As of January 18, 2023, Portugal had the highest COVID-19 vaccination rate in Europe having administered 272.78 doses per 100 people in the country, while Malta had administered 258.49 doses per 100. The UK was the first country in Europe to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began inoculations on December 8, 2020, and so far have administered 224.04 doses per 100. At the latest data, Belgium had carried out 253.89 doses of vaccines per 100 population. Russia became the first country in the world to authorize a vaccine - named Sputnik V - for use in the fight against COVID-19 in August 2020. As of August 4, 2022, Russia had administered 127.3 doses per 100 people in the country.

The seven-day rate of cases across Europe shows an ongoing perspective of which countries are worst affected by the virus relative to their population. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

The Our World in Data COVID vaccination data

To bring this pandemic to an end, a large share of the world needs to be immune to the virus. The safest way to achieve this is with a vaccine. Vaccines are a technology that humanity has often relied on in the past to bring down the death toll of infectious diseases.

Within less than 12 months after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several research teams rose to the challenge and developed vaccines that protect from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

Now the challenge is to make these vaccines available to people around the world. It will be key that people in all countries — not just in rich countries — receive the required protection. To track this effort we at Our World in Data are building the international COVID-19 vaccination dataset that we make available on this page.

Context

Covid-19 Data collected from various sources on the internet. This dataset has daily level information on the number of affected cases, deaths, and recovery from the 2019 novel coronavirus. Please note that this is time-series data and so the number of cases on any given day is the cumulative number.

Content

The dataset includes 28 files scrapped from various data sources mainly the John Hopkins GitHub repository, the ministry of health affairs India, worldometer, and Our World in Data website. The details of the files are as follows

• countries-aggregated.csv A simple and cleaned data with 5 columns with self-explanatory names. -covid-19-daily-tests-vs-daily-new-confirmed-cases-per-million.csv A time-series data of daily test conducted v/s daily new confirmed case per million. Entity column represents Country name while code represents ISO code of the country. -covid-contact-tracing.csv Data depicting government policies adopted in case of contact tracing. 0 -> No tracing, 1-> limited tracing, 2-> Comprehensive tracing. -covid-stringency-index.csv The nine metrics used to calculate the Stringency Index are school closures; workplace closures; cancellation of public events; restrictions on public gatherings; closures of public transport; stay-at-home requirements; public information campaigns; restrictions on internal movements; and international travel controls. The index on any given day is calculated as the mean score of the nine metrics, each taking a value between 0 and 100. A higher score indicates a stricter response (i.e. 100 = strictest response). -covid-vaccination-doses-per-capita.csv A total number of vaccination doses administered per 100 people in the total population. This is counted as a single dose, and may not equal the total number of people vaccinated, depending on the specific dose regime (e.g. people receive multiple doses). -covid-vaccine-willingness-and-people-vaccinated-by-country.csv Survey who have not received a COVID vaccine and who are willing vs. unwilling vs. uncertain if they would get a vaccine this week if it was available to them. -covid_india.csv India specific data containing the total number of active cases, recovered and deaths statewide. -cumulative-deaths-and-cases-covid-19.csv A cumulative data containing death and daily confirmed cases in the world. -current-covid-patients-hospital.csv Time series data containing a count of covid patients hospitalized in a country -daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day.csv Daily test conducted per 1000 people in a running week average. -face-covering-policies-covid.csv Countries are grouped into five categories: 1->No policy 2->Recommended 3->Required in some specified shared/public spaces outside the home with other people present, or some situations when social distancing not possible 4->Required in all shared/public spaces outside the home with other people present or all situations when social distancing not possible 5->Required outside the home at all times regardless of location or presence of other people -full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand-map.csv Full list of total tests conducted per 1000 people. -income-support-covid.csv Income support captures if the government is covering the salaries or providing direct cash payments, universal basic income, or similar, of people who lose their jobs or cannot work. 0->No income support, 1->covers less than 50% of lost salary, 2-> covers more than 50% of the lost salary. -internal-movement-covid.csv Showing government policies in restricting internal movements. Ranges from 0 to 2 where 2 represents the strictest. -international-travel-covid.csv Showing government policies in restricting international movements. Ranges from 0 to 2 where 2 represents the strictest. -people-fully-vaccinated-covid.csv Contains the count of fully vaccinated people in different countries. -people-vaccinated-covid.csv Contains the total count of vaccinated people in different countries. -positive-rate-daily-smoothed.csv Contains the positivity rate of various countries in a week running average. -public-gathering-rules-covid.csv Restrictions are given based on the size of public gatherings as follows: 0->No restrictions 1 ->Restrictions on very large gatherings (the limit is above 1000 people) 2 -> gatherings between 100-1000 people 3 -> gatherings between 10-100 people 4 -> gatherings of less than 10 people -school-closures-covid.csv School closure during Covid. -share-people-fully-vaccinated-covid.csv Share of people that are fully vaccinated. -stay-at-home-covid.csv Countries are grouped into four categories: 0->No measures 1->Recommended not to leave the house 2->Required to not leave the house with exceptions for daily exercise, grocery shopping, and ‘essent...

