phase angles between wind fluctuations at different lateral and vertical separations. Good agreement was found between the measured and predicted values, albeit with exceptions. The model can generate stochastic wind fields for investigating wake meandering in wind farms or dynamic loads on floating wind turbines.

The Sudbury 3-D seismic experiment for deep base-metal exploration, the first of its kind in the world, demonstrates that high frequency 3-D seismic reflection surveys can detect and delineate deep massive sulphide deposits. This new methodology has the potential to rejuvenate deep exploration projects in mature base-metal mining camps.

from URAP Users Notes: Guide To The Archiving Of Ulysses Radio And Plasma Wave Data by Roger Hess, Robert MacDowall, Denise Lengyel-Frey March 15, 1995 - version 1.0 revised March 24, 1999 - version 1.1 revised June 8, 1999 - version 1.2 These color plots present URAP radio and plasma wave data in a format referred to as dynamic spectra. For the daily plots, the time resolution is 128 seconds, providing high-time resolution across the entire frequency range of the URAP receivers. The 10-day plots use 10-minute resolution data, which permits good detection of bursty wave activity. The 26-day plots use 1-hour resolution data; these plots correspond to the other Ulysses 26-day plot intervals, but the ability to identify wave activity is reduced. The power of the electric or magnetic field is shown in color as a 2-dimensional function of time and frequency. The plots include data from the URAP Radio Astronomy Receivers (RAR), Plasma Frequency Receiver (PFR), and Waveform Analyzer (WFA). Refer to the documentation for the 10-minute average archive data files, as well as Stone et al. (1992), for more general information on these instruments. Here, we describe the choices that were made in generating these plots. 1. Formats - These plots are available in 2 formats: GIF files for viewing with a web browser and Postscript files for high quality printed copies. The resolution of the GIF files is 776 x 600 pixels, a compromise between smaller size for network transfer and larger size for improved resolution. The Postscript files are sized to fit both 8.5x11 inch paper or A4 paper. The daily unzipped (zipped) Postscript files are typically 400-440 kB ( 130-140 KB) in size; the daily GIF files are typically 200-230 kB in size. (The 10-day and 26-day plots are similar in size.) 2. Data units - The data and the associated color bar are plotted in units of decibels, an old radio astronomer unit for describing signal to background ratio on a logarithmic scale. Specifically, Data_in_dB = 10. * log10(total power/background power) The data for electric field observations are in units of microvolts**2 Hz**(-1) as are the calculated background levels. The units for magnetic field observations (the bottom panels on the page) are nT**2 Hz**(-1). The data for the 1-day plots are comparable to the squared values of data in the URAP UFA 10-minute files. Although the ratio (total power-background power)/background power permits one to see weaker events in such plots, it is more sensitive to background determination and enhances the noise seen in the plots. Therefore, it is not used here. 3. Backgrounds - The background levels as a function of frequency for the RAR and WFA are determined from the data for the day, because they vary throughout the mission. The PFR background does not vary significantly with time, so fixed background levels are used. For each of the instruments, the backgrounds vary with the instrument mode, so separate sets of backgrounds are derived for each mode that is present. (Modes are discussed below). The PFR and WFA backgrounds also depend significantly on bit rate. For the RAR the background level selected is the lowest 3% of the data for each frequency; for the PFR and WFA, the background level selected is the lowest 10% of the data for each frequency. The higher number is chosen for the WFA because the data are substantially noisier than the RAR. It should be noted that this type of background subtraction will remove any signal at a given frequency that is constant throughout the day. An example is the quasithermal noise line ("plasma line" in the RAR data, when the density does not vary throughout the day. Note that for 10-day and 26-day plots, in particular, the background determination might result from a few hours of very low intensity data, which will cause all the other data, referenced to that background, to appear enhanced. This is an unfortunate consequence of determining the background levels from intervals of minimum data intensity. 