In 2020, cumulative Egyptian emigrants amounted to roughly 3.6 million. Of these, the vast majority settled in Saudi Arabia, followed by the United Arab Emirates, amounting to roughly 960 thousand and 900 thousand, respectively. The two countries alone constituted over 51 percent of the total Egyptian migrants outside of Egypt. Moreover, the third major country of destination for Egyptians was Kuwait with about 421 thousand people living there. Overall, the 16 countries presented covered 94 percent of all Egyptian migrants.

As of January 1, 2023, the aggregate Egyptian population stood at 104.46 million inhabitants. The majority of the population was between zero and four years, adding to over 14 million children. Moreover, the population of Egypt is skewed towards the younger generations, with the population count in each older generation being lower than the previous. The elderly aged 75 years and older amounted to almost one million people. A population that doubled twice Since 1952, the Egyptian population has doubled, in 1980 and 2012, reaching almost 86.5 million. Among the reasons linked to the increasing population is better health services provided for most Egyptians since the establishment of the Egyptian Republic. In more recent years, the population growth in the country increased compared to previous years until 2014, reaching 2.34 percent before decreasing yearly. A job market that needs to absorb a young and growing population Since 2022, the number of new jobs created in the country has recovered compared to between 2018 and 2020. This is evident with the dropping youth unemployment rate in Egypt. However, the youth unemployment rate remains relatively high and stood at 15.7 percent in 2022. This poses a considerable obstacle for a young-growing population looking for work opportunities. In addition, the country registered a drop in youth participation rate in the labor force since 2013 (except for a slight increase in 2021). The rate was almost 20.6 percent in 2020 compared to 34.5 percent seven years prior. 

As of January 1, 2023, the aggregate Egyptian population was estimated at almost 104.5 million inhabitants. The capital city, Cairo, was the most populated area in the country, with 10.2 million residents. Moreover, the governorate of Giza followed, with up to 9.46 million people living in the area. South Sinai was the least inhabited governorate in the nation. The touristic region had a mere 115,000 people actively residing in the governorate. A scarcely populated area and a populous capitalEgypt has a total area of close to 1.01 million square kilometers. Yet, only around 105,200 square kilometers of the country are inhabited, representing only around 10.5 percent of the available landmass. Most of the Egyptian population lives along the Nile River due to the majority of the land being a desert. In fact, El Wadi ElGidid, also known as New Valley governorate, located in the south of Egypt's Western Desert, covers almost 42.3 percent of the country. Notably, the population density in Cairo was higher compared to the other governorates at over 5,610 people per square kilometer. Population growth and a New Administrative Capital     Since 1952, the country’s population faced a rapid increase growing from close to 21.5 million to current levels. Between 2012 and 2022, the population growth of Egypt was highest in 2014 at nearly 2.34 percent, dropping yearly ever since. In March 2015, Egypt’s current Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly, who was at that time Minister of Housing and Urban Utilities, announced the establishment of the New Administrative Capital. One of the fundamental goals is to decrease the current overpopulation in Greater Cairo and its inability to absorb a fast-growing population.

As of July 1, 2023, the population density of Egypt was close to 937.6 individuals per square kilometer. Cairo, the capital city, was the most densely inhabited in the country, with 5,668.4 people per square kilometer. Kalyoubia followed, with nearly 5,250 inhabitants per square kilometer. Moreover, the third and fourth most densely populated governorates were Alexandria and Gharbia, with around 3,195 people per square kilometer and 2,795 people per square kilometer, respectively. It is worth noting that Cairo, parts of Giza, and Kalyoubia make up Greater Cairo due to their proximity.

Abstract

In every society, young people carry the promise of a better future. They are the building blocks of a country’s economy and society and its most essential human resource. In Egypt, young people are not only its most important capital but they also constitute the largest segment of the population. According to the 2006 census, approximately 40% of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. With the right investments, this youth bulge will represent a demographic opportunity that will positively shape the country’s future. Once Egypt’s young people reach working age, given a relatively low proportion of older and younger non-working populations to support, they will present a “demographic gift” of low economic dependency. However, the large size of this cohort places enormous pressures on social services and the labor market and creates a major challenge for development planning. Failures in these institutions could result in the social and economic marginalization of a large proportion of youth that will be unable to compete in an increasingly globalized economy, hence turning the “gift” to demographic “burden”.