BackgroundAccording to a recent paper by Gelfand et al., COVID-19 infection and case mortality rates are closely connected to the strength of social norms: “Tighter” cultures that abide by strict social norms are more successful in combating the pandemic than “looser” cultures that are more permissive. However, countries with similar levels of cultural tightness exhibit big differences in mortality rates. We are investigating potential explanations for this fact. Using data from Germany and Japan—two “tight” countries with very different infection and mortality rates—we examined how differences in socio-demographic and other determinants explain differences in individual preventive attitudes and behaviors.MethodsWe compared preventive attitudes and behaviors in 2020 based on real-time representative survey data and used logit regression models to study how individual attitudes and behaviors are shaped by four sets of covariates: individual socio-demographics, health, personality, and regional-level controls. Employing Blinder-Oaxaca regression techniques, we quantified the extent to which differences in averages of the covariates between Japan and Germany explain the differences in the observed preventive attitudes and behaviors.ResultsIn Germany and Japan, similar proportions of the population supported mandatory vaccination, avoided travel, and avoided people with symptoms of a cold. In Germany, however, a significantly higher proportion washed their hands frequently and avoided crowds, physical contact, public transport, peak-hour shopping, and contact with the elderly. In Japan, a significantly higher proportion were willing to be vaccinated. We also show that attitudes and behaviors varied significantly more with covariates in Germany than in Japan. Differences in averages of the covariates contribute little to explaining the observed differences in preventive attitudes and behaviors between the two countries.ConclusionConsistent with tightness-looseness theory, the populations of Japan and Germany responded similarly to the pandemic. The observed differences in infection and fatality rates therefore cannot be explained by differences in behavior. The major difference in attitudes is the willingness to be vaccinated, which was much higher in Japan. Furthermore, the Japanese population behaved more uniformly across social groups than the German population. This difference in the degree of homogeneity has important implications for the effectiveness of policy measures during the pandemic.

Regarding all Vaccination Data The date of Last Update is 4/21/2023. Additionally on 4/27/2023 several COVID-19 datasets were retired and no longer included in public COVID-19 data dissemination. See this link for more information https://imap.maryland.gov/pages/covid-data Summary The cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccinations percent age group population: 16-17; 18-49; 50-64; 65 Plus. Description COVID-19 - Vaccination Percent Age Group Population data layer is a collection of COVID-19 vaccinations that have been reported each day into ImmuNet. COVID-19 is a disease caused by a respiratory virus first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is a new virus that hasn't caused illness in humans before. Worldwide, COVID-19 has resulted in thousands of infections, causing illness and in some cases death. Cases have spread to countries throughout the world, with more cases reported daily. The Maryland Department of Health reports daily on COVID-19 cases by county. Terms of Use The Spatial Data, and the information therein, (collectively the Data) is provided as is without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or statutory. The user assumes the entire risk as to quality and performance of the Data. No guarantee of accuracy is granted, nor is any responsibility for reliance thereon assumed. In no event shall the State of Maryland be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or special damages of any kind. The State of Maryland does not accept liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by inaccuracies in the Data or as a result to changes to the Data, nor is there responsibility assumed to maintain the Data in any manner or form. The Data can be freely distributed as long as the metadata entry is not modified or deleted. Any data derived from the Data must acknowledge the State of Maryland in the metadata. This map is for planning purposes only. MEMA does not guarantee the accuracy of any forecast or predictive elements.

COVID-19 vaccination rates slowed in many countries during the second half of 2021, along with the emergence of vocal opposition, particularly to mandated vaccinations. Who are those resisting vaccination? Under what conditions do they change their minds? Our 3-wave representative panel survey from Germany allows us to estimate the dynamics of vaccine opposition, providing the following answers. Without mandates it may be difficult to reach and to sustain the near universal level of repeated vaccinations apparently required to contain the Delta, Omicron and likely subsequent variants. But mandates substantially increase opposition to vaccination. We find that few were opposed to voluntary vaccination in all three waves of the survey. They are just 3.3 percent of our panel, a number that we demonstrate is unlikely to be the result of response error. In contrast, the fraction consistently opposed to enforced vaccinations is 16.5 percent. Under both policies, those consistently opposed and those switching from opposition to supporting vaccination are socio-demographically virtually indistinguishable from other Germans. Thus, the mechanisms accounting for the dynamics of vaccine attitudes may apply generally across societal groups. What differentiates them from others are their beliefs about vaccination effectiveness, trust in public institutions, and whether they perceive enforced vaccination as a restriction on their freedom. We find that changing these beliefs is both possible and necessary to increase vaccine willingness, even in the case of mandates. An inference is that well-designed policies of persuasion and enforcement will be complementary, not alternatives.

This data set provides the data and Stata code used for the article. A detailed description of the variables is available from the corresponding publication. Please cite our paper if you use the data.

Adult and Pediatric Vaccines Market Outlook

The global market size for adult and pediatric vaccines was valued at approximately $45 billion in 2023, and it is expected to grow significantly, reaching around $75 billion by 2032 with a CAGR of 6.2%. This substantial growth can be attributed to several key factors, including advancements in biotechnology, increased awareness about the importance of vaccinations, and ongoing efforts by governments and international organizations to improve immunization rates worldwide.

A primary growth factor in the adult and pediatric vaccines market is the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases. The rise of new pathogens, including the emergence of zoonotic diseases and the resurgence of previously controlled diseases, has necessitated a robust and dynamic approach to vaccination. Vaccines are crucial in preventing outbreaks and controlling the spread of infections, making them indispensable in public health strategies. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for rapid vaccine development and deployment, significantly influencing the marketÂ’s trajectory.

Another significant growth driver is advancements in vaccine technology. Innovations such as mRNA vaccines, which have gained prominence due to their role in the COVID-19 pandemic, are paving the way for more efficient and faster vaccine development processes. These technological advancements are not only improving the efficacy and safety profiles of vaccines but also enabling the development of vaccines for a broader range of diseases. Furthermore, developments in cold chain logistics and vaccine delivery systems are enhancing the accessibility and distribution of vaccines, particularly in remote and underserved regions.

The growing awareness and advocacy for vaccination programs are also crucial contributors to market growth. Governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and healthcare institutions are investing heavily in campaigns to educate the public about the benefits of vaccinations. These efforts are leading to higher immunization rates across various age groups, thereby reducing the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Moreover, the implementation of mandatory vaccination policies in many countries is further bolstering market demand.

The role of Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine initiatives cannot be overstated in the context of global health security. These vaccines are essential tools in the fight against infectious diseases, providing a proactive approach to disease management and prevention. By immunizing populations, these vaccines help reduce the incidence and spread of diseases, ultimately saving lives and reducing healthcare costs. The efforts of organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in promoting vaccine uptake and ensuring equitable access to vaccines are crucial in achieving high immunization coverage. These initiatives also support the development of new vaccines and the improvement of existing ones, ensuring that they are safe, effective, and accessible to all.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the adult and pediatric vaccines market, driven by high healthcare expenditure, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and significant government funding for vaccine research and development. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, propelled by increasing healthcare investments, improving immunization coverage, and a rising population base. Europe also holds a substantial share of the market due to strong government initiatives and a well-established healthcare system.

