Of all the countries in the world, China had, by far, the largest international reserves in July 2025, with **** trillion USD in reserves and foreign currency liquidity. Japan was the only other country with over a trillion U.S. dollars in reserves in early 2025, with a total of *** trillion U.S. dollars. Why do countries hold reserves? A simple explanation for China’s accumulation of foreign currency could be its consistently positive and substantial trade balance. When China exports goods and services, it accepts the foreign currency, usually U.S. dollars, and holds that currency in reserve. In addition to facilitating trade, most countries, including China, also hold foreign exchange reserves to ensure the stability of their currencies and facilitate other foreign transactions. Other significant reserves Even though most of the world left the gold standard in 1971, most countries still retain large gold reserves. The United States, followed by Germany and Italy, held the largest amount of gold reserves worldwide as of December 2018.

Key information about Switzerland Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP

• Switzerland Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP was reported at 86.276 % in Dec 2024
• This records a decrease from the previous number of 91.332 % for Sep 2024
• Switzerland Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP data is updated quarterly, averaging 78.924 % from Mar 2006 to Dec 2024, with 76 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 136.320 % in Dec 2020 and a record low of 7.728 % in Sep 2008
• Switzerland Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of Nominal GDP: Quarterly

CEIC calculates quarterly Foreign Exchange Reserves as % of Nominal GDP from monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves and quarterly Nominal GDP. Swiss National Bank provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in USD. State Secretariat for Economic Affairs provides Nominal GDP in local currency. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.

This dataset provides values for GOLD RESERVES reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Key information about France Foreign Exchange Reserves

• France Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 31.8 USD bn in Jan 2025, compared with 29.5 USD bn in the previous month
• France Foreign Exchange Reserves: USD mn data is updated monthly, available from Feb 2004 to Jan 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 55.5 USD bn in Mar 2020 and a record low of 21.6 USD bn in Feb 2009

CEIC calculates monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves as Foreign Exchange Reserves less Other Claims and converts it into USD. The Banque de France provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in EUR. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. France joined the Euro Area on January 1st, 1999 with fixed conversion rate of 1 EUR = 6.55957 FRF.


Further information about France Foreign Exchange Reserves

• In the latest reports, France Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.5 Months of Import in Dec 2024.
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 3,161.0 USD bn YoY in Dec 2024.
• France Domestic Credit reached 5,284.9 USD bn in Nov 2024, representing an increased of 1.7 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 2.4 % in Dec 2021, compared with the ratio of 2.7 % in the previous year.
• Household Debt of France reached 74.2 % in Dec 2023, accounting for 74.2 % of the country's Nominal GDP.

Key information about Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves

• Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 36.7 USD bn in Jan 2025, compared with 35.2 USD bn in the previous month
• Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves: USD mn data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Jan 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 114.6 USD bn in Sep 1992 and a record low of 1.3 USD bn in Apr 1959

CEIC converts monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves into USD. Deutsche Bundesbank provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in EUR. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Germany joined the Euro Area on January 1st, 1999 with fixed conversion rate of 1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM. Foreign Exchange Reserves prior to December 1998 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Further information about Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves

• In the latest reports, Germany Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.3 Months of Import in Dec 2024.
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 4,046.9 USD bn YoY in Dec 2024.
• Germany Domestic Credit reached 6,397.0 USD bn in Nov 2024, representing an drop of 2.2 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.2 % in Dec 2022, compared with the ratio of 1.1 % in the previous year.
• Household Debt of Germany reached 50.3 % in Sep 2024, accounting for 50.3 % of the country's Nominal GDP.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Pakistan increased to 19659.50 USD Million in August from 18976.40 USD Million in July of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Pakistan Foreign Exchange Reserves - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Central government debt, total (% of GDP) for High Income Countries (GCDODTOTLGDZSHIC) from 1990 to 2022 about debt, government, income, and GDP.

Key information about European Union Foreign Exchange Reserves

• European Union Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 297.5 USD bn in Jan 2025, compared with 298.7 USD bn in the previous month
• EU Foreign Exchange Reserves: USD mn data is updated monthly, available from Dec 1999 to Jan 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 319.1 USD bn in Jul 2021 and a record low of 165.4 USD bn in Mar 2006

CEIC converts monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves into USD. European Central Bank provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in EUR. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.


Further information about European Union Foreign Exchange Reserves

• In the latest reports, EU Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 1.3 Months of Import in Nov 2024.
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 16,118.6 USD bn YoY in Dec 2024.
• EU Domestic Credit reached 25,343.8 USD bn in Nov 2024, representing an increased of 0.7 % YoY.
• Household Debt of EU reached 44.4 % in Sep 2024, accounting for 44.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP.

As of March 2025, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) topped the list of the world’s largest central banks by international reserve assets, reporting holdings valued at **** trillion U.S. dollars. This highlights China’s substantial economic influence and its pivotal role in global finance. The Bank of Japan followed in second place with approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars in reserve assets. The Swiss National Bank ranked third, holding ***** billion U.S. dollars in reserves, and was one of only two European central banks to appear in the top 10.

In July 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 18 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0 percent in July 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8.8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for Low Income Countries (NYGDPPCAPCDLIC) from 1967 to 2024 about per capita, income, and GDP.

United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income Countries was 41278.29129 2010 U.S. $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income Countries reached a record high of 43000.66026 in January of 2019 and a record low of 11518.09557 in January of 1960. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

Gross Domestic Product for Low and Middle Income Countries was 37533765909927.99744 Current $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Gross Domestic Product for Low and Middle Income Countries reached a record high of 37533765909927.99744 in January of 2023 and a record low of 320143736046.44300 in January of 1961. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Gross Domestic Product for Low and Middle Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

United States - Constant GDP per capita for Low Income Countries was 699.36686 2010 U.S. $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Constant GDP per capita for Low Income Countries reached a record high of 755.19103 in January of 2019 and a record low of 491.30704 in January of 1994. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Constant GDP per capita for Low Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Bangladesh increased to 31166.20 USD Million in August from 29799.80 USD Million in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Bangladesh Foreign Exchange Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product for Low and Middle Income Countries (NYGDPMKTPCDLMY) from 1960 to 2024 about income and GDP.

United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income OECD Countries was 36988.46904 2005 U.S. $ in January of 2014, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income OECD Countries reached a record high of 36988.46904 in January of 2014 and a record low of 10649.04595 in January of 1960. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Constant GDP per capita for High Income OECD Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

United States - Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for High Income Countries was 48752.71274 Current $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for High Income Countries reached a record high of 48752.71274 in January of 2023 and a record low of 1402.89305 in January of 1960. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for High Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

United States - Total Credit to General Government, Adjusted for Breaks, for Total Reporting Countries was 84.60000 Percentage of GDP in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Total Credit to General Government, Adjusted for Breaks, for Total Reporting Countries reached a record high of 94.10000 in October of 2020 and a record low of 53.70000 in April of 2008. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Total Credit to General Government, Adjusted for Breaks, for Total Reporting Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

United States - Internet users for High Income Countries was 93.10000 Per 100 People in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Internet users for High Income Countries reached a record high of 93.10000 in January of 2023 and a record low of 0.26094 in January of 1990. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Internet users for High Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.