This dataset contains data used in determining the ABS Population Clock. The data is annual data updated quarterly, and is based on past component data published in Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0) or Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) forecasts. Population Clock components and results do not constitute official ABS projections and should not be used for purposes other than the Population Clock.

A clock which updates every minute to produce an estimated population total for Northern Ireland, at the current time and date

UPDATED on 21 Feb 2011: at present the Population Clock release has been deferred for further technical review.

Source agency: Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency

Designation: Official Statistics not designated as National Statistics

Language: English

Alternative title: Northern Ireland Population Clock

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

The world's population first reached one billion people in 1803, and reach eight billion in 2023, and will peak at almost 11 billion by the end of the century. Although it took thousands of years to reach one billion people, it did so at the beginning of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition; from this point onwards, population growth has skyrocketed, and since the 1960s the population has increased by one billion people every 12 to 15 years. The demographic transition sees a sharp drop in mortality due to factors such as vaccination, sanitation, and improved food supply; the population boom that follows is due to increased survival rates among children and higher life expectancy among the general population; and fertility then drops in response to this population growth. Regional differences The demographic transition is a global phenomenon, but it has taken place at different times across the world. The industrialized countries of Europe and North America were the first to go through this process, followed by some states in the Western Pacific. Latin America's population then began growing at the turn of the 20th century, but the most significant period of global population growth occurred as Asia progressed in the late-1900s. As of the early 21st century, almost two thirds of the world's population live in Asia, although this is set to change significantly in the coming decades. Future growth The growth of Africa's population, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, will have the largest impact on global demographics in this century. From 2000 to 2100, it is expected that Africa's population will have increased by a factor of almost five. It overtook Europe in size in the late 1990s, and overtook the Americas a decade later. In contrast to Africa, Europe's population is now in decline, as birth rates are consistently below death rates in many countries, especially in the south and east, resulting in natural population decline. Similarly, the population of the Americas and Asia are expected to go into decline in the second half of this century, and only Oceania's population will still be growing alongside Africa. By 2100, the world's population will have over three billion more than today, with the vast majority of this concentrated in Africa. Demographers predict that climate change is exacerbating many of the challenges that currently hinder progress in Africa, such as political and food instability; if Africa's transition is prolonged, then it may result in further population growth that would place a strain on the region's resources, however, curbing this growth earlier would alleviate some of the pressure created by climate change.

Survey on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Households: Means employed to counter the dubious information seen on the net in the last 3 months by demographic characteristics. National.

