In June 2022, the highest level of support for the use of COVID vaccine mandates for international travel was reported among people surveyed in India at **** percent. On the other hand, the lowest level of support for the use of such a mandate was reported in South Africa at **** percent. This statistic illustrates the level of support for using COVID vaccine mandate for international travel in 2022, by country.

As of January 18, 2023, Portugal had the highest COVID-19 vaccination rate in Europe having administered 272.78 doses per 100 people in the country, while Malta had administered 258.49 doses per 100. The UK was the first country in Europe to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began inoculations on December 8, 2020, and so far have administered 224.04 doses per 100. At the latest data, Belgium had carried out 253.89 doses of vaccines per 100 population. Russia became the first country in the world to authorize a vaccine - named Sputnik V - for use in the fight against COVID-19 in August 2020. As of August 4, 2022, Russia had administered 127.3 doses per 100 people in the country.

The seven-day rate of cases across Europe shows an ongoing perspective of which countries are worst affected by the virus relative to their population. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

COVID-19 vaccination rates slowed in many countries during the second half of 2021, along with the emergence of vocal opposition, particularly to mandated vaccinations. Who are those resisting vaccination? Under what conditions do they change their minds? Our 3-wave representative panel survey from Germany allows us to estimate the dynamics of vaccine opposition, providing the following answers. Without mandates it may be difficult to reach and to sustain the near universal level of repeated vaccinations apparently required to contain the Delta, Omicron and likely subsequent variants. But mandates substantially increase opposition to vaccination. We find that few were opposed to voluntary vaccination in all three waves of the survey. They are just 3.3 percent of our panel, a number that we demonstrate is unlikely to be the result of response error. In contrast, the fraction consistently opposed to enforced vaccinations is 16.5 percent. Under both policies, those consistently opposed and those switching from opposition to supporting vaccination are socio-demographically virtually indistinguishable from other Germans. Thus, the mechanisms accounting for the dynamics of vaccine attitudes may apply generally across societal groups. What differentiates them from others are their beliefs about vaccination effectiveness, trust in public institutions, and whether they perceive enforced vaccination as a restriction on their freedom. We find that changing these beliefs is both possible and necessary to increase vaccine willingness, even in the case of mandates. An inference is that well-designed policies of persuasion and enforcement will be complementary, not alternatives.

This data set provides the data and Stata code used for the article. A detailed description of the variables is available from the corresponding publication. Please cite our paper if you use the data.

BackgroundAccording to a recent paper by Gelfand et al., COVID-19 infection and case mortality rates are closely connected to the strength of social norms: “Tighter” cultures that abide by strict social norms are more successful in combating the pandemic than “looser” cultures that are more permissive. However, countries with similar levels of cultural tightness exhibit big differences in mortality rates. We are investigating potential explanations for this fact. Using data from Germany and Japan—two “tight” countries with very different infection and mortality rates—we examined how differences in socio-demographic and other determinants explain differences in individual preventive attitudes and behaviors.MethodsWe compared preventive attitudes and behaviors in 2020 based on real-time representative survey data and used logit regression models to study how individual attitudes and behaviors are shaped by four sets of covariates: individual socio-demographics, health, personality, and regional-level controls. Employing Blinder-Oaxaca regression techniques, we quantified the extent to which differences in averages of the covariates between Japan and Germany explain the differences in the observed preventive attitudes and behaviors.ResultsIn Germany and Japan, similar proportions of the population supported mandatory vaccination, avoided travel, and avoided people with symptoms of a cold. In Germany, however, a significantly higher proportion washed their hands frequently and avoided crowds, physical contact, public transport, peak-hour shopping, and contact with the elderly. In Japan, a significantly higher proportion were willing to be vaccinated. We also show that attitudes and behaviors varied significantly more with covariates in Germany than in Japan. Differences in averages of the covariates contribute little to explaining the observed differences in preventive attitudes and behaviors between the two countries.ConclusionConsistent with tightness-looseness theory, the populations of Japan and Germany responded similarly to the pandemic. The observed differences in infection and fatality rates therefore cannot be explained by differences in behavior. The major difference in attitudes is the willingness to be vaccinated, which was much higher in Japan. Furthermore, the Japanese population behaved more uniformly across social groups than the German population. This difference in the degree of homogeneity has important implications for the effectiveness of policy measures during the pandemic.