Vaccine Type Analysis

Live-attenuated vaccines are a critical segment of the adult and pediatric vaccines market. These vaccines use a weakened form of the virus or bacteria to elicit a strong and long-lasting immune response. They are particularly effective and have been used to combat diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox. The efficacy of live-attenuated vaccines often requires fewer doses, making them cost-effective in large-scale immunization programs. However, they require stringent cold chain maintenance to remain effective, posing logistical challenges in regions with limited infrastructure.

Inactivated vaccines represent another significant segment. Unlike live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines use viruses or bacteria t

Vaccine administration in Germany fluctuated noticeably during the period displayed in this statistic. Peaking in 2007 at **** million DDD (defined daily dose), figures dropped annually afterwards, increasing again from 2015 onwards. Germany offers various vaccinations for its citizens, and while not all of these are mandatory, many are strongly recommended. Inoculations usually start during babyhood at regular intervals explained by the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), which is a part of the Robert Koch Institute. German vaccine market The WHO notes that vaccines are defined as pharmaceutical products in the legal sense, but they are also subject to additional regulation and control. These procedures are established both at the international and national level. Germany is among the leading five pharmaceutical markets in the world, following the U.S., China, and Japan. In 2019, vaccines generated over *** million euros worth of revenue on the German pharmaceutical market. New ones get approved regularly, as is the case with the recent development of vaccines against the coronavirus (COVID-19). Currently, Germany is vaccinating its population with the following vaccines approved by the EMA (European Medicines Agency): BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson & Johnson. Public opinion Opinions differ among the German population as to how effective vaccines are in preventing infectious diseases. Over half of respondents to a survey on the topic absolutely agreed, while a small percentage did not. Overall, in terms of vaccine knowledge in Europe, the majority of residents were sure that vaccines are subject to rigorous testing before being used. However, ** percent also thought that vaccines weakened and overloaded the immune system instead of protecting it. Support for compulsory vaccinations was generally high in European countries.

Background: By February 2021, the overall impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South and Southeast Asia was relatively mild. Surprisingly, in early April 2021, the second wave significantly impacted the population and garnered widespread international attention.Methods: This study focused on the nine countries with the highest cumulative deaths from the disease as of August 17, 2021. We look at COVID-19 transmission dynamics in South and Southeast Asia using the reported death data, which fits a mathematical model with a time-varying transmission rate.Results: We estimated the transmission rate, infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR), and the effects of vaccination in the nine countries in South and Southeast Asia. Our study suggested that the IAR is still low in most countries, and increased vaccination is required to prevent future waves.Conclusion: Implementing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) could have helped South and Southeast Asia keep COVID-19 under control in 2020, as demonstrated in our estimated low-transmission rate. We believe that the emergence of the new Delta variant, social unrest, and migrant workers could have triggered the second wave of COVID-19.