Infectious diseases can cause steep declines in wildlife populations, leading to changes in genetic diversity that may affect the susceptibility of individuals to infection and the overall resilience of populations to pathogen outbreaks. Here, we examine evidence for a genetic bottleneck in a population of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) before and after the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV). More than 50% of marked birds in this population were lost over the two-year period of the epizootic, representing a 10-fold increase in adult mortality. Using analyses of SNPs and microsatellite markers, we tested for evidence of a genetic bottleneck and compared levels of inbreeding and immigration in the pre- and post-WNV populations. Counter to expectations, genetic diversity (allelic diversity and the number of new alleles) increased after WNV emergence. This was likely due to increases in immigration, as the estimated membership coefficients were lower in the post-WNV population. Simultaneously, however, the frequency of inbreeding appeared to increase: mean inbreeding coefficients were higher among SNP markers, and heterozygosity-heterozygosity correlations were stronger among microsatellite markers, in the post-WNV population. These results indicate that loss of genetic diversity at the population level is not an inevitable consequence of a population decline, particularly in the presence of gene flow. The changes observed in post-WNV crows could have very different implications for their response to future pathogen risks, potentially making the population as a whole more resilient to a changing pathogen community, while increasing the frequency of inbred individuals with elevated susceptibility to disease. Methods Study population and data collection. Crows in the Ithaca, New York, population are cooperative breeders. They live in groups of up to 14 birds, including a socially bonded pair of adults as well as 0-12 auxiliary birds, which are usually offspring from previous broods). Although auxiliaries usually do not contribute offspring to the brood, molecular work in the post-WNV population indicates that auxiliary males occasionally do sire extra-pair offspring with the female breeder, arising both through incest (mothers mating with their adult auxiliary sons) and through matings between non-relatives (e.g., unrelated step-mothers and adult auxiliary males). Genetic samples were collected from crow nestlings from 1990–2011. We collected blood (~150 ul) from the brachial vein of nestlings and banded them with unique combinations of metal bands, color bands, and patagial tags on days 24–30 after hatching. DNA was extracted from samples using DNeasy tissue kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. All fieldwork with American crows was carried out under protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of Binghamton University (no. 537-03 and 607-07) and Cornell University (no. 1988–0210). The pre-WNV dataset included samples collected between 1990 and 2002. The 2002 nestlings were sampled prior to WNV emergence, as nestlings fledge the nest between May and July, whereas WNV mortality typically occurs between August and October in this crow population. The post-WNV samples were collected between 2005 and 2011. Samples collected immediately after WNV emergence (2003 and 2004) were not included in the analysis to allow time for the birds to respond to the population loss. We maximized independence of the birds selected for analysis by including only one randomly chosen offspring per brood and no more than two broods per family group in the pre-and post-WNV samples, with each brood per family group separated by the maximum number of years possible within the pre- or post-WNV sampling periods (1990–2002 pre-WNV; 2005–2011 post-WNV; Figure S1). Birds were randomly and independently selected (with replacement) for the SNP and microsatellite analyses; therefore, there was little overlap among individual birds included in these marker sets. Of the 286 individual birds included in this analysis, 22 were common to both marker sets (15 pre-WNV; 7 post-WNV). The 20-year time period of this study may have encompassed 2–4 breeding cohorts (approximately 1–2 pre- and 1–2 post-WNV, with a sharp turn-over immediately after WNV emergence). Crows can produce offspring as early as two years after hatching, but most do not begin breeding independently until at least 3–4 years after hatching. Breeding initiation is limited at least in part by breeding vacancies, which are created by the death of one or both members of an established breeding pair. Such breeding vacancies likely increased in availability after the emergence of WNV. Microsatellite genotyping. A total of 222 crows (n = 113 and 109 crows pre- and post-WNV, respectively) were genotyped at 34 polymorphic microsatellite loci that were optimized for American crows. Alleles were scored using the microsatellite plugin for Geneious 9.1.8. We used GenePop version 4.7 to test for linkage disequilibrium between all pairs of loci, departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and null allele frequency. Locus characteristics (e.g., alleles/ locus, tests of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and null allele frequencies) are given in the supplementary materials (Table S1). Departures from HWE expectations were observed at two loci (PnuA3w from the pre-WNV sample and Cb06 from the post-WNV sample) after Bonferroni correction (Table S1); these loci were removed from subsequent analysis. In 561 pairwise comparisons, four pairs of loci appeared to be in linkage disequilibrium (Cb20 and Cb21; Cb14 and CoBr36; CoBr22 and Cb17, and CoBr12 and Cb10), but this linkage was only apparent at both time points (the pre-WNV and post-WNV populations) for Cb20 and Cb21. We removed both Cb20 and Cb21 from the analysis but retained the other loci because apparent linkage at only a single time point was unlikely to be a result of physical linkage. Two additional loci (Cb17 and Cb10) had a high frequency of null alleles (> 0.1) and were removed from the dataset. All subsequent analyses are therefore based on 28 loci. We scored all birds at a minimum of 26 of these 28 loci, and most (>98%) were scored at all loci (mean proportion of loci typed >0.99). Mean allelic diversity at these loci was 11.25 ± 1.17 alleles/locus (range: 3–31 alleles/locus). Double Digest Restriction Associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. We performed ddRAD sequencing on 86 randomly selected crows (43 pre-WNV and 43 post-WNV). 100-500 ng of DNA were digested with SbfI-HF (NEB, R3642L) and MspI-HF (NEB, R016S) restriction enzymes. Samples were ligated with a P2-MspI adapter and pooled in groups of 18-20, each with a unique P1 adapter. Pooled index groups were purified using 1.5X volumes of homemade MagNA made with Sera-Mag Magnetic Speed-beads (FisherSci). Fragments 450-600 bp long were selected using BluePippin (Sage Science) by the Cornell University Biotechnology Resource Center (BRC). After size selection, unique index barcodes were added to each index group by performing 11 cycles of PCR with Phusion® DNA polymerase (NEB). Reactions were purified using 0.7X volumes of MagNA beads and pooled in equimolar ratios for sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 at the BRC, with single end reads (100 bp). The sequencing was performed with an added Illumina PhiX control (15%) due to low 5’ complexity. Pre- and post-WNV samples were library prepared together and sequenced on a single lane to avoid the introduction of a library or lane effect. We used FASTQC v0.11.9 (Babraham Bioinformatics; http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/) to assess read quality. We trimmed reads to 147 bp using fastX_trimmer (FASTX-Toolkit) to exclude low-quality data at the 3’ end of reads. Next, we eliminated reads with Phred scores below 10, then eliminated reads in which 5% or more bases had Phred scores below 20 (fastq_quality_filter). The fastq files were demultiplexed using the process_radtags module in STACKS v2.52 pipeline to create a file with sequences specific to each individual. We first scaffolded the American Crow reference genome (NCBI assembly: ASM69197v1, Accession no: GCA_000691975.1) into putative pseudochromosomes using the synteny-based Chromosemble tool in Satsuma2 (Grabherr et al. 2010) and the Hooded Crow genome (NCBI assembly: ASM73873v5, Accession no: GCA_000738735.5). We aligned sequence reads to the American Crow pseudochromosome assembly using BWA-MEM (Li & Durbin 2009). We called SNPs in ANGSD (Korneliussen et al. 2014) using the GATK model, requiring SNPs to be present in 80% of the individuals (0.95 postcutoff, SNP p-value 1e-6) with a minimum allele frequency of 0.015. We removed bases with quality scores below 20 (-minQ 20), bad reads (-remove_bads), mapping quality below 20 (-minMapQ20), base alignment quality below 1 (-baq), more than two alleles (-skipTriallelic), and heterozygote bias (-hetbias_pval 1e-5), requiring the minimum depth per individual to be at least two and read depth higher than 1,800. These filters resulted in 16,200 SNPs. To reduce differences in missingness between the pre- and post-WNV populations, we excluded loci that had less than 80% called genotypes per population, resulting in 5,151 SNPs.