Effective planning relies on high-quality research. The Population Council seeks to build the evidence base for better policies and programs with the view of generating research that makes a difference. Young people have been a primary focus for the Council for decades, directing research to determine their conditions and contexts, and providing evidence for decision-makers. In 1998, the Population Council published Transitions to Adulthood, a comprehensive profile of youth based on the Council’s 1997 Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. The results of ASCE have been an important resource for programming for adolescents in Egypt.

Responding to the dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), which covers a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health, and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up to an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. With focus on young people aged 10 to 19, analysis of ASCE identified tobacco use, female circumcision, anemia, growth stunting and delayed sexual maturation, poor management of menstruation, and underutilization of health insurance as six priority issues for youth in Egypt. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-29) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-29.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 (SYPE) was designed in such a way as to be representative at the national as well as regional levels. The sample size of approximately 17,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 29 was selected to provide estimates of key indicators related to adolescents and youth for the country as a whole and for four administrative regions (Urban governorates, Lower Egypt governorates, Upper Egypt governorates and the Frontier governorates), and, where relevant, for the urban and rural segments of these regions. These indicators include never enrollment rates, dropout rates, the incidence of child labor, and unemployment rates. Based on previous statistics about the incidence of young people in the relevant age and sex groups, we determined that a nationally-representative sample of 11,000 households would be sufficient. To obtain accurate estimates for the Frontier governorates, these governorates had to be oversampled. As a result, the SYPE is not a self-weighted sample and weights are needed to obtain the correct estimates.

Sample Frame

The SYPE sample was designed as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected from a CAPMAS master sample. The master sample is a stratified cluster sample that contains 2,400 PSUs, divided into 1,080 urban and 1,320 rural PSUs. These PSUs are drawn from a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) covering the entire country prepared by CAPMAS from the 2006 Population Census. Each EA is drawn up in such a way as to contain roughly 1500 dwelling units. The sample is stratified into governorates and each governorate is further stratified into urban and rural segments, where relevant. The distribution of PSUs across strata in the master sample reflects the distribution of the population so as to produce a self-weighted sample.

To achieve a fairly wide geographic dispersion in the SYPE sample and thus minimize the design effect, we set the number of households per cluster to 25. To obtain these 25 households, 25 dwelling units were systematically selected from the roughly 1500 listed in each EA. To get the sample size we needed, we set the number of required PSUs to 455, for a total sample size of 11,375 households. The distribution of PSUs across governorates and urban and rural areas in both the master sample and the SYPE sample are shown in (Table 1 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources). The final sample of households interviewed was made up of 11,372 households, which yielded a total of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The PSU's in the SYPE sample were drawn from the EA's in the master sample at a rate of roughly 19%-20%. With the exception of the Frontier Governorates and the Luxor administrative area, the sampling rate varies in a relatively narrow range from 14% to 27%. To get good representation from the sparsely populated Frontier Governorates, we increased the sampling rate significantly, in some cases retaining all the PSU's in the master sample. Weights will be derived at the level of the administrative region to account for these varying sampling rates.

Selecting the Urban Slums Sub-Sample

One of the objectives of SYPE is to obtain separate estimates for young people living in urban slums (referred to in the final report chapters as informal urban areas). To make sure we had enough representation of urban slums, we used a study conducted by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC) to classify urban PSU's in the CAPMAS master sample into slum and non-slum areas. Deciding how to allocate urban PSUs to slum and non-slum areas was not a straightforward exercise given the unreliability of the data on the population of the slum areas.

First, we had to make a decision on how to allocate the 212 urban PSUs to slum and non-slum PSUs. The most reasonable estimate of the share of slums in the urban population was close to 20%, leading us to allocate 44 of the 212 urban PSU's in the sample to slum areas. Second, we had to allocate these 44 slum PSUs to the various governorates. This allocation was done in such a way as to match as closely as possible, the distribution of the number of slum areas across governorates is shown in (Table 2 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources).