4. Modes and other labels - Each of the instruments has several modes that affect the data display. The telemetry bit rate is also an important parameter. The key modes and the bit rate are shown on the dynamic spectrum as the thickness (or nonexistence) of a line. The RAR Hi and Lo bands are plotted in separate panels because they are commanded separately. For each band, the spin-plane and spin-axis antennas can be either summed or separate. If the RAR Hi or Lo band instrument is in summed mode, then a white line for the appropriate band is present under the RAR plot. Summed mode provides data used for 3-dimensional direction finding at the expense of a higher background level. Because the backgrounds will differ between summed and separate modes, backgrounds are calculated for both modes when they are present. Although the RAR is typically operated in a mode where measurements are made at all 76 frequencies, there are times when only a subset of the frequencies are sampled (called Measure mode). In these cases, the data plotted are interpolated in frequency to give a clearer picture of the events that might be taking place. These intervals are evident from the appearance of the data, which is smoothed in frequency; see Nov. 6, 1990, where the RAR Lo band is in Measure mode for the first 18 hours of the day. This example also shows the RAR hi band in a rarely-used, single frequency mode. If the Measure mode data occupy less than 10% of the day; they are not interpolated, because the events occurring at these times should be clear from the non-Measure mode data, and it is useful to see which frequencies are being sampled. The Jupiter flyby interval (e.g., Feb. 8, 1992) includes examples of short intervals of measure mode. The bit rate significantly affects the PFR and WFA backgrounds. If the science data bit rate is 1024 bps, it is indicated by a thick line, 512 bps is indicated by a thin line, and low ("emergency" bit rates, either 256 or 126 bps, by no line. The PFR operates in one of 3 modes - fast scan, slow scan, or fixed tune (see Stone et al., 1992). These 3 modes have different backgrounds and generate different interferences for the WFA instrument. Fast scan is shown by the white line under the PFR plot, slow scan is in progress if there is no line, and fixed tune is a single frequency mode (evident from the PFR data display), typically used in 1 hour/day intervals. The WFA instruments can sample either the electrical (E) antennas or the (B-field) search coil. For the low band of the WFA B field data (< 8 Hz), either By or Bz data are telemetered. The available parameter is shown by the white line above the B (WFA) plot (present=By, absent=Bz). 5. Interpolation - In addition to the interpolation discussed above for the RAR, the RAR data are interpolated to remove data gaps of 384 seconds or less. We interpolate the RAR data because the events observed in the RAR, such as solar type II and type III radio bursts, are mostly smoothly varying on time scales of a few minutes. Therefore, they are easier to visualize and interpret when data gaps are interpolated. For the events in the PFR and WFA data, predominantly bursty wave events, interpolation is not necessary and not performed. An exception occurs when the data telemetry rate is either 256 or 128 bps; then the WFA data are interpolated in time because they are not sampled every 128 sec. Finally, the RAR Hi band data, for which there are only 12 channels of data, are interpolated to fit a logarithmic frequency scale with 37 equivalent frequencies. 6. Interference and other issues affecting data interpretation - Each of these instruments, like all sensitive wave receivers, is affected by interference from other sources. For the RAR Hi band, an interference signal at 81 kHz is produced by the Ulysses GAS instrument. Depending on the mode in which the GAS instrument is operating, this interference can occur from 0 to 24 hours per day. If an algorithm determines that this interference is present in more than about 10% the RAR data for the day, we remove the 80 kHz data and interpolate from adjacent frequencies. The RAR Hi band also has an enhanced background at 120 kHz (source unknown). Subtraction of this enhanced background can cause artifacts in other events, like type III bursts. See Nov. 30, 1990 as an example. The RAR Lo band has an interference line at 8.75 kHz and odd harmonics caused by the Ulysses traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA), which is part of the high gain telemetry system. In general, this signal is removed by the background subtraction, sometimes producing artifacts in weak radio events or the thermal noise spectrum at these frequencies The PFR experiences interference from the URAP Sounder; these data are removed from the plots and appear as short data gaps. The background levels of the PFR depend on bit rate, PFR mode, and the cadence of the URAP Fast Envelope Sampler (FES data not presented in these plots); these background variations can affect the appearance of events at the transition from one mode to another. The WFA data are affected by numerous interferences, of which the URAP PFR is the dominant source. WFA "backgrounds" vary significantly depending on whether the PFR is in fast or slow scan mode or fixed tune, so separate backgrounds are calculated for each of these. The URAP Sounder also causes interference; these data are removed from the plots and appear as short data gaps. Spacecraft thruster operations produce a variety of artifacts in the data; since we have no indication of these in our telemetry, they are not flagged on the plots. Examples may be seen on Feb 23, 1995 at 12:00 and on Feb. 25, 1995 at 15:00. An interesting "interference" is seen to disappear on Dec. 17, 1990; this is when the spacecraft nutation was stopped. This is best seen on the 26- day plots. To summarize, there are a variety of artifacts in the wave data that affect interpretation. These can result from