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Over-The-Counter (OTC) Analgesics Market Size 2024-2028

The over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics market size is forecast to increase by USD 7.2 billion at a CAGR of 4.98% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing aging population worldwide and the rising number of product launches. The global population aged 60 and above is projected to more than double by 2050, creating a substantial demand for pain relief solutions. This demographic shift, coupled with the growing awareness and acceptance of self-care, is fueling the market's expansion. OTC drugs encompass a wide range of therapeutic areas, including analgesics, weight loss products, gastrointestinal products, skin products, mineral supplements, vitamin supplements, sleeping aids, ophthalmic products, sports nutrition, sports supplements, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, carbohydrates, and botanicals. However, the market's growth is not without challenges. The number of product recalls due to safety concerns and regulatory issues has been on the rise, posing significant risks for market players. These incidents can lead to reputational damage, regulatory penalties, and lost sales.
Companies must prioritize product safety and quality to mitigate these risks and maintain consumer trust. To capitalize on the market opportunities and navigate challenges effectively, companies should focus on innovation, regulatory compliance, and strategic partnerships. The market is responding to this trend with an expanding range of products and services, including over-the-counter medicines, and digital health solutions. Investing in research and development to launch new products that cater to the evolving consumer preferences and regulatory requirements can help companies stay competitive. Building strong relationships with regulatory bodies and industry associations can also help companies navigate the complex regulatory landscape and mitigate risks associated with product recalls. By addressing these challenges and leveraging market trends, companies can seize opportunities in the growing OTC Analgesics Market.