Travel Vaccines Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global travel vaccines market size reached USD 4.2 billion in 2024, demonstrating a robust demand driven by increased international travel and heightened awareness of infectious diseases. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.1% over the forecast period, reaching approximately USD 7.8 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily attributed to rising incidences of travel-related diseases, expanding tourism sectors, and the continuous introduction of novel vaccines to address emerging pathogens. The marketÂ’s upward trajectory is further supported by proactive government initiatives and the rising importance of pre-travel health consultations.

One of the primary growth drivers for the travel vaccines market is the significant increase in global travel, both for leisure and business purposes. As international borders reopen and travel restrictions ease following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a marked surge in cross-border movement. This resurgence has heightened the risk of exposure to region-specific infectious diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and Japanese encephalitis, especially in developing nations. Consequently, travelers are more frequently seeking immunization as a preventive measure. Government agencies and health organizations are also actively promoting travel vaccines, which is further fueling market expansion. Additionally, the increasing number of travel advisories and mandatory vaccination requirements for entry into certain countries are compelling more travelers to get vaccinated, thus driving demand across all market segments.

Another pivotal factor contributing to the growth of the travel vaccines market is the advancement in vaccine development technologies. Innovations such as recombinant DNA technology, conjugate vaccines, and the use of adjuvants have significantly improved vaccine efficacy and safety profiles. These advancements have enabled pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that offer broader protection against multiple strains of pathogens, thereby increasing their adoption rates. Furthermore, the emergence of combination vaccines, which reduce the number of injections required for travelers, has improved patient compliance and convenience. The continuous research and development activities aimed at addressing new and re-emerging infectious diseases are expected to further propel market growth over the forecast period.

The growing awareness regarding travel-related health risks among the global population is also playing a crucial role in market expansion. Travelers are increasingly recognizing the importance of pre-travel health checks and vaccinations, especially when visiting regions with endemic diseases. The proliferation of digital health platforms and mobile applications providing information on recommended vaccines for specific destinations has made it easier for travelers to access and schedule vaccinations. Additionally, the role of travel health centers, clinics, and hospitals in offering comprehensive vaccination services has been instrumental in enhancing market penetration. The growing emphasis on corporate wellness programs and travel policies that mandate vaccinations for employees traveling abroad is also contributing to the rising uptake of travel vaccines.

Vaccines play a pivotal role in safeguarding travelers against a myriad of infectious diseases that they may encounter during their journeys. With the resurgence of global travel, the demand for vaccines has surged, as they are essential in preventing the spread of diseases across borders. Vaccines not only protect the individual traveler but also contribute to global public health by reducing the risk of outbreaks. The development of vaccines tailored for travel purposes has become a priority for pharmaceutical companies, ensuring that travelers have access to safe and effective immunizations. This focus on vaccine innovation is crucial in maintaining the health and safety of travelers worldwide.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe continue to dominate the travel vaccines market, driven by high outbound travel rates, established healthcare infrastructure, and proactive government policies. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a lucrative market due to increasing disposable incom

Travel Vaccine Management Software Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global travel vaccine management software market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.15 billion, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.2% projected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is expected to reach approximately USD 3.41 billion. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing need for efficient immunization tracking and compliance management for international travelers, coupled with heightened awareness about travel-related health risks and government regulations mandating vaccination documentation.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the expansion of the travel vaccine management software market is the rising complexity of global travel requirements. As international travel rebounds post-pandemic, countries are enforcing stricter vaccination mandates, not only for COVID-19 but also for other communicable diseases such as yellow fever, hepatitis, and meningitis. This has led to an increased demand for digital solutions that can streamline the process of vaccination verification, automate reminders for required doses, and ensure seamless compliance with varying international regulations. Furthermore, travel vaccine management software enables healthcare providers, travel clinics, and government agencies to efficiently manage large volumes of traveler data, reducing administrative burdens and minimizing the risk of human error.

Another critical driver is the digital transformation within the healthcare and travel sectors. The proliferation of cloud-based solutions and mobile applications has made it easier for end-users to access vaccination records, receive timely updates, and coordinate with healthcare professionals regardless of their location. This digital shift is particularly relevant for corporate travel managers and travel agencies, who are tasked with ensuring the health and safety of their employees and clients. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into these platforms further enhances their predictive capabilities, allowing for personalized vaccination schedules and risk assessments based on destination-specific data. As a result, organizations can proactively manage travel health risks, thereby fostering traveler confidence and supporting the resumption of global business and leisure travel.

