Between 2014 and 2018, 16 percent of FDI into Africa originated from China. Chinese direct investment on the African continent represented the main source of FDI, whereas the United States and France held eight percent of the total FDI, respectively.

Egypt was the main recipient of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa in 2022. That year, the country attracted nearly 11.4 billion U.S. dollars of FDI, an impressive growth compared to the previous years. South Africa and Ethiopia followed, with FDI reaching a value of 9.05 billion and 3.67 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, respectively. Large part of the annual FDI inflows into the African continent comes from China.

After a peak in 2014, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa from the United States dropped to 44.81 billion U.S. dollars in 2020, but picked up again throughout the following years, reaching 56.29 in 2023. Africa receives lower FDI inflows than any other region. What is FDI? FDI is when investors from one country, in this case the United States, invest in firms that are based abroad. Often investors do this to earn higher returns due to a risk premium. They will seek markets where default risk is higher. If their investments mature, the returns are higher than they would be in a place with less risk. Effects of FDI The United States has higher FDI outflows than any other country, in large part because its economy is so large. In addition to seeking higher returns, some investors are interested in cultivating international relationships. This could be an effort to expand the consumer base, shore up supply chains, or for humanitarian or cultural reasons. For the receiving country, FDI means an increase in capital. For emerging markets, this can be critical. When the number of banks per country is low, capital access becomes difficult.

The United Kingdom received the most direct investment from the United States in 2022, an amount exceeding one trillion U.S. dollars. This measurement was based on a historical-cost basis, meaning that the original cost of investment has been adjusted for inflation.

What is foreign direct investment?

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the amount that foreign speculators invests in firms in another country. Investors from the United States have trillions of U.S. dollars in FDI invested abroad. This gives firms in those countries access to capital that they might not have otherwise enjoyed, particularly if the firms are in developing regions such as Africa. The United States is also a target country for FDI, with hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars flowing into the United States every year.

Benefits and risks

FDI generally increases the size of both economies. The host country has an inflow in capital, which should lead to a higher number of jobs and increased productivity. The investing company should benefit from the dividends of such investments. However, any investment has default risks. These risks are magnified by the regulatory uncertainty that arises from the fact that two legal systems are involved. This can lead to political pressure, particularly if trade tensions are already high.

Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa increased by 7500 ZAR Billion in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - South Africa Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Luxembourg – Table LU.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: USD: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment: Netting of reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) and reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positions. Treatment of debt FDI transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the ultimate controlling parent (extended directional principle).; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; FDI transactions and positions by partner country and/or by industry are available excluding and including resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs). The dataset 'FDI statistics by parner country and by industry - Summary' contains series including resident SPEs only. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Market value. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Market value, Nominal value.

Denmark Foreign Direct Investment Income: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Denmark Foreign Direct Investment Income: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2020 (Median) to 2022, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Denmark Foreign Direct Investment Income: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Income: USD: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment:Reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) is treated as portfolio investment. Netting of reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positions. Treatment of debt transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the ultimate controlling parent (extended directional principle).; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; FDI transactions and positions by partner country and/or by industry are available excluding and including resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs). The dataset 'FDI statistics by parner country and by industry - Summary' contains series excluding resident SPEs only. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Market value, Own funds at book value. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Market value, Nominal value.

Costa Rica Foreign Direct Investment Position: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Costa Rica Foreign Direct Investment Position: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2022, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Costa Rica Foreign Direct Investment Position: Inward: USD: Total: Africa Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Costa Rica – Table CR.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Position: USD: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment: Netting of reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) and reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positionsTreatment of debt FDI transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the ultimate controlling parent (extended directional principle).; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; Resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) do not exist or are not significant and are recorded as zero in the FDI database. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Book value. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Book value. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Book value. .

Survey of 149 Chinese manufacturing firms in four African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania) conducted in 2016 and 2017. Firms were surveyed on their investment value, employment, and on the reasons why they invested, and their linkages with local, non-Chinese firms. The survey questionnaire contains approximately 50 questions allowing analysis of the firms’ provincial origins, the role played by incentives from sending and receiving countries, backward and forward linkages, employee training, and so on.