Ideally, we should have allocated slum PSUs across governorates according to each governorate's share of slum population rather than its share in the number of slum areas. However, given the unreliable information about the population of slum areas, it was impossible to do the allocation in terms of population. This allocation decision is likely to understate the true share of slums in governorates such as Cairo, Giza and Alexandria, where the size of slums is likely to be larger than average, and overstate slum populations in governorates like Damietta, Dakahlia and Sharkia where the size of slums is probably smaller than average. Without reliable data on slum populations, it is unfortunately not possible to use weights to correct for this possible bias in the geographic distribution of slums.

** More information on the sampling procedures is available in Appendix C in the English final report available among the external resources.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was due to the individual's rejection or unavailability during the data collectors' visit or their subsequent two revisits to the same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included three separate questionnaires: 1) A household-level questionnaire; 2) An individual questionnaire that was administered to eligible young people; 3) A community-level questionnaire, which aimed at providing a profile of the localities in which young people live.

Response rate

A total of 16,061 young people were selected to be interviewed as part of this survey. Of this group, 15,029 young people were interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

SYPE estimates for sampling error estimation

Sampling errors along with other precision estimates have been calculated for several key survey estimates. The chosen estimates are labor-force participation rate; unemployment rate; employment

Abstract

In every society, young people carry the promise of a better future. They are the building blocks of a country’s economy and society and its most essential human resource. In Egypt, young people are not only its most important capital but they also constitute the largest segment of the population. According to the 2006 census, approximately 40% of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. With the right investments, this youth bulge will represent a demographic opportunity that will positively shape the country’s future. Once Egypt’s young people reach working age, given a relatively low proportion of older and younger non-working populations to support, they will present a “demographic gift” of low economic dependency. However, the large size of this cohort places enormous pressures on social services and the labor market and creates a major challenge for development planning. Failures in these institutions could result in the social and economic marginalization of a large proportion of youth that will be unable to compete in an increasingly globalized economy, hence turning the “gift” to demographic “burden”.

Effective planning relies on high-quality research. The Population Council seeks to build the evidence base for better policies and programs with the view of generating research that makes a difference. Young people have been a primary focus for the Council for decades, directing research to determine their conditions and contexts, and providing evidence for decision-makers. In 1998, the Population Council published Transitions to Adulthood, a comprehensive profile of youth based on the Council’s 1997 Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. The results of ASCE have been an important resource for programming for adolescents in Egypt.

Responding to the dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), which covers a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health, and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up to an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. With focus on young people aged 10 to 19, analysis of ASCE identified tobacco use, female circumcision, anemia, growth stunting and delayed sexual maturation, poor management of menstruation, and underutilization of health insurance as six priority issues for youth in Egypt. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-29) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-29.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 (SYPE) was designed in such a way as to be representative at the national as well as regional levels. The sample size of approximately 17,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 29 was selected to provide estimates of key indicators related to adolescents and youth for the country as a whole and for four administrative regions (Urban governorates, Lower Egypt governorates, Upper Egypt governorates and the Frontier governorates), and, where relevant, for the urban and rural segments of these regions. These indicators include never enrollment rates, dropout rates, the incidence of child labor, and unemployment rates. Based on previous statistics about the incidence of young people in the relevant age and sex groups, we determined that a nationally-representative sample of 11,000 households would be sufficient. To obtain accurate estimates for the Frontier governorates, these governorates had to be oversampled. As a result, the SYPE is not a self-weighted sample and weights are needed to obtain the correct estimates.

Sample Frame

The SYPE sample was designed as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected from a CAPMAS master sample. The master sample is a stratified cluster sample that contains 2,400 PSUs, divided into 1,080 urban and 1,320 rural PSUs. These PSUs are drawn from a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) covering the entire country prepared by CAPMAS from the 2006 Population Census. Each EA is drawn up in such a way as to contain roughly 1500 dwelling units. The sample is stratified into governorates and each governorate is further stratified into urban and rural segments, where relevant. The distribution of PSUs across strata in the master sample reflects the distribution of the population so as to produce a self-weighted sample.