Einstellungen zur Impfung gegen Covid-19. Themen: präferierter Impfzeitpunkt; Wichtigkeit der folgenden Gründe im Hinblick auf die Entscheidung, sich impfen zu lassen: Impfstoff wird bei der Beendigung der Pandemie helfen, Impfstoff wird den/die Befragte/n vor Covid-19 schützen, Impfstoff wird Verwandte und andere vor COVID-19 schützen, Impfstoff wird wieder ein normaleres Berufsleben ermöglichen, Impfstoff wird das Reisen ermöglichen, Impfstoff wird Treffen mit Familie und Freunden ermöglichen, Impfstoff wird Restaurantbesuche und andere Aktivitäten wieder ermöglichen; Wichtigkeit der folgenden Gründe im Hinblick auf die Entscheidung, sich nicht impfen zu lassen: Pandemie wird bald vorbei sein, persönliches Infektionsrisiko ist sehr gering, Risiko durch COVID-19 ist allgemein übertrieben, Sorgen über die Nebenwirkungen von COVID-19-Impfstoffen, Impfstoffe sind noch nicht ausreichend getestet, Impfstoffe sind unwirksam, generelle Ablehnung von Impfungen; Faktoren, die die persönliche Impfbereitschaft erhöhen würden: mehr geimpfte Menschen im Umfeld, viele erfolgreich geimpfte Menschen ohne gravierende Nebenwirkungen, Menschen, die die Impfung empfehlen, sind selbst geimpft, Empfehlung des eigenen Arztes, Entwicklung der Impfstoffe in der Europäischen Union, vollständige Klarheit über Entwicklung, Testung und Zulassung der Impfstoffe, starker Wunsch nach einer Impfung bzw. Befragte/r ist bereits geimpft, keine Impfung geplant; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen zu den Impfstoffen: Vorteile überwiegen mögliche Risiken, in der EU zugelassene Impfstoffe sind sicher, zu schnelle Entwicklung, Testung und Zulassung der Impfstoffe, um sicher zu sein, noch unbekannte potentielle Langzeit-Nebenwirkungen, Impfung ist die einzige Möglichkeit zur Beendigung der Pandemie, kein Verständnis für Impfgegner, Ausrottung ernsthafter Krankheiten durch Impfung; Einstellung zu den folgenden Aussagen: Ansteckung kann auch ohne Impfung vermieden werden, mangelnde Transparenz öffentlicher Behörden in Bezug auf die Corona-Impfstoffe, Impfung gegen COVID-19 ist Bürgerpflicht, Impfung sollte verpflichtend sein, Europäische Union spielt wesentliche Rolle bei der Versorgung des eigenen Landes mit Impfstoff; vertrauenswürdigste Institutionen oder Personen im Hinblick auf die Bereitstellung von Informationen über Corona-Impfstoffe; Interesse an zusätzlichen Informationen über die folgenden Aspekte: Entwicklung, Testung und Zulassung von COVID-19-Impfstoffen, Sicherheit von COVID-19- Impfstoffen, Effektivität von COVID-19-Impfstoffen; Zufriedenheit mit der Handhabung der Impfstrategie durch: nationale Regierung, EU; Anwendbarkeit der folgenden Aussagen: Befragter kennt Menschen mit positivem Corona-Testergebnis, Befragter kennt Menschen mit Corona-Erkrankung, Befragter hatte positives Corona-Testergebnis, Befragter Corona-Erkrankung, Befragter fürchtet Ansteckung in der Zukunft; Impfung des Befragten als: Kind, Erwachsener; Einstellung zu Impfstoffen im allgemeinen: sind sicher, sind wirksam. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Nationalität; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Urbanisierungsgrad; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße; Region. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Land; für das Interview genutztes Gerät; Nationengruppe; Gewichtungsfaktor. Attitudes on vaccination against Covid-19. Topics: preferred time for getting vaccinated; importance of each of the following issues with regard to getting vaccinated: vaccine will help to end the pandemic, vaccine will protect respondent from getting Covid-19, vaccine will protect relatives and others from getting Covid-19, vaccine will make it possible to resume a more normal professional life, vaccine will make it possible to travel, vaccine will make it possible to meet family and friends, vaccine will make it possible to go to restaurants, cinemas etc.; importance of each of the following issues with regard to not getting vaccinated: pandemic will be over soon, personal risk of being infected is very low, risk posed by Covid-19 in general is exaggerated, worries about side effects of Covid-19 vaccines, vaccines have not been sufficiently tested yet, vaccines are ineffective, against vaccines in general; factors to increase personal willingness of getting vaccinated: more people around doing it, more people have already been vaccinated and we see that there are no major side-effects, people that recommend the vaccines are vaccinated themselves, doctor recommends respondent to do so, vaccines are developed in the European Union, full clarity on how vaccines are being developed, tested and authorized, respondent is very eager to get vaccinated or is already vaccinated, won’t get vaccinated anyway; attitude towards the following statements on the vaccines: benefits outweigh possible risks, vaccines authorised in the European Union are safe, vaccines are being developed, tested and authorised too quickly to be safe, vaccines could have long term side-effects that we do not know yet, a vaccine is the only way to end the pandemic, no understanding why people are reluctant to get vaccinated, serious diseases have disappeared thanks to vaccines; attitude towards the following statements: one can avoid being infected without being vaccinated, public authorities are not sufficiently transparent about COVID-19 vaccines, getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is a civic duty, vaccination should be compulsory, European Union is playing a key role in ensuring access to COVID-19 vaccines in the own country; most trustworthy institutions or persons regarding the provision of information about COVID-19 vaccines; interest in additional information about the following aspects: development, testing, and authorization of COVID-19 vaccines, safety of COVID-19 vaccines, effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines; satisfaction with the handling of the vaccination strategy by: national government, EU; applicability of the following statements: respondent knows people who have tested positive to COVID-19, respondent knows people who have been ill because of COVID-19, respondent has tested positive to COVID-19, respondent has been ill because of COVID-19, respondent fears to be infected in the future; vaccination of respondent: as a child, as an adult; attitude towards vaccines in general: are safe, are effective. Demography: age; sex; nationality; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; type of community; household composition and household size; region. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; device used for interview; nation group; weighting factor.

In France, 53.8 million people have received the two doses required for complete vaccination against COVID-19 as of July 2023. France launched its vaccination campaign against the coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) on December 27, 2020. Since then, the number of people who received at least one dose of vaccine amounted to some 54.7 million, according to the French national health agency figures. In addition, 41 million people received a booster shot (a third vaccine dose) in France. The recent evolution of COVID-19 in France As of December 2023, France's cumulative number of COVID-19 infections reached 39 million. France registered over 20,000 cases of COVID-19 within a week (between April 26 and May 3). As of December 2023, France's COVID-19 death toll stood at 168,000 deaths. The hospital situation in France As of May 2022, the country registered around 12,700 hospital patients due to COVID-19. At the same time, just over 700 ICU patients were in French intensive care units due to the coronavirus. According to the geographical distribution of patients, Parisian ICUs treated the highest number of patients.

Background: Routine childhood immunization is the most cost-effective method to prevent infection and decrease childhood morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected access to health care in Saudi Arabia, including mandatory vaccinations for young children. We aimed to assess the prevalence of intentionally delayed vaccinations in children aged ≤ 2 years during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew in Saudi Arabia, its relation to the caregivers' fear of infection, and identifying factors affecting the caregivers' decision.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered survey that targeted primary caregivers of children aged ≤ 2 years residing in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew (March 4–July 6, 2020).Results: We received responses from 577 caregivers, of whom 90.8% were mothers. The prevalence of intentional vaccination delay was 37%. Upon adjusting the potential confounders, the odds of delaying scheduled childhood vaccination because of COVID-19 pandemic fears were greater among caregivers with higher levels of fear (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.11). Common reasons for delaying vaccinations were COVID-19 infection and prevention of exposure to COVID-19 cases.Conclusion: Intentional vaccination delay leaves young children vulnerable to preventable infectious diseases. Identifying these children and offering catch-up vaccinations reduces this risk. Campaigns to increase awareness about the dangers of delaying vaccine-preventable diseases must be promoted to caregivers in addition to the promotion of home vaccination services. In preparation for future pandemics, we recommend countries consider interventions to control the level of fear and anxiety provoked by the pandemics and media, and interventions for improved access to vaccinations.

Summary The cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccinations percent age group population: 16-17; 18-49; 50-64; 65 Plus.

Description COVID-19 - Vaccination Percent Age Group Population data layer is a collection of COVID-19 vaccinations that have been reported each day into ImmuNet.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a respiratory virus first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is a new virus that hasn't caused illness in humans before. Worldwide, COVID-19 has resulted in thousands of infections, causing illness and in some cases death. Cases have spread to countries throughout the world, with more cases reported daily. The Maryland Department of Health reports daily on COVID-19 cases by county.