For the past decade, Sub-Saharan Africa has been growing, yet growth is not the same as structural transformation. China's development trajectory since 1980 provides an example of how a government focused on modernization can marshal foreign capital and technology to assist in the reduction of poverty and economic transformation in manufacturing and agriculture. In Africa, China is largely seen as a competitor for local firms, primarily through imports. This competition can be devastating in some countries and some sectors, driving local firms out of business. Yet on the other hand, growing Chinese investment in African manufacturing and contract farming can also offer opportunities for joint ventures with local firms, training, and diffusion of more productive technologies. If this were to follow Asian experience, Chinese firms could be catalysts for local firms to move into manufactured exports, although they might also be footloose investors, moving on with only fleeting impact on local knowledge. In agriculture, Chinese investment might also be enclave, with little connection to local farmers - the picture presented in fears of "land grabbing" - or it might follow the pattern laid out by foreign investors in China, with out-growers, demonstration farms, and technology and skills transfers. Our earlier research suggested that Chinese firms are thinking strategically about backward linkages. For example, at least five Chinese shoe manufacturers we interviewed in 2009 had moved their shoe-making assembly lines to Nigeria, while still importing uppers and soles from China. In 2012, one company was in discussions with their Chinese supplier about moving to Nigeria to produce soles locally from Nigerian rubber. Similarly, we have identified Chinese contract farming investments and commercial agriculture projects with demonstration farms, advisers, and input supplies in places like Mali, Zimbabwe, and Malawi. This project will enable a more refined picture of the actual scope and impact of Chinese investment and the potential and experience of technology transfer in commercial agriculture and agro-industry. We will combine multiple methods: database construction, scoping studies, cluster surveys, a national survey, and eight paired, comparative case studies, following an approach tested in our earlier research on Chinese agro-industrial and commercial agriculture engagement in Ethiopia (2011-2014), and Chinese commercial agricultural investment in Zambia and Zimbabwe (2013). The scoping studies will allow us to better map existing Chinese (and other) investment in agro-industry and commercial agriculture, while the cluster surveys will provide an overview of existing linkages and opportunities for technology transfer. A further level of depth will be obtained through adding a technology-transfer module to two national surveys of manufacturers. Finally, eight in-depth, paired case studies will complement the survey research by using process-tracing to compare specific experiences of agro-industrial FDI and technology transfer in China, with Chinese and a similar non-Chinese experience in Africa. For example, we will study the institutional framework and approach that allowed the Thai firm CP Group to become China's largest foreign investor in the Chinese poultry industry, with significant technology spinoffs, and compare this with the spinoffs and technology transfer from significant Chinese and South African investors in Zambia's poultry industry (Zhongken Farm and Astral Foods). The output of the research will be a far more robust basis for analysis of the current and future possibilities for technology transfer in China's African investment, and guidelines for governments and development partners to derive maximum benefit from these opportunities.

The South African data center market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing digitalization, cloud adoption, and the expansion of 5G networks. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 21.06% from 2019 to 2024 indicates significant investor interest and a burgeoning demand for data storage and processing capabilities. This growth is concentrated in key areas like Johannesburg, a major economic hub, but is also spreading to other regions within South Africa as businesses and government institutions prioritize digital infrastructure upgrades. The market is segmented by data center size (small, medium, mega, massive), tier type (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, etc.), and absorption rate (utilized, non-utilized), reflecting the diverse needs and stages of development within the industry. Major players like Equinix, Teraco, MTN, and WIOCC are actively expanding their capacity to meet this growing demand, leading to increased competition and innovation. However, challenges remain, including power outages and limitations in the availability of skilled personnel which can influence deployment speed and investment decisions. The sustained growth of e-commerce, fintech, and government digital services initiatives will continue to fuel market expansion in the coming years, making South Africa an increasingly attractive investment destination in the African data center landscape. Looking forward, the South African data center market is projected to continue its upward trajectory, fueled by a growing number of hyperscale data centers catering to global cloud providers and the increasing adoption of cloud-based services by local businesses. The expansion into other African nations from a South African base will play a key role in this growth, leading to the development of regional data center hubs. While challenges related to infrastructure and skills gaps need to be addressed, the long-term outlook remains positive, with substantial opportunities for both established players and new entrants. The strategic location of South Africa, combined with its relatively developed infrastructure compared to other African countries, positions it as a crucial regional hub, attracting substantial foreign investment and driving further expansion of the data center ecosystem. The market is expected to see continuous development of edge data centers to facilitate low-latency applications and support the growth of IoT devices and 5G networks. Recent developments include: December 2022: With a USD 160 million data center investment in JOHANNESBURG, Equinix, Inc., a provider of digital infrastructure, wants to expand its presence on the African continent beyond its current locations in NIGERIA, GHANA, and Côte d'Ivoire. In mid-2024, the brand-new data center is anticipated to open in South Africa; JN1, a new 4.0 MW data center, will offer more than 20,000 gross square feet of colocation space and 690+ cabinets. Also, there will be two further phases of development. The fully completed 20.0 MW retail complex will offer more than 100,000 gross square feet of colocation space and 3,450+ cabinets.November 2022: A new hyperscale data center facility with a 30 MW critical power load has begun construction at Teraco's Isando Campus in Ekurhuleni, South Africa, east of Johannesburg. The JB5 plant will use the most up-to-date, ecologically friendly cooling and water management designs, and it is expected to finish by 2024.August 2022: Africa Data Centres, a subsidiary of the pan-Asian Cassava Technologies Group, a second data center was planned to be built in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 10MW to 40MW of IT load and is expected to complete by 2025.. Key drivers for this market are: Rise of E-Commerce, Flourishing Startup Culture. Potential restraints include: Slow Penetration Rate in Developing Countries. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