We used five different atmospheric turbulence datasets from four test sites, with these sites showing differences in their topographical characteristics. We chose one typical alpine test site with high topographical complexity (Weissfluhjoch, Davos, Switzerland) and three test sites consisting of one glacier site (Plaine Morte, Crans-Montana, Switzerland) and two polar sites (Greenland and Antarctica) representing a quasi-ideal site with homogeneous surface and quasi infinite fetch in all directions. The turbulent sensible heat flux was calculated using the eddy-covariance method. Note that the sonic temperature fluctuations have been converted into virtual temperature fluctuations. Three-dimensional wind velocity and air temperature were processed using a linear detrending (Rannik and Vesala, 1999) and a planar fit approach (Massmann and Lee, 2002) to rotate the coordinate system. Air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure from weather stations were used to calculate air properties, which are required for the data processing. The weather stations are located in the immediate vicinity of the turbulence tower and are affected by the same air masses. Turbulence data were averaged to 30-min intervals, whilst changing to a 15-min time interval marginally affects the heat fluxes at the Weissfluhjoch test site (Mott et al., 2011). Note that we define a negative sensible heat flux as being directed towards the snow surface and a positive sensible heat flux as being directed upwards. The selected datasets and corresponding test sites are briefly introduced below: Weissfluhjoch 2007 (WFJ07): A vertical set-up of two three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometers (CSAT3, Campbell Scientific, Inc.) was used at the traditional field site Weissfluhjoch (2540 m asl.) to measure three-dimensional wind velocity and air temperature at a frequency of 20 Hz. The sensors were mounted 3 m and 5 m above the ground and provided reliable data for 50 days between 11 February 2007 and 24 April 2007. Further information on the field campaign can be found in Stössel et al. (2010) and Mott et al. (2011). Weissfluhjoch 2011-13 (WFJ11): Three-dimensional wind velocity and air temperature were recorded at 5 m above the ground at a frequency of 10 Hz with a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer (CSAT3). The analysis was conducted for data obtained between February and March in the years 2011-13. Plaine Morte 2007 (PM07): Two three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometers (CSAT3) were installed on a horizontal boom facing opposite directions (west-north-west vs. east-south-east) at 3.75 m above the ground to measure air temperature and three-dimensional wind velocity at 20 Hz. The data were collected at the almost flat field site on the Plaine Morte glacier (2750 m asl.) near Crans-Montana, Switzerland from February to April 2007. High quality meteorological data were additionally recorded and used to force the model. A detailed description about the set-up at the Plaine Morte glacier can be found in Huwald et al. (2009) and Bou-Zeid et al. (2010). Greenland 2000 (GR00): High-frequency three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer measurements (CSAT3) were recorded at 50 Hz at the Summit Camp (72.3 °N, 38.8 °W, 3208 m asl.) located on the northern dome of the Greenland ice sheet. Data were collected at 1 m and 2 m above the snow surface during summer in 2000 and 2001. Additionally, meteorological measurements were obtained for the post processing and used to force the model. More information about the field campaign can be found in Cullen et al. (2007, 2014). Antarctica 2000 (AA00): A set-up of three vertical three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometers (DA-600, Kaijo Denki) were installed at Mizuho Station (70°42' S, 44°20' E, 2230 m asl.) in Eastern Antarctica at 0.2, 1 and 25 m and recorded turbulence data at a frequency of 100 Hz from October to November 2000. Longwave and shortwave radiation, relative humidity, air and snow surface temperature were additionally measured and used to force the model. More information about the field campaign can be found in Nishimura and Nemoto (2005).