What will be the Size of the Over-The-Counter (OTC) Analgesics Market during the forecast period?

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The market encompasses a wide range of pain medicines, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and topical analgesics, designed to alleviate various types of pain, such as joint pain and chronic pain. These products are readily available in multiple distribution channels, including hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies, and online pharmacies. The geriatric population and the aging population are significant consumer groups, given the prevalence of joint pains and chronic conditions among older adults. Pregnant women also utilize OTC pain medicines for certain indications, following consultation with healthcare professionals.
Internal OTC analgesics and external OTC analgesics cater to different pain management needs. Off-label uses of these drugs continue to expand, reflecting the evolving role of OTC analgesics in pain management programs. The market's size and growth are influenced by factors such as increasing prevalence of chronic pain conditions, expanding distribution channels, and consumer preferences for self-care and convenience.

How is this Over-The-Counter (OTC) Analgesics Industry segmented?

The over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Internal
  External


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Form Factor

  Tablets and capsules
  Topical
  Syrups
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The internal segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market encompasses internal and external analgesics used for pain relief. Internal analgesics, meant for ingestion, dominate the market, accounting for the largest share in 2023. Major drugs in this segment include acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen. Factors driving market growth include increasing pain-related conditions, self-medication trend, and healthcare expenditure. Key players invest in advertising campaigns to promote their brands, including Aleve, Advil, Crocin, MOTRIN, Aspirin, Excedrin, and TYLENOL. Chronic pain disorders, particularly among the geriatric population, pregnant women, and middle-lower class families, fuel demand for OTC analgesics. Distribution

Niger had the highest birth rate in the world in 2024, with a birth rate of 46.6 births per 1,000 inhabitants. Angola, Benin, Mali, and Uganda followed. Except for Afghanistan, all the 20 countries with the highest birth rates in the world were located in Sub-Saharan Africa. High infant mortality The reasons behind the high birth rates in many Sub-Saharan African countries are manyfold, but a major reason is that infant mortality remains high on the continent, despite decreasing steadily over the past decades, resulting in high birth rates to counter death rates. Moreover, many nations in Sub-Saharan Africa are highly reliant on small-scale farming, meaning that more hands are of importance. Additionally, polygamy is not uncommon in the region, and having many children is often seen as a symbol of status. Fastest growing populations As the high fertility rates coincide with decreasing death rates, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest population growth rates in the world. As a result, with Africa's population forecast to increase from 1.4 billion in 2022 to over 3.9 billion by 2100.

The Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) Atomic Clock market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for high-precision timing solutions across military and commercial applications. The market, valued at $93 million in 2025, is projected to exhibit a significant Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). While the precise CAGR is not provided, considering the technological advancements and expanding applications within defense, telecommunications, and navigation systems, a conservative estimate of the CAGR would be between 7% and 10% over the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is fueled by the superior accuracy and stability of CPT atomic clocks compared to traditional technologies, making them crucial for applications requiring precise time synchronization, such as GPS and satellite communication systems. The increasing adoption of these clocks in commercial applications, including financial transactions and precise timekeeping for critical infrastructure, further contributes to market expansion. Segmentation by size (≤ 4.2 cm, 4.2 cm ＜ Size ≤ 4.5 cm) reflects the diverse requirements of different applications, with smaller sizes driving demand in portable and embedded systems. Key players like Microsemi (Microchip), Teledyne, AccuBeat Ltd, and Chengdu Spaceon Electronics are driving innovation and competition within this dynamic market. Geographic expansion plays a significant role in market growth. North America currently holds a substantial market share, thanks to the strong presence of defense and technology companies. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth due to increasing government investment in infrastructure development and the expansion of telecommunication networks. This region's burgeoning technological advancements and substantial investments in research and development are key factors propelling this growth. The market is also influenced by factors like stringent regulations concerning time synchronization, technological advancements leading to miniaturization and reduced power consumption, and ongoing research into improving the accuracy and reliability of CPT atomic clocks. Restraints may include high initial investment costs and the complex manufacturing process associated with these clocks.