Techsalerator’s Business Funding Data for Africa is an extensive and insightful resource designed for businesses, investors, and financial analysts who need a deep understanding of the African funding landscape. This dataset meticulously captures and categorizes critical information about the funding activities of companies across the continent, providing valuable insights into the financial health and investment trends within various sectors.

What the Dataset Includes: Funding Rounds: Detailed records of funding rounds for companies in Africa, including the size of the round, the date it occurred, and the stages of investment (Seed, Series A, Series B, etc.).

Investment Sources: Information on the sources of investment, such as venture capital firms, private equity investors, angel investors, and corporate investors.

Financial Milestones: Key financial achievements and benchmarks reached by companies, including valuation increases, revenue milestones, and profitability metrics.

Sector-Specific Data: Insights into how different sectors are performing, with data segmented by industry verticals such as technology, healthcare, finance, and consumer goods.

Geographic Breakdown: An overview of funding trends and activities specific to each African country, allowing users to identify regional patterns and opportunities.

African Countries Included in the Dataset: Northern Africa: Algeria Bahrain Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa: Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Central Africa: Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe East Africa: Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Eswatini (Swaziland) Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Southern Africa: Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland (Eswatini) Zimbabwe

Benefits of the Dataset: Informed Decision-Making: Investors and analysts can use the data to make well-informed investment decisions by understanding funding trends and financial health across different regions and sectors. Strategic Planning: Businesses can leverage the insights to identify potential investors, benchmark against industry peers, and plan their funding strategies effectively. Market Analysis: The dataset helps in analyzing market dynamics, identifying emerging sectors, and spotting investment opportunities across Africa. Techsalerator’s Business Funding Data for Africa is a vital tool for anyone involved in the financial and investment sectors, offering a granular view of the funding landscape and enabling more strategic and data-driven decisions.

This description provides a more detailed view of what the dataset offers and highlights the relevance and benefits for various stakeholders.

Techsalerator’s Import/Export Trade Data for Africa

Techsalerator’s Import/Export Trade Data for Africa offers a thorough and detailed examination of trade activities across the African continent. This extensive dataset provides valuable insights into import and export transactions involving companies throughout Africa, covering a wide range of countries and regions.

Coverage Across All African Countries

The dataset includes comprehensive trade data for all African countries, divided into key regions:

North Africa:

Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Algeria Sudan Tunisia East Africa: 8. Burundi 9. Comoros 10. Djibouti 11. Eritrea 12. Ethiopia 13. Kenya 14. Madagascar 15. Malawi 16. Mauritius 17. Rwanda 18. Seychelles 19. Somalia 20. Tanzania 21. Uganda

West Africa: 22. Benin 23. Burkina Faso 24. Cape Verde 25. Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 26. Gambia 27. Ghana 28. Guinea 29. Guinea-Bissau 30. Liberia 31. Mali 32. Niger 33. Nigeria 34. Senegal 35. Sierra Leone 36. Togo

Central Africa: 37. Angola 38. Cameroon 39. Central African Republic 40. Chad 41. Congo, Democratic Republic of the 42. Congo, Republic of the 43. Equatorial Guinea 44. Gabon 45. São Tomé and Príncipe

Southern Africa: 46. Botswana 47. Eswatini (Swaziland) 48. Lesotho 49. Namibia 50. South Africa 51. Zimbabwe

Comprehensive Data Features

Transaction Details: The dataset includes detailed information on each trade transaction, such as product descriptions, quantities, values, and dates. This allows for precise tracking and analysis of trade patterns and flows across Africa.