Terms of Use The Spatial Data, and the information therein, (collectively the Data) is provided as is without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or statutory. The user assumes the entire risk as to quality and performance of the Data. No guarantee of accuracy is granted, nor is any responsibility for reliance thereon assumed. In no event shall the State of Maryland be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or special damages of any kind. The State of Maryland does not accept liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by inaccuracies in the Data or as a result to changes to the Data, nor is there responsibility assumed to maintain the Data in any manner or form. The Data can be freely distributed as long as the metadata entry is not modified or deleted. Any data derived from the Data must acknowledge the State of Maryland in the metadata. This map is for planning purposes only. MEMA does not guarantee the accuracy of any forecast or predictive elements.

IntroductionCorrectional facilities are high-priority settings for coordinated public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. These facilities are at high risk of disease transmission due to close contacts between people in prison and with the wider community. People in prison are also vulnerable to severe disease given their high burden of co-morbidities.MethodsWe developed a mathematical model to evaluate the effect of various public health interventions, including vaccination, on the mitigation of COVID-19 outbreaks, applying it to prisons in Australia and Canada.ResultsWe found that, in the absence of any intervention, an outbreak would occur and infect almost 100% of people in prison within 20 days of the index case. However, the rapid rollout of vaccines with other non-pharmaceutical interventions would almost eliminate the risk of an outbreak.DiscussionOur study highlights that high vaccination coverage is required for variants with high transmission probability to completely mitigate the outbreak risk in prisons.

Covid-19 Vaccine Logistics Market Outlook

The global Covid-19 Vaccine Logistics market size was valued at approximately USD 12.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 18.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period. The growth of the market is primarily driven by the urgent global need for effective and efficient distribution of Covid-19 vaccines, along with the continuous advancements in logistics technology and infrastructure.

One of the primary growth factors driving the Covid-19 Vaccine Logistics market is the unprecedented global demand for Covid-19 vaccines. The pandemic has highlighted the critical need for rapid and reliable vaccine distribution to curb the spread of the virus and achieve herd immunity. Governments and healthcare organizations are investing heavily in logistics to ensure that vaccines are delivered safely and efficiently to all corners of the world. Additionally, the development of multiple vaccine types, each with specific storage and handling requirements, has further fueled the need for specialized logistics services.

Another significant factor contributing to the market's growth is the technological advancements in the logistics sector. Innovations such as temperature-controlled packaging, real-time tracking systems, and advanced cold chain solutions have revolutionized the way vaccines are transported and stored. These technologies ensure that vaccines remain effective throughout the distribution process, reducing the risk of spoilage and wastage. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and blockchain technology in vaccine logistics has also improved transparency and traceability, enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of the supply chain.

The increasing collaboration between public and private sectors is also a key driver of market growth. Governments, pharmaceutical companies, and logistics providers are working together to develop robust distribution networks and overcome logistical challenges. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have facilitated the sharing of resources, expertise, and infrastructure, leading to more effective vaccine distribution strategies. Additionally, financial support from international organizations and initiatives such as COVAX has played a crucial role in ensuring equitable access to vaccines, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe have been at the forefront of Covid-19 vaccine logistics due to their advanced healthcare infrastructure and strong logistics capabilities. However, significant growth opportunities exist in the Asia Pacific and Latin America regions, driven by the large population base and increasing government initiatives to improve healthcare access. The Middle East & Africa region also presents potential growth opportunities, albeit at a slower pace, due to ongoing efforts to enhance their logistics networks and healthcare infrastructure.

Service Type Analysis

In the Covid-19 Vaccine Logistics market, the service types are categorized into transportation, warehousing, packaging, and others. Each of these services plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely and safe delivery of vaccines.

Transportation services are the backbone of vaccine logistics, involving the movement of vaccines from manufacturing facilities to distribution centers and, ultimately, to vaccination sites. This segment is critical due to the need for specialized vehicles equipped with temperature-controlled systems to maintain the integrity of vaccines. Air transport has been particularly significant for long-distance and international shipments, offering speed and reliability. Road transport, on the other hand, is essential for last-mile delivery, ensuring vaccines reach even the most remote areas.

Warehousing services are another vital component of vaccine logistics. Proper storage facilities are necessary to maintain the required temperature conditions for vaccines. Cold storage warehouses equipped with advanced refrigeration systems ensure that vaccines remain effective until they are dispatched for distribution. The demand for warehousing services has surged, leading to investments in expanding existing facilities and constructing new ones to handle the increased volume of vaccines.

Packaging services in vaccine logistics involve the use of specialized materials and techniques to protect vaccines during transit. Temperature-sensitive packaging solutions, such as insulated contai

IntroductionEvidence is being consolidated that shows that the utilization of antenatal and immunization services has declined in low-income countries (LICs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Very little is known about the effects of the pandemic on antenatal and immunization service utilization in The Gambia. We set out to explore the COVID-19-related factors affecting the utilization of antenatal and immunization services in two Local Government Areas (LGAs) in The Gambia.MethodsA qualitative methodology was used to explore patients’ and providers’ experiences of antenatal and immunization services during the pandemic in two LGAs in The Gambia. Thirty-one study participants were recruited from four health facilities, applying a theory-driven sampling framework, including health workers as well as female patients. Qualitative evidence was collected through theory-driven semi-structured interviews, and was recorded, translated into English, transcribed, and analysed thematically, applying a social-ecological framework.ResultsIn our interviews, we identified themes at five different levels: individual, interpersonal, community, institutional and policy factors. Individual factors revolved around patients’ fear of being infected in the facilities, and of being quarantined, and their anxiety about passing on infections to family members. Interpersonal factors involved the reluctance of partners and family members, as well as perceived negligence and disrespect by health workers. Community factors included misinformation within the community and mistrust of vaccines. Institutional factors included the shortage of health workers, closures of health facilities, and the lack of personal protective equipment (PPEs) and essential medicines. Finally, policy factors revolved around the consequences of COVID-19 prevention measures, particularly the shortage of transport options and mandatory wearing of face masks.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that patients’ fears of contagion, perceptions of poor treatment in the health system, and a general anxiety around the imposing of prevention measures, undermined the uptake of services. In future emergencies, the government in The Gambia, and governments in other LICs, will need to consider the unintended consequences of epidemic control measures on the uptake of antenatal and immunization services.