To achieve a fairly wide geographic dispersion in the SYPE sample and thus minimize the design effect, we set the number of households per cluster to 25. To obtain these 25 households, 25 dwelling units were systematically selected from the roughly 1500 listed in each EA. To get the sample size we needed, we set the number of required PSUs to 455, for a total sample size of 11,375 households. The distribution of PSUs across governorates and urban and rural areas in both the master sample and the SYPE sample are shown in (Table 1 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources). The final sample of households interviewed was made up of 11,372 households, which yielded a total of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The PSU's in the SYPE sample were drawn from the EA's in the master sample at a rate of roughly 19%-20%. With the exception of the Frontier Governorates and the Luxor administrative area, the sampling rate varies in a relatively narrow range from 14% to 27%. To get good representation from the sparsely populated Frontier Governorates, we increased the sampling rate significantly, in some cases retaining all the PSU's in the master sample. Weights will be derived at the level of the administrative region to account for these varying sampling rates.

Selecting the Urban Slums Sub-Sample

One of the objectives of SYPE is to obtain separate estimates for young people living in urban slums (referred to in the final report chapters as informal urban areas). To make sure we had enough representation of urban slums, we used a study conducted by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC) to classify urban PSU's in the CAPMAS master sample into slum and non-slum areas. Deciding how to allocate urban PSUs to slum and non-slum areas was not a straightforward exercise given the unreliability of the data on the population of the slum areas.

First, we had to make a decision on how to allocate the 212 urban PSUs to slum and non-slum PSUs. The most reasonable estimate of the share of slums in the urban population was close to 20%, leading us to allocate 44 of the 212 urban PSU's in the sample to slum areas. Second, we had to allocate these 44 slum PSUs to the various governorates. This allocation was done in such a way as to match as closely as possible, the distribution of the number of slum areas across governorates is shown in (Table 2 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources).

Ideally, we should have allocated slum PSUs across governorates according to each governorate's share of slum population rather than its share in the number of slum areas. However, given the unreliable information about the population of slum areas, it was impossible to do the allocation in terms of population. This allocation decision is likely to understate the true share of slums in governorates such as Cairo, Giza and Alexandria, where the size of slums is likely to be larger than average, and overstate slum populations in governorates like Damietta, Dakahlia and Sharkia where the size of slums is probably smaller than average. Without reliable data on slum populations, it is unfortunately not possible to use weights to correct for this possible bias in the geographic distribution of slums.

** More information on the sampling procedures is available in Appendix C in the English final report available among the external resources.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was due to the individual's rejection or unavailability during the data collectors' visit or their subsequent two revisits to the same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included three separate questionnaires: 1) A household-level questionnaire; 2) An individual questionnaire that was administered to eligible young people; 3) A community-level questionnaire, which aimed at providing a profile of the localities in which young people live.

Response rate

A total of 16,061 young people were selected to be interviewed as part of this survey. Of this group, 15,029 young people were interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

SYPE estimates for sampling error estimation

Sampling errors along with other precision estimates have been calculated for several key survey estimates. The chosen estimates are labor-force participation rate; unemployment rate; employment

As of 2022, the total inhabited area of Egypt was close to 105,199 square kilometers. This means that only a mere 10.5 percent of the total area of the country is inhabited, while the rest is desert. The majority of the population lives on the banks of the rich Nile River. Moreover, ElWadi ElGidid governorate had the largest inhabited area in Egypt, with close to 13,000 square kilometers. Matrouh and Aswan governorates followed, with an inhabited area of 12,760 square kilometers and 12.203 square kilometers, respectively.

The northernmost region of the African continent was home to approximately 208 million individuals in 2023. Egypt, the third most populous country in Africa, had roughly 50 percent of the region's population living within its borders, with over 105 million inhabitants. Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia followed with 46 million, 37 million, and 12 million citizens, respectively.