Hydration structures at solid–liquid interfaces mediate between the atomic-level surface structures and macroscopic functionalities in various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Atomic-scale local hydration measurements have been enabled by ultralow noise three-dimensional (3D) frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. However, for their application to complicated surface structures, e.g., biomolecular devices, understanding the relationship between the hydration and surface structures is necessary. Herein, we present a systematic study based on the concept of the structural dimensionality, which is crucial in various scientific fields. We performed 3D measurements and molecular dynamics simulations with silicate surfaces that allow for 0, 1, and 2 degrees of freedom to water molecules. Consequently, we found that the 3D hydration structures reflect the structural dimensions and the hydration contrasts decrease with increasing dimension due to the enlarged water self-diffusion coefficient and increased embedded hydration layers. Our results provide guidelines for the analysis of complicated hydration structures, which will be exploited in extensive fields.

The global market for three-dimensional imaging wall-penetrating radar is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse sectors. Applications in military and defense, security and surveillance, and emergency rescue operations are primary contributors to this expansion. The rising need for non-destructive testing in construction and industrial applications further fuels market expansion. Advancements in radar technology, particularly in frequency-domain radar, enhance image resolution and penetration capabilities, leading to wider adoption. Considering a conservative estimate based on typical growth rates in similar advanced technology markets, let's assume a current (2025) market size of $2.5 billion and a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% for the forecast period (2025-2033). This CAGR reflects the ongoing technological advancements and increasing application diversity. The market is segmented by application (military and defense, security and surveillance, emergency rescue, industry and construction, cars and transportation) and type (time-domain radar, frequency-domain radar), with frequency-domain radar expected to dominate due to its superior imaging capabilities. Geographic segmentation reveals strong growth in North America and Europe initially, followed by a surge in Asia Pacific as the technology matures and adoption increases in developing economies. Restraints to market growth include high initial investment costs and the requirement for specialized expertise in operation and data interpretation. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook remains positive. Factors like increasing government investments in defense and security, coupled with the growing need for improved infrastructure inspection and disaster response, will continue to drive market growth. The ongoing miniaturization and cost reduction of wall-penetrating radar technology are also expected to facilitate broader adoption across various applications. The competitive landscape is marked by the presence of both established defense contractors (Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, Thales) and specialized radar technology companies, fostering innovation and competition. Future growth will likely be further influenced by emerging applications in autonomous vehicles and robotics. The significant technological advancements in signal processing and image reconstruction techniques will likely accelerate the market growth, opening up new possibilities in applications previously limited by technological constraints.

• Data from: Low-frequency oscillations in the magnetic nozzle of a Helicon Plasma Thruster (10 sccm case) - Authors: Davide Maddaloni, Borja Bayón-Buján, Jaume Navarro-Cavallé, Mario Merino, Filippo Terragni - Contact email: dmaddalo@ing.uc3m.es - Date: 2024-09-13 - Version: 1.0.0 - License: This dataset is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Abstract This dataset contains the raw experimental data employed in: Davide Maddaloni, Borja Bayón-Buján, Jaume Navarro-Cavallé, Mario Merino, Filippo Terragni, "Low-frequency oscillations in the magnetic nozzle of a Helicon Plasma Thruster", Plasma Sources Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/adc40d. The data within this dataset collect only the 10 sccm case due to file size limits. A companion dataset is available at 10.5281/zenodo.13758358, collecting the data for the 5 sccm case. Dataset description The experimental data is gathered by means of three distinct floating Langmuir Probes (LPs). The time-resolved data is provided separately for every spatial position inspected. The data is collected by means of an AC-coupled Yokogawa DLM5058 Mixed Signal Oscilloscope, resolving frequencies up to 50 MHz. The time-averaged I-V curve data obtained by sweeping the LPs is postprocessed according to the routine illustrated in Lobbia et al. Please refer to the corresponding article for further details regarding the data collection (Section 3). Data files The data files are in standard Matlab .mat format. A recent version of Matlab is recommended. For the time-resolved results, data is subdivided according to the spatial position inspected and the xenon injected mass flow rate. The nomenclature of the files follows the structure "WaveData_[injected mass flow rate]_[axial position]_[angular position]". The file collects the raw waveform data file, labeled "WaveData", and the corresponding time array, labeled "t". For each saptial position within the plume, and for each probe, a total of 3 different waveforms were collected, and each waveform includes 50'000'000 points. The time array also contains 50'000'000 points and is the same for each waveform and/or probe. Each WaveData variable is structured in a 3-dimensional matrix, where: The first dimension represents the time evolution of the waveform (size 50'000'000) The second dimension represents a different waveform (size 3) The third dimension represents each a different probe (size 3) Probe 1 along the first position Probe 2 along the second position Probe 3 along the third position Please refer to the corresponding article for details regarding the probe labeling and their configuration (Section 3). The time-resolved data is provided in a structure array, containing several fields of two-dimensional matrices with dimensions 21x11 of relevant plasma parameters, as follows: n: plasma density (in m^-3) Vp: plasma potential (in V) Bx: component along X of the magnetic field (in T) By: component along Y of the magnetic field (in T) X: axial meshgrid coordinate (in mm) Y: radial meshgrid coordinate (in mm) The electron temperature is not included, since it is considered to be constant within the corresponding article. For the 10 sccm case, it corresponds to 7 eV. Citation Works using this dataset or any part of it in any form shall cite it as follows. The preferred means of citation is to reference the publication associated to this dataset, as soon as it is available. Optionally, the dataset may be cited directly by referencing the corresponding DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13915163. Acknowledgments This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project ERC-STG ZARATHUSTRA, grant agreement No 950466). Additionally, F. Terragni was also supported by the FEDER / Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant agreement No PID2020-112796RB-C22), while B. Bayón-Buján enjoyed a grant from the Consejería de Educación, Universidades, Ciencia y Portavocía of the Community of Madrid (grant PEJ-2021-AI/TIC-23158).