The file contains 9,921 tweets labelled with the concerns towards vaccines. There are 3 columns in the file: - ID of the tweet in a string format, appended with a "t" (to make it easier to work with on spreadsheet softwares). - The tweet text - The different labels (vaccine concerns) expressed in the tweet, seperated by spaces.

List of the 12 different vaccine concerns in the dataset: - [unnecessary]: The tweet indicates vaccines are unnecessary, or that alternate cures are better. - [mandatory]: Against mandatory vaccination — The tweet suggests that vaccines should not be made mandatory. - [pharma]: Against Big Pharma — The tweet indicates that the Big Pharmaceutical companies are just trying to earn money, or the tweet is against such companies in general because of their history. - [conspiracy]: Deeper Conspiracy — The tweet suggests some deeper conspiracy, and not just that the Big Pharma want to make money (e.g., vaccines are being used to track people, COVID is a hoax) - [political]: Political side of vaccines — The tweet expresses concerns that the governments / politicians are pushing their own agenda though the vaccines. - [country]: Country of origin — The tweet is against some vaccine because of the country where it was developed / manufactured - [rushed]: Untested / Rushed Process — The tweet expresses concerns that the vaccines have not been tested properly or that the published data is not accurate. - [ingredients]: Vaccine Ingredients / technology — The tweet expresses concerns about the ingredients present in the vaccines (eg. fetal cells, chemicals) or the technology used (e.g., mRNA vaccines can change your DNA) - [side-effect]: Side Effects / Deaths — The tweet expresses concerns about the side effects of the vaccines, including deaths caused. - [ineffective]: Vaccine is ineffective — The tweet expresses concerns that the vaccines are not effective enough and are useless. - [religious]: Religious Reasons — The tweet is against vaccines because of religious reasons - [none]: No specific reason stated in the tweet, or some reason other than the given ones.

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine market size was USD 8.90 Billion in 2022 and it is forecasted to reach USD 11.27 Billion. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 3.2% from 2023 to 2030. Factor Driving the Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

The increasing partnership of manufacturers is driving the Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

The rising partnership between the manufacturers and numerous governments countries is projected to drive the growth of the Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market. The manufacturers are investing in new projects, and focusing on diseases not having vaccines for different age groups, for the people affected in the underdeveloped or developing countries. This helps the companies like GlaxoSmithKline plc., to sustain their position in the vaccine business in the forecast period. For instance, the data by UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) over 80% of the countries eligible to access PCV using the Advance market commitment (AMC) have introduced the vaccine into their national immunization programs.

In addition, the increasing prevalence of pneumonia globally is one of the major aspects driving the Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market growth. The demand rising for medications for the treatment of illnesses related to diseases like breathing issues, and the economic help of the researchers for the advancements in novel interventions or treatments related to the market growth. The increasing awareness of novel pneumococcal vaccines and rising investments of government and rising awareness of healthcare for the successful treatment of the disease fuel the market growth.

Restraining Factors of Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

The increasing cost of vaccines is hampering the Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

The increasing cost of numerous pneumococcal vaccines, particularly PCV13 is the source of various investing agencies and the players in the public and private sector is hampering the market growth. In 2013-2014, the US government purchased the PCV13 vaccine from Pfizer for around US$ 284.5 for a single child's inoculation. Furthermore, in other countries such as India, PCV13 and PCV10 are priced in the private market at roughly US$ 59/dose and US$ 28/dose, respectively, with three doses required for full vaccination (as reported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), a humanitarian organization). Pfizer's Prevenar13 pneumococcal vaccination received a patent extension from the Indian Patent Office in August 2017.

Impact of COVID-19 on Global Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, the virus has spread all over the globe and WHO declared the world health emergency in January 2020. According to the most recent set of full worldwide kid immunization records, which are the first official figures to incorporate global service disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of countries reported a fall in childhood vaccination rates in 2020. Additionally, according to a Public Health England report published in the first wave of COVID-19 PHE conducted an online survey to find out the parent’s experience with the routine vaccinations of children. Introduction of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Market

Pneumococcal is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumococcal which causes many types of illness, this disease leads to dangerous infections. Pneumococcal diseases are caused by the spread of direct contact with mucus or saliva and airborne droplets. People of any age and having specific medical problems are at high risk to get affected by types of pneumococcal diseases. Some of the diseases are considered invasive, Invasive pneumococcal diseases are a group of illnesses caused by pneumococcus bacteria. Pneumococcal pneumonia can be also caused by at least being at a 65-year age or a person is affected by chronic diseases. Risk factors of pneumococcal pneumonia are Diabetes, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Suppressed immune system, Smoking, and Alcoholism. The Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23) protects against 23 types of bacteria that cause bacterial pneumococcal disease. The us...

Abstract

In the West Africa Economic Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries, COVID-19 is expected to affect households in many ways. First, governments might reduce social transfers to households due to the decline in revenue arising from the potential COVID-19 economic recession. Second households deriving income from vulnerable sectors such as tourism and related activities will likely face risk of unemployment or loss of income. Third an increase in prices of imported goods can also negatively impact household welfare, as a direct consequence of the increase of these imported items or as indirect increase of prices of local good manufactured using imported inputs. In this context, there is a need to produce high frequency data to help policy makers in monitoring the channels by which the pandemic affects households and assessing its distributional impact. To do so, the sample of the longitudinal survey is a sub-sample of the Enquête Harmonisée sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (EHCVM), a harmonized household survey conducted in 2018/19 household survey in the WAEMU countries.