Nigeria has the largest population in Africa. As of 2024, the country counted over 232.6 million individuals, whereas Ethiopia, which ranked second, has around 132 million inhabitants. Egypt registered the largest population in North Africa, reaching nearly 116 million people. In terms of inhabitants per square kilometer, Nigeria only ranks seventh, while Mauritius has the highest population density on the whole African continent. The fastest-growing world region Africa is the second most populous continent in the world, after Asia. Nevertheless, Africa records the highest growth rate worldwide, with figures rising by over two percent every year. In some countries, such as Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Chad, the population increase peaks at over three percent. With so many births, Africa is also the youngest continent in the world. However, this coincides with a low life expectancy. African cities on the rise The last decades have seen high urbanization rates in Asia, mainly in China and India. However, African cities are currently growing at larger rates. Indeed, most of the fastest-growing cities in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gwagwalada, in Nigeria, and Kabinda, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ranked first worldwide. By 2035, instead, Africa's fastest-growing cities are forecast to be Bujumbura, in Burundi, and Zinder, Nigeria.

Abstract

SYPE 2013-2014 IS A PANEL DATA SET WITH SYPE 2009

The five years that have passed since the Population Council's Survey of Young People in Egypt of 2009 (SYPE 2009) have proved to be a tumultuous period for the country. The year 2011 marked a historic year for Egyptian youth, as young people from around the country took an active role in the January 25 revolution. Through their activism in early 2011, Egypt's young revolutionaries gained a platform to denounce their social and political marginalization, and demand their rights to freedom, justice, equality, and opportunity.

This unprecedented voice for Egypt's youth pointed a national spotlight on many of the challenges that were found in the 2009 SYPE, including an educational system unresponsive to youth needs, difficult employment conditions, low civic and political engagement, and a social environment that denies youth access to essential information about their transition to adulthood.

Since 2011, Egypt has undergone several political fluctuations and changes of power, with civil unrest and continued protests marking many events during the transition. Furthermore, the past four years have proven costly to Egypt's economic well-being and the labor market. Post-revolutionary political instability has resulted in the widespread divestment of foreign-owned firms, the declining value of the Egyptian pound, and a looming debt crisis the Egyptian state is still struggling to avoid. The tumultuous climate has resulted in an enormous drop in revenues for particular economic sectors, such as tourism. Moreover, the return of large numbers of migrants from Libya and other countries in the region affected by the “Arab Spring” has also negatively affected the Egyptian labor market.

This post-revolutionary economic stagnation is expected to have resulted in a steady deterioration of job quality and increasing employment informality, in the context of labor market conditions that were already difficult for young entrants. Such economic challenges could not come at a worse time for Egypt's youth.

Like other countries in the region, Egypt is currently experiencing a demographic “youth bulge,” meaning that the population of young people is significantly larger than other age groups. Although more highly educated than previous generations, this population of young people has struggled to achieve economic stability. Even prior to the 2011 uprisings, Egypt's youth constituted an estimated 90% of the country's unemployed.

It is therefore vital to question how Egypt's youth are now faring in a significantly more unfavorable economic climate, and whether they are able to access the professional opportunities needed to work toward economic independence and complete key life transitions such as getting married and starting a family. At the same time, the transitional period may have opened up new opportunities to youth in other areas of life, most notably deeper engagement with media, politics, and civic life. Such questions regarding youth employment and civic participation in the current tumultuous era, along with potential changes in the institutions and decisions that shape the transition to adulthood, such as health and access to health care, quality of education, migration, marriage, and youth attitudes and life outlooks, are what this report seeks to better understand.

The 2009 Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) was fielded in May 2009 and collected data on several key areas of interest to youth, including education, employment, migration, health, family formation, social issues, and civic and political participation. In order to observe how young people have been faring during the transition period in Egypt in comparison to 2009, the Population Council designed the second wave of SYPE in 2014, which re-interviewed the same sample of young people who were interviewed in 2009. This yields a panel data set that spans the periods before and after the January 25, 2011 revolution, and that is nationally representative for both time periods.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (13-35) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 13-35.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SYPE 2013-2014 IS A PANEL DATA SET WITH SYPE 2009

Survey design and implementation

SYPE 2009 targeted young people aged 10-29, thus encompassing both "youth" and "adolescents. The SYPE team chose this age range in order to track young people throughout the complete duration of their transition to adulthood, allowing for an extended period to account for the phenomenon of delayed marriage and, in some cases, delayed transitions to productive work. The SYPE 2013-2014 survey built a panel dataset by going back to re-interview the same sample of young people (now aged 13-35) interviewed in SYPE 2009 in all governorates of Egypt.