Recording neural activity from the living brain is of great interest in neuroscience for interpreting cognitive processing or neurological disorders. Despite recent advances in neural technologies, development of a soft neural interface that integrates with neural tissues, increases recording sensitivity, and prevents signal dissipation still remains a major challenge. Here, we introduce a biocompatible, conductive, and biostable neural interface, a supramolecular β-peptide-based hydrogel that allows signal amplification via tight neural/hydrogel contact without neuroinflammation. The non-biodegradable β-peptide forms a multihierarchical structure with conductive nanomaterial, creating a three-dimensional electrical network, which can augment brain signal efficiently. By achieving seamless integration in brain tissue with increased contact area and tight neural tissue coupling, the epidural and intracortical neural signals recorded with the hydrogel were augmented, especially in the high frequency range. Overall, our tissuelike chronic neural interface will facilitate a deeper understanding of brain oscillation in broad brain states and further lead to more efficient brain–computer interfaces.

The global three-dimensional active noise cancellation (3D ANC) technology market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for enhanced noise reduction in various applications. The market, currently estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to expand significantly over the next decade, fueled by several key factors. The automotive industry is a major driver, with a growing emphasis on improving driver and passenger comfort, particularly in electric vehicles where engine noise is absent, highlighting the need for superior ANC solutions. The rise of smart homes and the increasing adoption of noise-canceling headphones and earbuds in consumer electronics also contribute to market expansion. Furthermore, advancements in 3D ANC technology, enabling more precise and effective noise cancellation across a wider frequency range, are further stimulating market growth. Technological advancements leading to smaller, more energy-efficient 3D ANC systems are also contributing to wider adoption across various product segments. However, challenges remain. High initial costs associated with implementing 3D ANC technology can hinder adoption, particularly in price-sensitive markets. Furthermore, the complexity of integrating 3D ANC systems into diverse applications requires substantial research and development investment. Despite these restraints, the long-term market outlook for 3D ANC technology remains positive, driven by continuous technological innovation and increasing consumer demand for quieter environments. Segmentation analysis reveals a strong presence across automotive, industrial, and electrical appliance sectors, with noise cancellation above 1000Hz dominating the types segment due to its superior performance in addressing a wider range of noise frequencies. Key players like Silentium, Bose, Harman, QNX, and Ancsonic are actively shaping the market landscape through product innovation and strategic partnerships. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, are expected to witness significant growth due to rising disposable incomes and expanding consumer electronics markets.