Company Information: It provides specific details about the trading companies involved, including company names, locations, and industry sectors, facilitating targeted market research and competitive analysis.

Categorization: Transactions are categorized by industry sectors, product types, and trade partners, offering insights into market dynamics and sector-specific trends within different regions of Africa.

Trade Trends: Users can analyze historical data to observe trade trends, identify emerging markets, and assess the impact of economic, political, or environmental events on trade activities across the continent.

Geographical Insights: The data provides insights into regional trade flows and cross-border dynamics within Africa and with global trade partners, including major international trade relationships.

Regulatory and Compliance Data: Information on trade regulations, tariffs, and compliance requirements is included, helping businesses navigate the complex regulatory environments across various African countries.

Applications and Benefits

Market Research: Businesses can leverage the data to uncover new market opportunities, analyze competitive landscapes, and understand demand for specific products across different African countries and regions.

Strategic Planning: Companies can use insights from the data to develop effective trade strategies, optimize supply chains, and manage risks associated with international trade in Africa.

Economic Analysis: Analysts and policymakers can monitor economic performance, evaluate trade balances, and make informed decisions on trade policies and economic development initiatives.

Investment Decisions: Investors can assess trade trends and market potentials to make informed decisions about investments in Africa’s diverse and rapidly evolving economies.

Techsalerator’s Import/Export Trade Data for Africa provides a crucial resource for organizations involved in international trade, offering a detailed, reliable, and expansive view of trade activities across the African continent.

Mali is highly dependent on foreign aid from many sources, most significantly from the World Bank, African Development Bank, and USAID. As of February 2011, Mali depended on foreign aid for almost 50 percent of its government expenditures. If foreign aid had increased as expected, this figure would have reached about 60 percent by 2015. However, many sources of foreign aid were cut following the recent coup in Mali and rebel activity in northern Mali.

The United States is the leading provider of emergency humanitarian aid in Mali and the region, having allocated over USD 445.9 million in humanitarian assistance to the Sahel region in FY2012 and FY2013 to date. Of this, USD 119.3 million has been provided for drought- and conflict-affected Malians. About USD 70.4 million in bilateral foreign assistance, in addition to the emergency humanitarian aid cited above, has either continued under existing legal authorities, or has been approved to resume. The U.S. Peace Corps program and all U.S. security assistance programs have been suspended in the country. Mali’s USD 461 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact, which focused on improving agricultural development along the Niger River and constructing a new international airport in Bamako, was terminated months before its stated completion.

The main sector for foreign direct investment (FDI) is in mining, with the largest investments coming from Australia, Canada, Great Britain, India, Japan, and South Africa. France, Germany, and China have made significant investments in the manufacturing and food processing sectors. In its 2011 World Investment Report, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reported that Mali received foreign direct investment (FDI) of USD 148 million in 2010, while total FDI stock for 2010 was USD 1.2 billion. FDI inflows to West Africa decreased in 2010 to USD 11.3 million from USD 12.6 million in 2009.

Mali is a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of West African States (UEMOA) which aims to introduce a common market and free trade in goods, labor, capital and services. Mali is also a member of the larger grouping of ECOWAS—the Economic Community of West African States—which aims to promote economic integration between member states such as by eliminating trade barriers. There is no free-trade zone in Mali, however there are bonded warehouses for goods in transit and export-zone status is granted to companies if all products are to be exported, which also qualifies them for tax-free status. Mali is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), which comprises 15 francophone African countries who have agreed to harmonize their business practices and laws, guaranteeing international arbitration in disputes.