Survey sample

A brief explanation of the sampling design for the previous wave of SYPE is essential for understanding the 2014 SYPE sampling. SYPE 2009 is a uniquely comprehensive survey in that it is nationally representative, covering all the governorates in Egypt including the five frontier governorates, and was specifically designed for a priori inclusion of informal urban areas, also known as slums (or ashwaiyyat in Arabic). The Frontier Governorates and informal areas are often not covered in largescale surveys. The sample is designed so that the data are not only nationally representative, but also representative of Egypt's six major administrative regions: the Urban Governorates, rural Upper Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Lower Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates.

The 2009 SYPE sample is a stratified, multi-stage cluster sample. Sampling was determined using primary sampling units (PSUs) drawn from the master sample provided by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), which was based on the 2006 national census. SYPE 2009 consisted of 455 PSUs, with 239 PSUs in rural areas and 216 PSUs in urban areas. Rural PSUs were divided equally between large and small villages, in order to accurately represent the diversity of rural demographics and account for peri-urbanization.

Informal settlements were selected from a list developed by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC). The 2009 SYPE data collection and processing were conducted in collaboration with the IDSC.

Out of the 11,372 households selected from the CAPMAS master sample for the 2009 SYPE sample, 20,200 young people were eligible to participate, and the Kish grid technique was used to draw a sample of 16,061 subjects from this pool of potential participants.

In total, 15,029 of the sampled 16,061 young people were interviewed, with attrition primarily being due to the individual's refusal to participate or unavailability during data collection periods.

SYPE 2013-2014 sampled the same young people who were part of the original sample of 15,029 individuals surveyed in 2009. Of the 15,029 young people interviewed in 2009, data collectors managed to completely interview 10,916 (72.6%) aged 13-35 for the SYPE 2013-2014 study (A few respondents reported being below age 14 at the time of the 2013-2014 SYPE interview. These cases were left as is and included in the analysis, after carefully checking their exact age.) Every effort was made to track down the current contact information of households and/or eligible young people who had changed their location since the 2009 interview. During the SYPE 2013-2014 data collection phase, a household was not interviewed (i.e., the household questionnaire was not filled out) if the eligible young person could not be located either in the original or in a split household.

Weights based on the probability of non-response were constructed to adjust the sample of the 2013-2014 SYPE for attrition (Very few cases were reported as missing due to migration or death of an eligible young person. These cases were assigned to the "household not found" or "individual not found" categories. However, it is suspected that some of the households that were unable to be tracked in 2014 may also have been missing due to the migration or death of household members).

Sampling deviation

Attrition was mainly due to family refusal to participate (9%) as well as the relocation of respondents (14%) who could not be tracked in 2014, 60% of the interviewed individuals were still in their original 2009 households, while 12.6% were found in split households (A split household is defined in this 2014 SYPE panel as a household that was formed due to the move of at least one eligible young person out of his/her original 2009 household to form a new household after the 2009 interview).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaire design

The 2013-2014 SYPE questionnaire is based primarily on the 2009 survey, which was developed using qualitative data from focus group discussions and interviews with young people that determined the issues that were important to youth. In addition, the Council team consulted with different partners and research experts in each of the topics covered in the survey and completed an extensive overview of literature to further refine the 2009

As of 2022, the poverty rate was projected at 27.9 percent in Egypt. This was nearly 0.7 percentage points less than the year before. Overall, from 2018 onwards, the poverty rate dropped to 29.2 percent in 2019, before increasing again to about 32 percent in 2020. Since 2020, projected poverty rates have followed a declining trend. They are expected to decrease further in 2023. The outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic contributed to the increase of the poverty rate in 2020.

Adjusted national poverty lines   

National poverty lines are calculated based on consumption patterns of households in the country and are therefore adjustable over the years. Egypt’s national poverty line stood at 10,300 Egyptian pounds (comparable to 561.91 U.S. dollars) annually as of 2019/2020. This was an increase from 3,100 Egyptian pounds (169.12 U.S. dollars) ten years prior. In November 2016, the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) declared that it fully floated the Egyptian pound, causing the currency devaluation.