The 3D printed antenna market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for customized antennas across various sectors, including aerospace, automotive, and telecommunications. The ability to rapidly prototype and manufacture complex antenna designs with 3D printing offers significant advantages in terms of reduced lead times, lower costs, and improved performance compared to traditional manufacturing methods. This is particularly crucial in applications requiring high-frequency performance and intricate geometries, where traditional techniques struggle to achieve the same level of precision and efficiency. The market's expansion is further fueled by advancements in 3D printing technologies, such as inkjet printing and binder jetting, which enable the production of antennas with enhanced electrical properties and improved dimensional accuracy. Key players like Lite-On, Nano Dimension, XJet, Nanofabrica, Anywaves, Swissto12, and Optisys are driving innovation and market penetration through continuous research and development efforts, focusing on materials science and process optimization. Looking ahead, the market is poised for continued expansion. The integration of 5G and beyond 5G technologies will increase the demand for high-performance antennas, thereby fueling the adoption of 3D printing solutions. Moreover, the growing interest in miniaturization and the demand for lightweight antennas in portable devices and wearable electronics will present lucrative opportunities for market players. However, challenges remain, including the need to address issues related to material properties, scalability of 3D printing processes, and the overall cost-effectiveness for large-scale production. Nevertheless, ongoing technological advancements and increasing industry acceptance are expected to overcome these obstacles and drive substantial market growth in the coming years. We estimate a market size of $500 million in 2025, growing at a CAGR of 15% from 2025 to 2033.

The Low Frequency Electromagnetic Simulation System market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $424 million in 2025 and exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.1% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing demand for advanced antenna design and analysis across diverse sectors, including automotive radar, biomedical applications, and wireless propagation studies, fuels market growth. The shift towards sophisticated 3D electromagnetic simulation over simpler 2D methods is another significant driver, as 3D simulation provides greater accuracy and detail in modeling complex electromagnetic phenomena at low frequencies. Furthermore, the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices and the rise of connected vehicles are creating a need for increasingly precise and efficient electromagnetic simulation tools. The market's growth is also propelled by the expanding adoption of cloud-based simulation platforms, offering enhanced accessibility and scalability to a wider user base, reducing the need for extensive in-house computing infrastructure. Despite the positive trajectory, certain challenges could potentially restrain market growth. The high cost of advanced simulation software and the specialized skills required to effectively utilize these tools can be prohibitive for some organizations, particularly smaller companies or those with limited budgets. However, the long-term benefits of improved product design, reduced development time, and enhanced performance are expected to outweigh these initial costs, supporting continuous market expansion. The competitive landscape is diverse, with a mix of established players like Ansys, COMSOL, and Siemens alongside emerging innovative companies. This competition fosters innovation and drives the development of more efficient, user-friendly, and powerful simulation solutions, ultimately benefiting the end-users. The geographical distribution of the market is expected to show significant growth across various regions, driven by increased investment in R&D and technological advancements in North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.

Three hybridizing species-the clade ((Drosophila yakuba, D. santomea), D. teissieri) -comprise the yakuba complex in the D. melanogaster subgroup. Their ranges overlap on Bioko and São Tomé, islands off west Africa. All three species are infected with Wolbachia, maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria, best known for manipulating host reproduction to favor infected females. Previous analyses reported no cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in these species. However, we discovered that Wolbachia from each species cause intra- and interspecific CI. In D. teissieri, analyses of F1 and backcross genotypes show that both host genotype and Wolbachia variation modulate CI intensity. Wolbachia-infected females seem largely protected from intra- and interspecific CI, irrespective of Wolbachia and host genotypes. Wolbachia do not affect host mating behavior or female fecundity, within or between species. The latter suggests little apparent effect of Wolbachia on premating or gametic RI between host species. In nature, Wolbachia frequencies varied spatially for D. yakuba in 2009, with 76% (N = 155) infected on São Tomé, and only 3% (N = 36) infected on Bioko; frequencies also varied temporally in D. yakuba and D. santomea on São Tomé between 2009 and 2015. These temporal frequency fluctuations could generate asymmetries in interspecific mating success, and contribute to postzygotic RI. However, the fluctuations in Wolbachia frequencies that we observe also suggest that asymmetries are unlikely to persist. Finally, we address theoretical questions that our empirical findings raise about Wolbachia persistence when conditions fluctuate and about the stable coexistence of Wolbachia and host variants that modulate Wolbachia effects.