In addition, the growing emphasis on public health surveillance and outbreak prevention is contributing to the adoption of travel vaccine management software. Governments and international health organizations are increasingly leveraging these platforms to monitor vaccination coverage among travelers, identify potential gaps, and respond swiftly to emerging threats. The software’s ability to facilitate data sharing and interoperability with national and international health databases enhances the efficiency of vaccination campaigns and supports real-time decision-making. This trend is particularly significant in regions with high outbound and inbound travel volumes, where timely and accurate vaccination data is critical to preventing the spread of infectious diseases across borders.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the travel vaccine management software market, driven by stringent travel regulations, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and high adoption rates of digital health technologies. Europe follows closely, benefiting from harmonized travel policies and robust public health initiatives. The Asia Pacific region is poised for the fastest growth, fueled by rising international travel, increasing government investments in digital health, and a growing middle-class population seeking global mobility. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady adoption, albeit at a slower pace, due to improving healthcare systems and expanding travel industries. Overall, the global outlook for the travel vaccine management software market remains highly positive, with significant opportunities for innovation and expansion across all major regions.

Component Analysis

The travel vaccine management software market by component is segmented into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. The software segment encompasses comprehensive platforms that facilitate vaccination tracking, appointment scheduling, compliance management, and digital record-keeping. The

Canine Coronavirus Vaccines Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global canine coronavirus vaccines market size reached USD 142 million in 2024, reflecting robust demand driven by growing pet ownership and heightened awareness of canine infectious diseases. The market is forecasted to expand at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 274 million by 2033. This growth trajectory is underpinned by increased investments in veterinary healthcare infrastructure, advancements in vaccine technology, and the rising prevalence of canine coronavirus infections globally.

One of the primary growth drivers for the canine coronavirus vaccines market is the increasing global pet population, especially in urban areas where companion animals have become integral members of households. This demographic shift has led to heightened demand for preventive veterinary care, including vaccination against infectious diseases such as canine coronavirus. Additionally, the rise in pet adoption rates, fueled by changing lifestyles and growing awareness about animal welfare, has further accelerated the uptake of veterinary vaccines. With more pet owners seeking comprehensive healthcare solutions for their animals, the demand for effective and safe canine coronavirus vaccines continues to surge across both developed and emerging markets.

Another critical factor propelling the growth of the canine coronavirus vaccines market is the ongoing advancements in vaccine development technologies. The emergence of novel vaccine platforms, such as recombinant and subunit vaccines, has significantly improved the efficacy and safety profile of available products. These innovations have enabled manufacturers to offer vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity and reduced side effects, thereby increasing their acceptance among veterinarians and pet owners alike. Furthermore, the integration of advanced adjuvants and delivery systems has streamlined vaccination protocols, making them more accessible and user-friendly in various veterinary settings. As research and development efforts intensify, the market is poised to benefit from a steady influx of next-generation vaccines targeting diverse strains of canine coronavirus.

Government initiatives and regulatory support also play a pivotal role in shaping the canine coronavirus vaccines market. Several countries have implemented stringent guidelines and vaccination mandates to curb the spread of infectious diseases among companion animals. These regulatory frameworks not only ensure the safety and efficacy of vaccines but also promote awareness campaigns aimed at educating pet owners about the importance of timely immunization. Additionally, collaborations between public health agencies, veterinary associations, and pharmaceutical companies have facilitated the widespread availability of vaccines through well-established distribution networks. Such concerted efforts are instrumental in driving market growth and safeguarding the health of canine populations worldwide.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the canine coronavirus vaccines market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This leadership is attributed to the region’s advanced veterinary infrastructure, high pet ownership rates, and proactive disease surveillance programs. Europe follows closely, supported by robust regulatory frameworks and a strong focus on animal welfare. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by rising disposable incomes, increasing pet adoption, and growing awareness about preventive veterinary care. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, bolstered by expanding veterinary service networks and government-led vaccination campaigns.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The vaccine type segment of the canine coronavirus vaccines market is characterized by a diverse range of products, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and others. Inactivated vaccines, which utilize killed virus particles to elicit an immune response, remain the most widely used type due to their established safety profile and proven efficacy. These vaccines are particularly favored in regions with stringent regulatory standards and high demand for reliable preventive solutions. The growing emphasis on minimizing adverse reactions and ensuring long-term imm

Potential factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors affecting decision of vaccinating children against COVID-19 (n = 500).

