Sikhism is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent during the fifteenth century. Sikhs follow the teachings of 'gurus', who descend from the first guru Guru Naruk who established the faith. Followers of Sikhism are monotheists, believing in only one god, and other core beliefs include the need to meditate, the importance of community and communal living, and the need to serve humanity selflessly (or 'seva'). Sikhism and the British Empire In total, there are around 26 million Sikhs worldwide, and over 24 million of these live in India. Outside of India, the largest Sikh populations are mostly found in former territories of the British Empire - the UK and Canada both have Sikh populations of over half a million people. Migration from India to other parts of the British Empire was high in the 19th century, due to the labor demands of relatively newer colonies, as well as those where slavery had been abolished. These countries also remain popular destinations for Sikh migrants today, as many are highly trained and English-speaking. Other regions with significant Sikh populations Italy also has a sizeable Sikh population, as many migrated there after serving there in the British Army during WWI, and they are now heavily represented in Italy's dairy industry. The Sikh population of Saudi Arabia is also reflective of the fact that the largest Indian diaspora in the world can now be found in the Middle East - this is due to the labor demands of the fossil fuel industries and their associated secondary industries, although a large share of Indians in this part of the world are there on a temporary basis.

Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Punjab data was reported at 16,004,754.000 Person in 03-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 14,592,387.000 Person for 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Punjab data is updated decadal, averaging 15,298,570.500 Person from Mar 2001 (Median) to 03-01-2011, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,004,754.000 Person in 03-01-2011 and a record low of 14,592,387.000 Person in 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Punjab data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAE005: Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh.

Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Haryana data was reported at 1,243,752.000 Person in 03-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,170,662.000 Person for 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Haryana data is updated decadal, averaging 1,207,207.000 Person from Mar 2001 (Median) to 03-01-2011, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,243,752.000 Person in 03-01-2011 and a record low of 1,170,662.000 Person in 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Haryana data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAE005: Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh.

The statistic displays the Sikh population in India in 2011, by state and union territory. The region with the highest Sikh population was the state of Punjab, followed by the state of Haryana with up to 1.2 million Sikhs. The region with the least Sikh population was the union territory of Lakshadweep in that year.

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

This survey covers Pakistan.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for Pakistan covers national population, aged 21 years and over, for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

This is a random sample of the Province of Punjab, which contains 68% of Pakistan's population. The rural sample is half the size of the urban sample (the weight variable corrects the urban/rural balance). The sample size for Pakistan is N=733 and includes national population, aged 21 years and over, for both sexes.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Some special variable labels have been included, such as: V56 Neighbours: Christians and V149 Institution: SAARC. Special categories labels are: V167 Least like Groups not asked and V179 Religion. Country Specific variables included are: V208: Ethnic identification, 1 Above all, I am a Punjabi Pakistani, 2. Above all, I am a Sindhi Pakistani, 3. Above all, I am a Balochi Pakistani, 4. Above all, I am a Pathan Pakistani, 5. I am a Pakistani First and 9 DK.; V209: Language at home: 1. English, 2. Urdu, 3. Punjabi. The variables political parties V210 a V212 was not asked; Ethic group: V 234 Region was not asked.

Sampling error estimates

+/- 3,7%

Transgender people, often referred to as the Hijras in the Indian subcontinent, are an officially recognized third gender in the country and consider themselves neither male nor female. As per the latest census in 2011, India recorded over 487 thousand people who identified as the third gender, most of whom came from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh.

Socioeconomics of Hijras 

Hijras are associated by several terms, depending on culture and linguistics. In various Indian languages, Hijras are called Napunsakudu (Telugu), Thiru Nangai (Tamil), Khwaja Sara (Urdu), Khusra (Punjabi) and Mangalamukhi (Kannada) among others. The third gender is inherent to Indian mythology.

Socio-economically, Hijras live in well-defined communities, led by a Guru or teacher. They consist of generations of the third gender who were rejected by or fled from their birth-families. Apart from sex-work, performing at auspicious social gatherings or plain extortion was how most survived. This was due to the lack of education and employment due to their low status in their society’s hierarchy. This also meant that they underwent brutal violence with little or no opportunity for justice.

 Indian law and the third gender  

When the country’s Supreme Court re-criminalized homosexuality in 2013, there was a sharp increase in violence against the third gender by the Indian Police Service, far from investigating reports of sexual assault. Later in 2014, with the support of activists and NGOs lobbying for human rights, the same highest court ruled the recognition of the third gender community, equal to the socially and economically backward class. This meant that they now had access to proportional representation in education and jobs.

Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Delhi data was reported at 570,581.000 Person in 03-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 555,602.000 Person for 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Delhi data is updated decadal, averaging 563,091.500 Person from Mar 2001 (Median) to 03-01-2011, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 570,581.000 Person in 03-01-2011 and a record low of 555,602.000 Person in 03-01-2001. Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh: Delhi data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAE005: Census: Population: by Religion: Sikh.

Census: Number of Migrants: Punjab data was reported at 13,735,616.000 Person in 03-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 9,189,438.000 Person for 03-01-2001. Census: Number of Migrants: Punjab data is updated decadal, averaging 9,189,438.000 Person from Mar 1991 (Median) to 03-01-2011, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13,735,616.000 Person in 03-01-2011 and a record low of 6,960,431.000 Person in 03-01-1991. Census: Number of Migrants: Punjab data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAG001: Census of India: Migration: Number of Migrants: by States.