Thermal preference (Tsel) dataThermal preference (Tsel) data. We conducted three trials (each trial corresponds to a tab in the spreadsheet): (1) a single population source (full-sibling set) of tadpoles reared under different thermal regimes in four streams of the coastal SF Eel catchment (see article); (2) wild collected tadpoles from populations at thermal monitoring stations that represent three distinct clades within the species (Lind, Spinks, Fellers, & Shaffer, 2010) and three of the four niche clusters (SF Eel, Alameda Ck and NF Feather; see article); and (3) multiple population sources of tadpoles reared in a common thermal environment, the outdoor stream mesocosm experiment described in the article.Tsel data.xlsxEnvironmental monitoring data and frog abundanceWe calculated M30DAT for each river as the running mean of consecutive water temperature measurements from the previous 30 days for each day between May and October, averaging 2009, a cool year, and 2010, a warm year....

Throughout the 19th century, what we know today as Poland was not a united, independent country; apart from a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars, Polish land was split between the Austro-Hungarian, Prussian (later German) and Russian empires. During the 1800s, the population of Poland grew steadily, from approximately nine million people in 1800 to almost 25 million in 1900; throughout this time, the Polish people and their culture were oppressed by their respective rulers, and cultural suppression intensified following a number of uprisings in the various territories. Following the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated that almost 3.4 million men from Poland served in the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian armies, with a further 300,000 drafted for forced labor by the German authorities. Several hundred thousand were forcibly resettled in the region during the course of the war, as Poland was one of the most active areas of the conflict. For these reasons, among others, it is difficult to assess the extent of Poland's military and civilian fatalities during the war, with most reliable estimates somewhere between 640,000 and 1.1 million deaths. In the context of present-day Poland, it is estimated that the population fell by two million people in the 1910s, although some of this was also due to the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed in the wake of the war.

Poland 1918-1945

After more than a century of foreign rule, an independent Polish state was established by the Allied Powers in 1918, although it's borders were considerably different to today's, and were extended by a number of additional conflicts. The most significant of these border conflicts was the Polish-Soviet War in 1919-1920, which saw well over 100,000 deaths, and victory helped Poland to emerge as the Soviet Union's largest political and military rival in Eastern Europe during the inter-war period. Economically, Poland struggled to compete with Europe's other powers during this time, due to its lack of industrialization and infrastructure, and the global Great Depression of the 1930s exacerbated this further. Political corruption and instability was also rife in these two decades, and Poland's leadership failed to prepare the nation for the Second World War. Poland had prioritized its eastern defenses, and some had assumed that Germany's Nazi regime would see Poland as an ally due to their shared rivalry with the Soviet Union, but this was not the case. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, in the first act of the War, and the Soviet Union launched a counter invasion on September 17; Germany and the Soviet Union had secretly agreed to do this with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August, and had succeeded in taking the country by September's end. When Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 it took complete control of Poland, which continued to be the staging ground for much of the fighting between these nations. It has proven difficult to calculate the total number of Polish fatalities during the war, for a variety of reasons, however most historians have come to believe that the figure is around six million fatalities, which equated to almost one fifth of the entire pre-war population; the total population dropped by four million throughout the 1940s. The majority of these deaths took place during the Holocaust, which saw the Nazi regime commit an ethnic genocide of up to three million Polish Jews, and as many as 2.8 million non-Jewish Poles; these figures do not include the large number of victims from other countries who died after being forcefully relocated to concentration camps in Poland.

Post-war Poland

The immediate aftermath of the war was also extremely unorganized and chaotic, as millions were forcefully relocated from or to the region, in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenized state, and thousands were executed during this process. A communist government was quickly established by the Soviet Union, and socialist social and economic policies were gradually implemented over the next decade, as well as the rebuilding, modernization and education of the country. In the next few decades, particularly in the 1980s, the Catholic Church, student groups and trade unions (as part of the Solidarity movement) gradually began to challenge the government, weakening the communist party's control over the nation (although it did impose martial law and imprison political opponent throughout the early-1980s). Increasing civil unrest and the weakening of Soviet influence saw communism in Poland come to an end in the elections of 1989. Throughout the 1990s, Poland's population growth stagnated at around 38.5 million people, before gradually decreasing since the turn of the millennium, to 37.8 million people in 2020. This decline was mostly due to a negative migration rate, as Polish workers could now travel more freely to Western European countries in search of work, facilitated by Pola...

Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 7 No 2 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are culturally and economically important to Scotland. Salmon are now the target of large conservation actions due to growing concerns about their population status and the potential impacts of human activities on their productivity. To adequately assess the current and future status of salmon populations, accurate estimates of their population sizes are needed. In Scotland, electronic fish counter technology has been the cornerstone methodology used to accurately assess salmon population sizes. Marine Scotland Science (MSS) seeks to expand the current counter distribution to include new counter sites throughout Scotland. An expanded network will provide valuable information for salmon fisheries management, sustainable marine planning, the development of renewable energy, and the growth of aquaculture. Planning and implementing a counter network requires knowledge of the technical constraints, engineering requirements, operational protocols and economic costs. This report was commissioned by MSS to address a knowledge gap in the technical, logistical and economic understanding in the development of a Scottish salmon counter network. The overall objective of this report was to inform the future development of a fish counter network for Scotland.

Lethal carnivore management, aimed at reducing carnivore impacts, is a global phenomenon threatening the persistence of many carnivores. Black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas, the dominant cause of livestock predation in southern Africa, are widely hunted to reduce livestock predation. Despite centuries of lethal management, jackals persist. Smaller canids, like jackals, are highly adaptable and display variable responses to mortality sources, which may affect management outcomes. The effects of killing carnivores will depend on their behaviour, social organization, reproduction and dispersal patterns. We predicted that hunted jackals will alter demographic and reproductive patterns to compensate for increased mortality. Here, we collected demographic and reproductive information from harvested jackals and compared it between continually hunted (farms) and unmanaged populations (reserves). The removal of jackals from farms results in a decrease in median age from 5–6 years (reserves) to 2–3 years (farms). Hunting also changed the age structure of jackal populations from a stable population to an expanding population. This may be ascribed to the compensatory immigration of individuals from neighbouring unmanaged areas, suggesting the formation of a source–sink system. Unmanaged areas may act as source populations exporting young, dispersing individuals to hunted areas which may act as sinks. This is likely driven by disruptions in the normal, mutually exclusive territorial system resulting in low densities of conspecifics on farms. The low density of conspecifics allows younger individuals that would be socially precluded from reproducing to reproduce. Jackals on farms compensated for increased mortality by increasing the pregnancy rate of young individuals and increasing the litter size at younger ages, thereby increasing reproductive output. Synthesis and applications. The lethal management of predators is the prevailing strategy to reduce livestock predation. However, the highly adaptable nature of jackals and the combination of compensatory mechanisms such as increased reproduction and potential for immigration allow these predators to persist in the face of severe anthropogenic mortality, possibly through the formation of a source–sink system. These compensatory processes will continue to counter population management actions as long as recruitment from unmanaged areas persists.

The estimated population of the Gaza Strip for 2023 was around 2.1 million people. The Palestinian population of Gaza is relatively young when compared globally. More than half of Gazans are 19 years or younger. This is due to the comparably high fertility rate in the Gaza Strip of 3.5 children per woman as of 2022.

Nicrophorus orbicollis populations

We derived the laboratory beetle populations used for this experiment from wild-caught beetles captured with baited pitfall traps near Big Falls, Wisconsin (high latitude; HL; 44.6165°N, -89.0161°W), Waveland, Indiana (mid latitude; ML; 39.9417°N, -87.0917°W), and Spavinaw, Oklahoma (low latitude; LL; 35.3704°N, -95.0486°W) (Fig. 2a) in May-June of 2014 and 2015. We housed all N. orbicollis in individually marked plastic containers (15 x 11 x 7 cm) in an environmental chamber at 21oC with a 14:10 h light:dark (L:D) cycle and fed chicken liver ad libitum. These conditions simulated the natural light/dark pattern and temperature consistent with the beetles’ summer breeding season in their natural environment (Cook et al. 2019). We used these wild-caught beetles to establish the first generation (F1) laboratory populations used for experiments. We bred wild-caught beetles by placing a male and female with a fresh mouse carcass in plastic containers (18 ...