Vaccination Record Holder Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Vaccination Record Holder market size was valued at $720 million in 2024 and is projected to reach $1.14 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 5.1% during 2024–2033. The primary growth driver for this market is the increasing emphasis on immunization documentation and verification, spurred by global health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent vaccination campaigns. This heightened awareness has led to a surge in demand for reliable and durable vaccination record holders, as governments, healthcare providers, and international travel authorities require secure and accessible proof of immunization. The proliferation of international travel, school admission requirements, and workplace policies mandating vaccination records further amplify market growth, making vaccination record holders an essential accessory for both individuals and institutions worldwide.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global vaccination record holder market, accounting for approximately 35% of total revenue in 2024. This dominance is attributed to a mature healthcare infrastructure, high awareness of immunization protocols, and stringent public health policies that necessitate the maintenance of accurate vaccination records. The region benefits from advanced manufacturing capabilities and robust distribution networks, enabling the rapid introduction and widespread adoption of innovative record holder products. Moreover, frequent policy changes and digital health initiatives in the United States and Canada have accelerated the shift towards both physical and digital vaccination record holders, further consolidating North America’s leadership in this market segment.

Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest-growing region in the vaccination record holder market, projected to register a remarkable CAGR of 6.7% from 2024 to 2033. Major drivers include rising healthcare spending, expanding immunization coverage, and increasing cross-border travel within and outside the region. Countries like China, India, Japan, and Australia are witnessing substantial investments in public health infrastructure and digital health record systems, which, in turn, fuel the demand for various types of vaccination record holders. Additionally, the region’s large population base, coupled with a growing middle class, is fostering the adoption of both affordable and premium record holder products through a mix of online and offline retail channels. Strategic partnerships between local manufacturers and multinational brands are further accelerating market penetration and innovation across Asia Pacific.

Emerging economies in Latin America and Middle East & Africa are gradually increasing their share in the global vaccination record holder market, although several challenges persist. Limited healthcare budgets, uneven access to immunization services, and lower public awareness about the importance of maintaining vaccination records hinder rapid adoption. However, international health initiatives and government-led vaccination drives are beginning to change this landscape. Localized demand for cost-effective and durable record holders, particularly in rural and underserved areas, is driving market activity. Policy reforms aimed at improving healthcare documentation and the entry of affordable product lines are expected to boost growth, albeit at a slower pace compared to more developed regions.

Report Scope

History of COVID-19 in participants (n = 500).

Last-Mile Vaccine IoT Tags Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Last-Mile Vaccine IoT Tags market size was valued at $1.4 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $5.8 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 17.2% during 2024–2033. This remarkable growth is primarily driven by the increasing global demand for robust vaccine distribution networks, particularly in the wake of recent pandemics and the rising complexity of cold-chain logistics. The integration of IoT tags in last-mile vaccine delivery has become essential for real-time temperature monitoring, inventory management, and ensuring the security and authentication of critical medical shipments. The market's momentum is further supported by the convergence of advanced sensor technologies, cloud-based analytics, and regulatory mandates for traceability and compliance in pharmaceutical supply chains.

Regional Outlook

North America currently dominates the global Last-Mile Vaccine IoT Tags market, accounting for more than 35% of the total market share in 2024. The region's leadership is underpinned by its mature healthcare infrastructure, advanced adoption of IoT and digital health technologies, and stringent regulatory frameworks that demand end-to-end traceability in vaccine distribution. The presence of leading pharmaceutical companies and a robust network of logistics providers further catalyze the deployment of IoT tagging solutions. Government initiatives, such as Operation Warp Speed in the United States, have accelerated investments in cold-chain optimization and digital monitoring, ensuring the safe and efficient delivery of vaccines to remote and urban populations alike. This proactive environment has fostered rapid innovation and adoption, positioning North America as the benchmark for last-mile vaccine logistics globally.