The study, first of all, tested the hypothesis of “there is a relationship between democracy and FDI” to answer the research question raised at the beginning. The research sample was selected as BRICS-TM (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Türkiye, Mexico) countries that have come to the fore in the world economy in recent years and whose strategic importance and power are expected to increase in the upcoming years. These countries were preferred because of their potential to attract FDI. FDI (LNFDI) was modeled as the dependent variable in this study. The democracy variable (DEMOC) was fictionalized as the independent variable. In addition, inflation (INF) and per capita income (PGDP) variables affecting FDI were added to the model as control variables based on the literature. First of all, the data on the indices of "political rights" and "civil liberties", which are accepted as indicators of "democracy" in the literature, were collected from the Freedom House database, and then the means of these indices were included in the analysis as values ​​for the variable of democracy. The index takes a value between 1 and 7; 1 is the best state of the level of democracy and 7 is the worst state of the level of democracy. Index values were attached to the model by scaling so that the minimum was 0 and the maximum was 100 in case of problems in analyses, calculation, and interpretation. In this study, inflation and income per capita variables were preferred in terms of both being the most preferred variables in the literature (details are given in Literature Review) and being the variables that affect foreign direct capital as the most inclusive in terms of macroeconomics.

Abstract

ICAs provide a standardized way of measuring and comparing investment climate conditions in a country; replacing a number of varying and sometimes ad hoc methodologies of the past. They are envisioned by the World Bank Group’s Private Sector Development Strategy as a systematic means to “allow i) better identification of the features of the investment climate that matter most for productivity and hence income growth, especially for poor men and women, ii) tracking of changes in the investment climate within a country, and iii) comparison of countries or Regions within countries.

Geographic coverage

The survey was carried out in 4 major metropolitan areas of South Africa: Gauteng (about 63 % of the sample), Western Cape (23%), KwaZulu-Natal (9 %), and Eastern Cape (5 %).

Analysis unit

Establishments

Universe

The universe of interest in the survey was small (10-49 employees), medium (50-99 employees) and large (100-499 employees) enterprises in South Africa.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

About 800 firms were surveyed between January and December 2004. About 75 percent (603) of the sample were in the manufacturing sector, 14 percent in the construction industry and the remaining 11 percent in wholesale and retail trade. Within these broad sectors, firms were randomly selected from lists of firms registered with the Department of Trade and Industry (i.e. only formal registered enterprises are included in the sample). Although the samples should be broadly representative of formal firms within each sector, they are not representative of the entire economy. Because of this, and because the samples for comparator countries only cover manufacturing, data from the three sectors are presented separately in the main report. The sample included firms from major metropolitan areas in Gauteng (about 63 percent of the sample), Western Cape (23 percent), KwaZulu-Natal (9 percent), and Eastern Cape (5 percent). The sample was mainly composed of small (10-49 employees), medium (50-99 employees) and large (100-499 employees) enterprises, although about 14 percent of the sample were very large (over 500 employees). There were few microenterprises (fewer than 10 employees) in the sample, especially in the manufacturing sector.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The South African PICS survey used a standard core Productivity and Investment Climate Survey (PICS) questionnaire, designed by the World Bank. The PICS core questionnaire has two sections. The main section of the questionnaire collects data on the business and the investment climate in which it functions. This section should be administered to the enterprise's manager or owner. Data is collected on:

1. Firm ownership, activities, location
2. Sales (imports, exports, supply and demand, competition)
3. Investment climate constraints
4. Infrastructure and services (power, water, transport, ict infrastructure, business services)
5. Finance (including financial services)
6. Labor relations
7. Business-government relations:
8. Legal environment:
9. Security (cost of crimes, quality of police services)
10. Business innovation, learning:

The second part of the questionnaire consists of questions on production costs, investment flows, balance sheet information and workforce statistics. This section should be administered to the accounting department/book-keeper and human resources manager.

Engineering Vehicles Market Outlook

The global engineering vehicles market size is set to experience substantial growth, with a market value of approximately $240 billion in 2023 and an anticipated value of $340 billion by 2032, accounting for a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.1%. This growth is primarily driven by increasing infrastructure development worldwide and burgeoning construction activities in both emerging and developed economies. The substantial investments in urbanization and transportation networks are propelling demand for advanced engineering vehicles, thereby boosting market growth significantly.

A major driving force behind the growth of the engineering vehicles market is the rapid urbanization occurring globally. As more people migrate to urban areas, there is an increasing demand for modern infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings, necessitating the usage of sophisticated engineering vehicles such as excavators, loaders, and bulldozers. Additionally, the expansion of the mining sector, prompted by the rising demand for minerals and resources, is a noteworthy contributor to this market's growth. The need for efficient and powerful vehicles to handle large-scale mining operations is further propelling the demand for specialized engineering vehicles.