For Burkina Faso, the survey, which is implemented by the Institut National de la Statistique et la Demographie (INSD), is conducted using cell phone numbers of household members collected during the 2018/19 EHCVM survey. The extensive information collected in the EHCVM provides a rich set of background information for the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of households. This background information can be leveraged to assess the differential impacts of the pandemic in the country. Every month, the sampled households will be asked a set of core questions on the key channels through which individuals and households are expected to be affected by the COVID-19-related restrictions. Employment, access to basic services, non-labor sources of income are channels likely to be impacted. The core questionnaire is complemented by questions on selected topics that rotate each month. This provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to the crisis.

The main objectives of the survey are to: • Identify type of households directly or indirectly affected by the pandemic; • Identify the main channels by which the pandemic affects households; • Provide relevant data on income and socioeconomic indicators to assess the welfare impact of the pandemic.

Phase 1 was conducted on a monthly basis during the period of June 2020 and July 2021 for11 Rounds. Phase 2 (starting from Round 12) was conducted on a bi-monthly basis starting in April 2022. Phase 3 (starting from Round 18) will be conducted on a bi-monthly basis, starting in July 2023.

Geographic coverage

National coverage, including Ouagadougou, rural and other urban

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered a sub-sample of the households of the 2018/19 - Enquête Harmonisée sur le Conditions de Vie des Ménages (EHCVM) survey which excluded populations in prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of the HFS is a subsample of the 2018/19 Harmonized Living Conditions Household Survey (EHCVM). The EHCVM 2018/19 is built on a nationally and regionally representative sample of households in Burkina Faso. EHCVM 2018/19 interviewed 7,010 households in urban and rural areas. In the EHCVM interview, households were asked to provide phone numbers of the household head, or a household member, or a non-household member (e.g. friends or neighbors) so that they can be contacted for follow-up questions. At least one valid phone number was obtained for 6877 households. These households established the sampling frame for the HFS. To obtain representative strata at the national, capital (Ouagadougou), urban, and rural level, the target sample size for the HFS is 1,800 household (assuming a 50% non-response rate the minimum required sample is 1479). To account for non-response and attrition, 2500 households were called in baseline round of the HFS. 1,968 households were fully interviewed during the first round of interviews. Those 1,968 households constitute the final successful sample and will be contacted in subsequent rounds of the survey.

In addition to the 1,968 households successfully interviewed in Round 1, in Round 2, 242 additional households were sampled from the rural strata, in order to increase the representativeness in this domain. In Round 12, 231 additional households were selected from the rural stratum from the 2018/19 EHCVM sample. In Round 18, 858 additional households were selected from panel component of the 2021/22 EHCVM sample.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

BASELINE (Round 1): The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; behavior and social distancing; access to basic services; employment.

Round 2: Household Roster; Access to Basic Services; Employment (with a focus on non-farm enterprises); Food Security; Shocks; Fragility, conflict, and violence.

Round 3: Household Roster; Knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; Behavior and social distancing; Access to Basic Services; Employment (with a focus on farm household activities); Food Security; Other revenues; Social protection.

Round 4: The following modules were administered in Round 4: Household Roster; Access to Basic Services; Credit; Employment and revenue (with a focus on livestock activities); Food Security; Other revenues; Shocks; Fragility, Conflict and Violence.

Round 5: Household Roster; Knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; Behavior and social distancing; Access to Basic Services; Education at individual level; Employment; Food Security; Other revenues; Social protection.

Round 6: Household Roster; Access to Basic Services; Education; Employment and revenues (with a focus on harvest activities and revenues from crop selling); Food Security; Other revenues; Shocks; Fragility, conflict and violence.

Round 7: Household Roster; Access to Basic Services; Education; Employment and revenues (with a focus on harvest activities and revenues from crop selling); Food Security; Other revenues; Shocks; Fragility, conflict and violence.

Round 8: Household Roster; Early Child Development; Access to Basic Services; Employment and revenues; Food Security; Other revenues; Shocks; Fragility, conflict and violence.

Round 9: Household Roster; Access to Basic Services; Employment and revenues; Food Security and Other revenues.

Round 10: Household Roster; Mental health; Knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; Behavior and social distancing; Covid-19 Testing and Vaccination; Access to Basic Services; Credit; ; Employment and revenue (with a focus on livestock activities); Food Security; Other revenues; Shocks; Concerns regarding the impact of COVID-19 on personal health and financial wealth of the household; Fragility, Conflict and Violence

Round 11: Household basic information; Access to Basic Services; Employment and revenue (with a focus on agricultural activities); Food Security; Other revenues; Concerns regarding the current situation; Social Safety Nets.

Round 12: Household Roster; Covid-19 Vaccination; Access to Health Care; and Employment and Income.

Round 13: Household Roster; Access to Health Care; Credit; Employment and Income; Food Security; Other Revenues; and Economic Sentiments.

Round 14: Household Roster; Access to Health Care; Vaccination; Concerns; Economic Sentiments.

Round 15: Household Roster; Displacement; Education; Access to basic foodstuffs; Employment and Income; Food Security; Other Revenues; Economic Sentiments; Items Price.

Round 16: Household Roster; Access to Health Care; Vaccination; Agriculture; Livestock; Shocks; Climate Change; Economic Sentiments; Items Price.

Round 17: Household Roster; Access to Basic Foodstuffs; Access to HealthCare – individual level; Credit; Employment and Income; Food Security; and Other Revenues.

Round 18: Household Roster; Access to Basic Goods and Services; Access to Health Care – individual level; Price of items; Employment and Income; Food Security; Food Consumption Score; Economic Sentiments; and Subjective Welfare.

Round 19: Household Roster; Access to Basic Goods and Services; Access to Health Care – individual level; Price of items; Employment and Income; Food Security; Shocks; Food Consumption Score; Economic Sentiments; and Subjective Welfare.

Round 20: Households Roster; Access to basic goods and services; Access to Health Care - Individual level; Price ofItems; Employment and Income; Food Security; Food Consumption Score; Economic Sentiments; SubjectiveWelfar.