Asia Pacific is projected to be the fastest-growing region in the Last-Mile Vaccine IoT Tags market, with an anticipated CAGR of 21.7% from 2025 to 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is fueled by expanding immunization programs, rising healthcare investments, and a surge in public-private partnerships aimed at strengthening supply chain resilience. Countries like China and India are making significant strides in digitalizing their healthcare logistics, spurred by large-scale vaccination drives and the pressing need to address rural and hard-to-reach areas. The proliferation of mobile connectivity, coupled with affordable IoT hardware solutions, has enabled rapid scaling of vaccine tracking and monitoring systems. Furthermore, regional governments are increasingly mandating compliance with global standards, which is accelerating the adoption of IoT tags among pharmaceutical manufacturers and logistics providers.

Emerging economies in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are witnessing a gradual but steady uptake of Last-Mile Vaccine IoT Tags, albeit from a lower base. Adoption in these regions is often hampered by fragmented healthcare infrastructure, limited digital literacy, and budgetary constraints. However, international aid programs, non-governmental organizations, and global health alliances are playing a pivotal role in bridging these gaps by funding pilot projects and capacity-building initiatives. Localized demand for temperature-sensitive vaccines, such as those for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, is driving incremental adoption. Policy reforms and efforts to harmonize regulatory standards with global benchmarks are expected to further boost market penetration, though challenges related to scalability and maintenance persist.

Report Scope

Attitude of participants towards vaccines (n = 500).

Cold Chain Vaccine Transport Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global cold chain vaccine transport market size reached USD 5.8 billion in 2024, reflecting the growing demand for robust and reliable vaccine distribution systems worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 8.2% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 11.1 billion by the end of 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing vaccination initiatives, the emergence of novel vaccine formulations requiring specialized temperature control, and the escalation of immunization programs across both developed and developing economies.

The surge in global vaccination campaigns, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent focus on pandemic preparedness, has significantly amplified the need for efficient cold chain logistics. Vaccines, particularly those based on mRNA and other advanced technologies, often require stringent temperature controls during storage and transit to maintain efficacy. This necessity has propelled investments in innovative cold chain solutions, such as ultra-cold freezers, temperature-monitoring devices, and advanced insulated shippers. Additionally, government mandates and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines have reinforced the adoption of standardized cold chain protocols, further fueling market expansion.

Another critical growth factor is the rising prevalence of infectious diseases and the increasing frequency of immunization drives targeting both routine and emergency vaccination. As pharmaceutical companies develop more temperature-sensitive biologics and vaccines, the demand for reliable cold chain infrastructure has intensified. The proliferation of public-private partnerships and international funding to improve immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries has also played a pivotal role in boosting the cold chain vaccine transport market. Furthermore, technological advancements such as IoT-enabled tracking, real-time temperature monitoring, and data analytics are enhancing the efficiency and reliability of vaccine distribution, minimizing spoilage and loss.

The growing emphasis on equitable vaccine access and the expansion of immunization programs in remote and underserved regions are also driving market growth. Governments and non-governmental organizations are investing heavily in strengthening last-mile delivery systems, ensuring that vaccines reach their intended recipients in optimal condition. The integration of sustainable and energy-efficient cold chain solutions is gaining momentum, addressing both environmental concerns and operational cost challenges. As a result, market participants are increasingly focusing on developing eco-friendly packaging, solar-powered refrigeration units, and reusable transport containers to meet evolving regulatory and consumer expectations.

Ultra-Cold Chain Logistics have become increasingly vital in the distribution of vaccines that require storage at extremely low temperatures, such as those based on mRNA technology. This specialized logistics solution ensures that vaccines remain effective from production to administration, despite the challenges posed by maintaining such low temperatures. The development of ultra-cold chain logistics has involved significant advancements in refrigeration technology, including the use of dry ice and liquid nitrogen, as well as innovations in packaging and transport. These systems are crucial in supporting global vaccination efforts, especially during pandemics, by ensuring that vaccines reach their destinations without compromising their efficacy. As the demand for vaccines that require ultra-cold storage continues to grow, the logistics industry is poised to invest further in enhancing these capabilities, ensuring that even the most remote and underserved regions have access to life-saving vaccines.

Regionally, North America and Europe continue to dominate the cold chain vaccine transport market due to their advanced healthcare infrastructure, high immunization rates, and stringent regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by large-scale immunization initiatives, expanding pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities, and increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Afr

Sociodemographic data of the participants (n = 500).

MLE estimates, SE, and different measures for COVID-19 vaccination.

MLE, and Bayesian estimates, SE of OLINH distribution for COVID-19 vaccination.

Minimum, first and third quarterly, median, mean and variance for COVID-19 vaccination.