Theory predicts that range expansion results in genetic diversity loss in colonizing populations. Rapid reduction of population size exacerbates negative effects of genetic drift, while sustained isolation decreases neutral variation. Amid this demographic change, natural selection can act to maintain functional diversity. Thus, characterizing neutral and functional variation is critical for disentangling the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation in newly established populations. Coyotes (Canis latrans) provide an ideal study system for examining the genetic effects of urban colonization. Capable of thriving in environments ranging from natural to highly urbanized, this mobile carnivore recently established a breeding population in New York City (NYC), one of the most densely populated areas in the United States. In the present study, we characterized neutral and functionally linked genetic diversity on a regional scale, traversing NYC and its surrounding counties in the New York metropolitan area. We report decreased variation and significant genotypic differentiation in NYC coyotes following recent colonization of this super-urban environment. In accordance with our hypotheses, we observed evidence for a recent population bottleneck as coyotes entered NYC. Counter to our expectations, we found only minimal support for selection maintaining diversity at immune-linked loci. These findings suggest that stochastic processes, such as genetic drift, are more likely driving patterns of decreased variation in super-urban coyotes. This work not only improves our understanding of NYC's newest inhabitants, but also contributes to the growing body of knowledge surrounding urban colonization ecology. It highlights the importance of examining both neutral and functional variation when assessing the roles of drift and selection in newly established populations. When combined with similar studies across diverse systems, these insights can aid wildlife management and green design to better facilitate gene flow and maintain healthy populations of wildlife in an increasingly urban world.

Two basic strategies have been proposed for using transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to decrease dengue virus transmission: population reduction and population replacement. Here we model releases of a strain of Ae. aegypti carrying both a gene causing conditional adult female mortality and a gene blocking virus transmission into a wild population to assess whether such releases could reduce the number of competent vectors. We find this “reduce and replace” strategy can decrease the frequency of competent vectors below 50% two years after releases end. Therefore, this combined approach appears preferable to releasing a strain carrying only a female-killing gene, which is likely to merely result in temporary population suppression. However, the fixation of anti-pathogen genes in the population is unlikely. Genetic drift at small population sizes and the spatially heterogeneous nature of the population recovery after releases end prevent complete replacement of the competent vector population. Furthermore, releasing more individuals can be counter-productive in the face of immigration by wild-type mosquitoes, as greater population reduction amplifies the impact wild-type migrants have on the long-term frequency of the anti-pathogen gene. We expect the results presented here to give pause to expectations for driving an anti-pathogen construct to fixation by relying on releasing individuals carrying this two-gene construct. Nevertheless, in some dengue-endemic environments, a spatially heterogeneous decrease in competent vectors may still facilitate decreasing disease incidence.

The statistic shows the share of the adult population who wear over-the-counter (OTC) reading glasses in the United States from 2013 to 2016. In 2016, 12.4 percent of adult consumers in the U.S. used OTC reading glasses.

Consumer Healthcare Market size was valued at USD 360 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 780 Billion By 2030, growing at a CAGR of 8.8% during the forecast period 2024 to 2030.