 Poverty more prevalent among larger households    

Poverty rates in the country were higher in households with more individuals. In households with ten or more members, the rate was as high as 80.6 percent in 2019/2020. On the other hand, the poverty rate was significantly lower among households with one to three members. Moreover, Rural Egypt had a higher share of population considered poor compared to Urban Egypt. In fact, in its rural areas in Upper Egypt, the poverty rate reached nearly 43 percent.   

As of 2024, Romanians were Italy's largest foreign population, with over one million Romanians living in Italy during the period considered. Albania and Morocco followed with 416,000 and 412,000 people, respectively. From a regional perspective, the Northern regions had the largest foreign population. Lombardy had some 1.1 million foreign residents, the largest in the country.

In 2024, 269,397 foreign citizens lived in the city of Milan. In particular, Egyptian nationals constituted the largest foreign community with 42,000 residents. The Philippines ranked in at second place with 36,000 people, followed by China and Peru, with respectively 33,600 and 16,000 inhabitants. Moreover, around 15,600 immigrants had Sri Lankan origin. By comparing these findings with the main nationalities of foreign citizens in Italy, a countertrend emerges. In fact, in the same year, Egypt comprised only the eighth country of origin of immigrants nationwide, while Romania, Albania, and Morocco were the most represented states. On the contrary, foreigners coming from these three nations constituted less than five percent of the immigrant population in Milan each.

The real per capita consumer spending on education in Egypt was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 60.5 U.S. dollars (+56.27 percent). After the eighth consecutive increasing year, the real education-related per capita spending is estimated to reach 167.96 U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending, in this case education-related spending per capita, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group tenth As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average constant exchange rate of the base year 2017. The timelines therefore do not incorporate currency effects. The data is shown in real terms which means that monetary data is valued at constant prices of a given base year (in this case: 2017). To attain constant prices the nominal forecast has been deflated with the projected consumer price index for the respective category.Find more key insights for the real per capita consumer spending on education in countries like Algeria and Sudan.

The real total consumer spending on education in Egypt was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 8.5 billion U.S. dollars (+68.06 percent). After the eighth consecutive increasing year, the real education-related spending is estimated to reach 21.1 billion U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending, in this case eduction-related spending, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP).The shown data adheres broadly to group tenth As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average constant exchange rate of the base year 2017. The timelines therefore do not incorporate currency effects. The data is shown in real terms which means that monetary data is valued at constant prices of a given base year (in this case: 2017). To attain constant prices the nominal forecast has been deflated with the projected consumer price index for the respective category.Find more key insights for the real total consumer spending on education in countries like Morocco and Sudan.

The per capita consumer spending on education in Egypt was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 39.5 U.S. dollars (+35.86 percent). After the fourth consecutive increasing year, the education-related per capita spending is estimated to reach 149.69 U.S. dollars and therefore a new peak in 2029. Consumer spending, in this case education-related spending per capita, refers to the domestic demand of private households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Spending by corporations and the state is not included. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.Consumer spending is the biggest component of the gross domestic product as computed on an expenditure basis in the context of national accounts. The other components in this approach are consumption expenditure of the state, gross domestic investment as well as the net exports of goods and services. Consumer spending is broken down according to the United Nations' Classification of Individual Consumption By Purpose (COICOP). The shown data adheres broadly to group tenth As not all countries and regions report data in a harmonized way, all data shown here has been processed by Statista to allow the greatest level of comparability possible. The underlying input data are usually household budget surveys conducted by government agencies that track spending of selected households over a given period.The data is shown in nominal terms which means that monetary data is valued at prices of the respective year and has not been adjusted for inflation. For future years the price level has been projected as well. The data has been converted from local currencies to US$ using the average exchange rate of the respective year. For forecast years, the exchange rate has been projected as well. The timelines therefore incorporate currency effects.Find more key insights for the per capita consumer spending on education in countries like Algeria and Morocco.