Experimental observations performed in the p53-Mdm2 network, one of the key protein modules involved in the control of proliferation of abnormal cells in mammals, revealed the existence of two frequencies of oscillations of p53 and Mdm2 in irradiated cells depending on the irradiation dose. These observations raised the question of the existence of birhythmicity, i.e. the coexistence of two oscillatory regimes for the same external conditions, in the p53-Mdm2 network which would be at the origin of these two distinct frequencies. A theoretical answer has been recently suggested by Ouattara, Abou-Jaoudé and Kaufman who proposed a 3-dimensional differential model showing birhythmicity to reproduce the two frequencies experimentally observed. The aim of this work is to analyze the mechanisms at the origin of the birhythmic behavior through a theoretical analysis of this differential model. To do so, we reduced this model, in a first step, into a 3-dimensional piecewise linear differential model where the Hill functions have been approximated by step functions, and, in a second step, into a 2-dimensional piecewise linear differential model by setting one autonomous variable as a constant in each domain of the phase space. We find that two features related to the phase space structure of the system are at the origin of the birhythmic behavior: the existence of two embedded cycles in the transition graph of the reduced models; the presence of a bypass in the orbit of the large amplitude oscillatory regime of low frequency. Based on this analysis, an experimental strategy is proposed to test the existence of birhythmicity in the p53-Mdm2 network. From a methodological point of view, this approach greatly facilitates the computational analysis of complex oscillatory behavior and could represent a valuable tool to explore mathematical models of biological rhythms showing sufficiently steep nonlinearities.

IntroductionMany studies have shown that people born in the spring are at a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This may be associated with lower levels of sun exposure, and consequently, lower levels of vitamin D3 during pregnancy. However, these relationships have not been verified thus far in any countries in Central Europe.ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to determine the frequency distribution of births for each calendar month in patients suffering from MS in Poland.MethodsWe analyzed data for 2574 patients diagnosed with MS (1758 women, 816 men) living in Poland for an extended period. We added corrections resulting from the frequency distribution of births for the years in which the patients were born. We applied the Hewitt test for seasonality with Rogerson modification for 3-, 4-, or 6-month pulses or periods. Moreover, we examined the average number hours of sunshine in every month of the year.ResultsThe rank-sums for successive 3- and 4-month segments indicated the period from September to December and from October to December as having a significantly lower incidence (p = 0.027 and p = 0.054, respectively). We did not find a correlation between with hours of sunshine in the first trimester of pregnancy, the child’s birth month, and the child developing MS.ConclusionsWe were able to confirm a seasonal variation in the risk of MS in Poland. However, these findings did not correlate with hours of sunshine during the first trimester of pregnancy.

To further develop three-dimensional (3D) applications, it is important to elucidate the negative effects of 3D applications on the human body and mind. Thus, this study investigated differences in the effects of visual fatigue on cognition and brain activity using visual and auditory tasks induced by watching a 1-h movie in two dimensions (2D) and 3D. Eighteen young men participated in this study. Two conditions were randomly performed for each participant on different days, namely, watching the 1-h movie on television in 2D (control condition) and 3D (3D condition). Before and after watching the 1-h movie on television, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF: an index of visual fatigue), and response accuracy and reaction time for the cognitive tasks were determined. Brain activity during the cognitive tasks was evaluated using a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy system. In contrast to the control condition, the decreased CFF, and the lengthened reaction time and the decreased activity around the right primary somatosensory cortex during Go/NoGo blocks in the visual task at post-viewing in the 3D condition were significant, with significant repeated measures correlations among them. Meanwhile, in the auditory task, the changes in cognitive performance and brain activity during the Go/NoGo blocks were not significant in the 3D condition. These results suggest that the failure or delay in the transmission of visual information to the primary somatosensory cortex due to visual fatigue induced by watching a 3D movie reduced the brain activity around the primary somatosensory cortex, resulting in poor cognitive performance for the visual task. This suggests that performing tasks that require visual information, such as running in the dark or driving a car, immediately after using a 3D application, may create unexpected risks in our lives. Thus, the findings of this study will help outlining precautions for the use of 3D applications.