Global Consumer Healthcare Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Consumer Healthcare Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Growing Education and Awareness: The demand for consumer healthcare products is being driven by consumers' growing knowledge of wellness, self-care, and preventive healthcare practices. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, vitamins, and supplements are in more demand as consumers take a more active role in managing their health. Aging Population: As the world's population ages, chronic illnesses and ailments including diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease are becoming more common. People frequently need more healthcare services and goods as they become older, including over-the-counter medications. Trend Towards Self-Medication: People are seeking easy and affordable ways to treat minor illnesses due to hectic lifestyles and growing healthcare expenses. The demand for OTC medications, home diagnostic tools, and other self-care items is rising as a result of this trend. Technological Developments: Consumers are becoming more empowered to take charge of their health thanks to technological developments like wearable health gadgets, telemedicine, and mobile health applications. The consumer healthcare business is being driven by these technologies, which allow people to more easily monitor their health parameters, get medical information, and engage with healthcare providers. E-commerce and Digitalization: A wider range of people can now obtain consumer healthcare items thanks to the growth of e-commerce platforms and digital channels. Now that consumers can access a wealth of information, compare prices, and buy healthcare products online, the market is expanding. Urbanization and Lifestyle Changes: Chronic health issues are on the rise due to urbanization and changing lifestyles, which are defined by sedentary behavior, bad eating habits, and elevated stress levels. Consumer healthcare products designed to manage chronic illnesses and enhance general well-being are therefore in greater demand. Regulatory Support: Promoting self-care and extending access to over-the-counter pharmaceuticals are top priorities for governments and regulatory agencies. Positive legislative environments and programs to improve the infrastructure for consumer healthcare also fuel industry expansion.

Over the course of the Second World War, approximately 44.5 percent of the Soviet population and 8.7 of Soviet territory was occupied by the Axis forces at some point. Despite being allied in the war's early stages, with both countries invading Poland in 1939 via the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Germany would launch Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the USSR, in 1941, which would become the largest military invasion in history. Movement of the Eastern Front The surprise invasion began on June 22, and Axis forces caught the Soviets off-guard, quickly pushing their way eastward along a frontline that stretched from the Baltic to Black seas. The length of the front-line allowed Axis forces to execute pincer movements around cities and strongholds, which cut off large numbers of Soviet soldiers from their supply lines, as well as preventing reinforcements; in this process millions of Soviet troops were taken as prisoner. Within three weeks, the Germans had taken much of present-day Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic states, before taking Moldova and Ukraine in September, and pushing into western Russia between September and December. The front lines had reached the outskirts of Moscow by November, before exhaustion and cold weather helped Soviet forces hold the line and stall the German offensive. The Red Army was then able to regroup and turning the Germans' own tactics against them, using two-pronged attacks to encircle large numbers of troops, although harsh weather made this stage of the conflict much slower.

The lines remained fairly static until mid-1942, when the Germans focused their offensive on the south, concentrating on the Caucasian oil fields and the Volga River. By November 1942, Axis forces had pushed into these regions, establishing what would ultimately be the largest amount of occupied Soviet territory during the war. Once again, winter halted the Axis advance, and allowed the Red Army to regroup. Learning from the previous year, the Axis command strengthened their forces near Moscow in anticipation of the Soviet counter-offensive, but were caught off-guard by a second counter-offensive in the south, most famously at Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad would come to epitomize the extreme loss, destruction, and brutality of war on the eastern front, with conflict continuing in the city months after the rest of the Axis forces had been pushed west. As 1943 progressed, the Red Army gained momentum by targeting inferiorly-trained and equipped non-German regiments. The spring then became something of a balancing act for the Axis powers, as the Soviets consistently attacked weak points, and German regiments were transferred to reinforce these areas. In the summer of 1943, the front line was static once more, however the momentum was with the Soviets, who were able to capitalize on victories such as Kursk and gradually force the Axis powers back. By 1944, the Red Army had re-captured much of Ukraine, and had re-taken the south by the summer. When the Western Allies arrived in France in June, the Soviets were already pushing through Ukraine and Belarus, towards Berlin. In August 1944, the last Axis forces were pushed out of Soviet territory, and Soviet forces continued their push towards the German capital, which fell in May 1945. Soviet death toll In addition to the near-five million Soviet troops who died during Operation Barbarossa, millions of civilians died through starvation, areal bombardment, forced labor, and systematic murder campaigns. Due to the nature and severity of Soviet losses, total figures are difficult to estimate; totals of 15-20 million civilians and 7-9 million military deaths are most common. Further estimates suggest that the disruption to fertility, in addition to the high death toll, meant that the USSR's population in 1946 was 40 million lower than it would have been had there been no war.