Round 21: Household Roster; Access to Basic Goods and Services; Education; Price of items; Employment and Income; Agriculture; Livestock; Food Security; Food Consumption Score; Economic Sentiments; Subjective Welfare.

Round 22: Household Roster; Household Mobility; Access to Basic Goods and Services; Price of items; Access to Health Care - individual level; Employment and Income; Food Security; Food Consumption Score; Shocks; Economic Sentiments; and Subjective Welfare.

Round 23: Household Roster; Access to Basic Goods and Services; Price of items; Employment and Income; Food Security; Food Consumption Score; Economic Sentiments; and Subjective Welfare.

All the interview materials were translated in French for the INSD. The questionnaire was administered in local languages with about varying length (about 25 minutes).

Cleaning operations

At the end of data

Abstract

Nigeria was among the first few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to identify cases of COVID-19. Reported cases and fatalities have been increasing since it was first identified. The government implemented strict measures to contain the spread of this virus (such as travel restrictions, school closures and home-based work). While the Government is implementing these containment measures, it is important to understand how households in the country are affected and responding to the evolving crises, so that policy responses can be designed well and targeted effectively to reduce the negative impacts on household welfare.

The objective of Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS is to monitor the socio-economic effects of this evolving COVID-19 pandemic in real time. These data will contribute to filling critical gaps in information that could be used by the Nigerian government and stakeholders to help design policies to mitigate the negative impacts on its population. The Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS is designed to accommodate the evolving nature of the crises, including revision of the questionnaire on a monthly basis.

The households were drawn from the sample of households interviewed in 2018/2019 for Wave 4 of the General Household Survey—Panel (GHS-Panel). The extensive information collected in the GHS-Panel just over a year prior to the pandemic provides a rich set of background information on the Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS households which can be leveraged to assess the differential impacts of the pandemic in the country.

Each month, the households will be asked a set of core questions on the key channels through which individuals and households are expected to be affected by the COVID-19-related restrictions. Food security, employment, access to basic services, coping strategies, and non-labour sources of income are channels likely to be impacted. The core questionnaire is complemented by questions on selected topics that rotate each month. This provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to the crisis.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Wave 4 of the GHS-Panel conducted in 2018/19 served as the frame for the Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS survey. The GHS-Panel sample includes 4,976 households that were interviewed in the post-harvest visit of the fourth wave in January/February 2019. This sample of households is representative nationally as well as across the 6 geopolitical Zones that divide up the country. In every visit of the GHS-Panel, phone numbers are collected from interviewed households for up to 4 household members and 2 reference persons who are in close contact with the household in order to assist in locating and interviewing households who may have moved in subsequent waves of the survey. This comprehensive set of phone numbers as well as the already well-established relationship between NBS and the GHS-Panel households made this an ideal frame from which to conduct the COVID-19 monitoring survey in Nigeria.

Among the 4,976 households interviewed in the post-harvest visit of the GHS-Panel in 2019, 4,934 (99.2%) provided at least one phone number. Around 90 percent of these households provided a phone number for at least one household member while the remaining 10 percent only provided a phone number for a reference person. Households with only the phone number of a reference person were expected to be more difficult to reach but were nonetheless included in the frame and deemed eligible for selection for the Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS.

To obtain a nationally representative sample for the Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS, a sample size of approximately 1,800 successfully interviewed households was targeted. However, to reach that target, a larger pool of households needed to be selected from the frame due to non-contact and non-response common for telephone surveys. Drawing from prior telephone surveys in Nigeria, a final contact plus response rate of 60% was assumed, implying that the required sample households to contact in order to reach the target is 3,000.

3,000 households were selected from the frame of 4,934 households with contact details. Given the large amount of auxiliary information available in the GHS-Panel for these households, a balanced sampling approach (using the cube method) was adopted. The balanced sampling approach enables selection of a random sample that still retains the properties of the frame across selected covariates. Balancing on these variables results in a reduction of the variance of the resulting estimates, assuming that the chosen covariates are correlated with the target variable. Calibration to the balancing variables after the data collection further reduces this variance (Tille, 2006). The sample was balanced across several important dimensions: state, sector (urban/rural), household size, per capita consumption expenditure, household head sex and education, and household ownership of a mobile phone.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

BASELINE (ROUND 1): One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; behaviour and social distancing; access to basic services; employment; income loss; food security; concerns; coping/shocks; and social safety nets.

ROUND 2: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to basic goods and services; employment (including non-farm enterprise and agricultural activity); other income; food security; and social safety nets.

ROUND 3: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to basic goods and services; housing; employment (including non-farm enterprise and agricultural activity); other income; coping/shocks; and social safety nets.

ROUND 4: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to basic goods and services; credit; employment (including non-farm enterprise, crop farming and livestock); food security; income changes; concerns; and social safety nets.

ROUND 5: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; education; employment (including non-farm enterprise and agricultural activity); and other income.

ROUND 6: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; education; employment (including non-farm enterprise); COVID testing and vaccination; and other income.

ROUND 7: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to basic services; employment (including non-farm enterprise); food security; concerns; and safety nets.

ROUND 8: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; employment (including non-farm enterprise and agriculture); and coping/shocks.

ROUND 9: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; education; early childhood development, access to basic services, employment (including non-farm enterprise and agriculture); and income changes.

ROUND 10: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to basic services; employment (including non-farm enterprise and agricultural activity); concerns and COVID testing and vaccination.

ROUND 11: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; credit; access to basic services; education; employment (including non-farm enterprise); safety nets; youth contact details; and phone signal.

ROUND 12: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on youth aspirations and employment; and COVID vaccination.

Cleaning operations

COMUPTER ASSISTED TELEPHONE INTERVIEW (CATI): The Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS exercise was conducted using Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) techniques. The household questionnaire was implemented using the CATI software, Survey Solutions. The Survey Solutions software was developed and maintained by the Data Analytics and Tools Unit within the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) at the World Bank. Each interviewer was given two tablets, which they used to conduct the interviews. Overall, implementation of survey using Survey Solutions CATI was highly successful, as it allowed for timely availability of the data from completed interviews.

DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: The data communication