Technological advancements also play a crucial role in the growth of the engineering vehicles market. The integration of advanced technologies like GPS and telematics in engineering vehicles is enhancing their efficiency and operational effectiveness. These technological enhancements not only improve vehicle performance but also offer better safety and reduced operational costs, making them more attractive to end-users. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on sustainability and reduction of carbon emissions has led to increased interest in electric and hybrid propulsion engineering vehicles, further diversifying the market.

Another growth factor is the supportive government policies and investments in infrastructure development across various regions. Governments worldwide are focusing on improving existing infrastructure and developing new projects to boost economic growth, which directly influences the demand for engineering vehicles. Financial incentives and subsidies for eco-friendly and technologically advanced vehicles are further encouraging the adoption of innovative engineering vehicles. This trend is expected to continue as more countries prioritize infrastructure development to enhance connectivity and economic prosperity.

The regional outlook for the engineering vehicles market indicates a significant contribution from the Asia Pacific region, primarily due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in countries like China and India. These nations are investing heavily in infrastructure projects, thereby driving the demand for engineering vehicles. Moreover, North America and Europe are also witnessing substantial market growth due to the modernization of aging infrastructure and the adoption of advanced construction technologies. Meanwhile, regions like Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up due to increasing foreign investments and development projects in these regions.

Vehicle Type Analysis

The engineering vehicles market is diversified into several vehicle types, each catering to specific industry needs. Excavators are among the most widely used engineering vehicles due to their versatility in performing various functions such as digging, material handling, and demolition. The demand for excavators is fueled by their crucial role in construction and mining activities, making them indispensable in building and infrastructure projects. The increasing need for improved infrastructure and the expansion of mining operations are expected to sustain the demand for excavators in the foreseeable future.

Loaders, another essential category within the engineering vehicles market, play a significant role in material handling and transportation on construction and mining sites. Their ability to efficiently load and transport materials makes them a vital asset in any large-scale project. The demand for loaders is anticipated to rise with the increasing number of infrastructure development projects, particularly in emerging economies where economic growth is triggering construction booms. Loaders designed with enhanced fuel efficiency and productivity features are gaining popularity among end-users, further contributing to market growth.

Bulldozers are also integral to the engineering vehicles m

As of 2020, the stock of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) on the African continent was at its highest in South Africa, at around 5.4 billion U.S. dollars. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola followed with a total stock of roughly 3.7 billion U.S. dollars and three billion U.S. dollars, respectively. That same year, China's FDI capital stock in Africa reached approximately 43.4 billion U.S. dollars.

Venture Capital Management Tool Market Outlook

The global Venture Capital Management Tool market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 3.7 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.2% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by increasing demand for streamlined venture capital operations, rising technological advancements, and the necessity for compliance and risk management.

The expansion of the venture capital management tool market is primarily propelled by the surge in venture capital investments globally. With an increasing number of startups across various sectors, the need for robust management tools that can provide comprehensive data analytics, investment tracking, and portfolio management has become imperative. Additionally, the rise of fintech and digital transformation initiatives has accelerated the adoption of these tools. These tools offer sophisticated functionalities that improve efficiency and decision-making processes for venture capital firms, private equity firms, and family offices.

Technological advancements such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are significantly contributing to the market growth. These technologies enhance the capabilities of venture capital management tools by offering predictive analytics, automated reporting, and personalized insights. AI-driven tools can analyze vast amounts of data to identify potential investment opportunities and trends, thereby reducing the manual effort required for due diligence and risk assessment. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology is also gaining traction, providing enhanced security and transparency in investment transactions.

Another crucial growth factor is the increasing regulatory compliance requirements across regions. Venture capital firms are subject to stringent regulations and compliance mandates, which necessitate the adoption of advanced management tools to ensure adherence to these norms. These tools help firms manage compliance-related tasks effectively, mitigate risks, and avoid penalties. The growing awareness about the importance of compliance and risk management is expected to further drive the demand for venture capital management tools.

Regionally, North America holds the largest market share due to the presence of a significant number of venture capital firms and technology providers. The region is also witnessing rapid advancements in fintech and digital transformation, further fueling the market growth. Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region during the forecast period, driven by the increasing number of startups and rising venture capital investments in countries like China and India. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are also anticipated to exhibit substantial growth, supported by the expanding entrepreneurial ecosystem and favorable government initiatives.

Component Analysis

The Venture Capital Management Tool market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment dominates the market, driven by the increasing demand for advanced solutions that offer comprehensive functionalities such as investment tracking, portfolio management, and data analytics. These software solutions enable venture capital firms to streamline their operations, enhance decision-making processes, and improve overall efficiency. The rising adoption of cloud-based software solutions is also contributing to the growth of this segment, as they offer flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

Within the software segment, there are various sub-categories, including portfolio management software, investment tracking software, compliance management software, and due diligence software. Portfolio management software is one of the most widely used tools, offering features such as real-time portfolio performance tracking, risk assessment, and reporting. Investment tracking software helps firms monitor their investments, track key metrics, and generate insightful reports. Compliance management software ensures that firms adhere to regulatory requirements, while due diligence software aids in the thorough evaluation of potential investment opportunities.

The services segment, although smaller compared to the software segment, plays a crucial role in the market. Services include implementation, consulting, training, and support services. Implementation services help firms seamlessly integrate venture capital management tools into their existing systems, ensuring

The Middle East and Africa Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the region's expanding e-commerce sector, increasing industrial automation adoption, and the need for efficient logistics solutions in key industries like retail, automotive, and food and beverage. A CAGR of 10.15% from 2019 to 2024 suggests a significant market expansion. Considering this growth trajectory and the ongoing investments in infrastructure development across the Middle East and Africa, we can project continued expansion. The market is segmented by product type (Fixed Aisle System, Carousel, Vertical Lift Module) and end-user industry (Airports, Automotive, Food and Beverage, General Manufacturing, Post and Parcel, Retail). The high demand for efficient warehousing and inventory management, particularly in rapidly growing urban centers, is fueling the adoption of AS/RS across various sectors. Furthermore, the increasing focus on supply chain optimization and the need to reduce operational costs are key factors driving market growth. The competitive landscape includes both international and regional players, with companies like Daifuku, Schaefer Systems, and Mecalux actively vying for market share. While specific market size figures for the Middle East and Africa are unavailable, the projected CAGR coupled with significant investments in the region's infrastructure strongly suggest a substantial and rapidly growing market. The continued expansion of e-commerce, coupled with government initiatives promoting industrial automation, will be crucial in shaping the future of this dynamic market. The challenges may include the initial high capital investment required for AS/RS implementation and the need for skilled workforce training. However, long-term cost savings and improved efficiency outweigh these challenges. The increasing adoption of advanced technologies, such as AI and IoT integration within AS/RS, will further propel market expansion. This will lead to greater system optimization, predictive maintenance, and improved overall operational efficiency. Specific growth within segments will likely vary depending on factors such as government regulations, economic development, and individual industry growth within the various countries comprising the Middle East and Africa region. However, the overall trend points towards sustained, high growth, making the Middle East and Africa AS/RS market an attractive investment opportunity. Further research into individual country-level data will provide a more precise picture of growth patterns within the region. Recent developments include: January 2020 - SI Schaefer and the solution provider of automatic picking and digital applications, BD Rowa, agreed to continue collaborating. The two companies extended the corresponding contract by five more years. The cooperation aims to provide customers in the healthcare sector an overall solution to prepare them for future processes, such as e-prescriptions or establishing Hub & Spoke models.. Key drivers for this market are: Increased Emphasis on Workplace Safety, Increasing Concerns about Labor Costs. Potential restraints include: Increased Emphasis on Workplace Safety, Increasing Concerns about Labor Costs. Notable trends are: Food and Beverages is Expected to Hold Significant Market Share.

Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: Total: Africa Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 EUR mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 EUR mn for 2021. Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: Total: Africa Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 EUR mn from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 EUR mn in 2022. Luxembourg LU: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Outward: Total: Africa Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Luxembourg – Table LU.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment: Netting of reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) and reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positions. Treatment of debt FDI transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the ultimate controlling parent (extended directional principle).; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; FDI transactions and positions by partner country and/or by industry are available excluding and including resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs). The dataset 'FDI statistics by parner country and by industry - Summary' contains series including resident SPEs only. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Market value. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Market value, Nominal value.