In 2024, 13,779 immigrants who reached Italy came from Bangladesh. Moreover, around 12,500 migrants were from Syria, whereas 7,700 people originated from Tunisia. These three nationalities constituted more than half of the total individuals arrived. Mediterranean routes to Europe The Mediterranean Sea recorded the largest number of deaths and missing cases of migrants worldwide. The Mediterranean Route leading to Italy is known as the Central Mediterranean Route, which counts the highest number of fatalities among the different Mediterranean routes. This route includes the crossing from North Africa to Italy, as well as to Malta. The main departing country is Libya, while Tunisia, Egypt, and East Algeria are minor departing shores. After the Central Mediterranean Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea registered the second-highest number of deaths and missing people. The Eastern Mediterranean route includes migration flows from Türkiye to Greece and Cyprus. Main countries of arrival Between January and October 2024, Italy was the European country registering the largest number of migrants' arrivals. All the 55,000 immigrants reached the country by sea. Spain was the second country of first arrival in Europe, followed by Greece. The overall number of migrants who set foot on Italian shores expanded in the last years. However, the death and missing cases did not drop proportionally to the number of people who reached the coast.

Sugar cane was the leading crop product in Egypt's agricultural sector, with a production value of around 15.3 million metric tons in 2023. Sugar beet and wheat followed, amounting to roughly 12.7 million tons and 9.7 million metric tons, respectively. Among the 20 leading crops, only two fell under one million metric tons, namely, apples and sorghum. Agriculture in Egypt Although roughly 96 percent of the land in Egypt is desert and uninhabited, agriculture in Egypt dates back to its ancient civilization. With the population growth and the country being one of the most populated in the African continent, food needs are increasing rapidly. Moreover, agriculture remains an important part of the Egyptian economy, amounting to 11.3 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2019/2020, ranking as the third contributing sector to GDP. Food security and a large importer of wheat Egypt is the lowest-ranking country in the northernmost part of the African continent, with 56 points in the global food security index in 2022. Furthermore, in the three-year average between 2019 and 2021, 7.3 million people were insecure in terms of food. Bread is fundamental in the Egyptian diet. Although the country produced nine million metric tons of wheat as of 2021. The excessive demand still leads Egypt to be the largest importer of wheat in the world, with significant power over the market.

As of 2023, the labor force in Egypt consisted of nearly 33.4 million people, which was higher than the previous year. In general, the number of currently employed or unemployed people seeking work increased, reaching its peak in 2023. Between 2016 and 2019, it followed an overall slight declining trend. Furthermore, the most significant proportion in 2022 had completed a technical or general secondary education degree. A huge gender gap in labor participation. The Egyptian labor market faced several obstacles, one of which is gender disparity. For instance, only 16.5 percent of Egyptian women were economically active. In contrast, this figure was much higher for men between 15 years and older at nearly 71.3 percent. In addition, the unemployment rate was higher for women reaching 17.3 percent as of the second quarter of 2023. Alternatively, the male unemployment rate was significantly lower at close to five percent.   An informal market that absorbs the majority of employment. The country has a large informal market. In particular, almost two-thirds of the employment occurred in the shadow market in 2019, putting burden on the Egyptian economy. Not surprisingly, the gender gap persists in the informal sector. In 2020, out of the 17.5 million working without official documentation in the country, a staggering 89 percent were men.

As of June 2022, Nassef Sawiris, with a net worth of 7.3 billion U.S. dollars, is the richest man in Egypt, fourth richest in the African continent, and ranked 292 in the world. His sibling Naguib Sawiris ranked second, with a net worth of 3.4 billion U.S. dollars. Their father, Onsi Sawiris, who passed away in June 2021, founded Orascom Construction PLC, which he then passed on to his son Nassef. Four other Egyptian billionaires followed, with three of them belonging to the same family; Mansour. They have a combined net worth of 5.1 billion U.S. dollars. Furthermore, their family business, Mansour group, works in several industries, mainly the automotive industry. It is a General Motors dealer and owns several other franchises.

Orascom in the market since 1950

Born in a Coptic family in the South of Egypt (Upper Egypt), Onsi Sawiris started his construction career in 1950. Soon after, the president of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser assumed power nationalizing the company 10 years later and preventing him from leaving the country for a few years. He was later allowed to leave for Libya returning in President Anwar Sadat’s time in office, establishing Orascom Onsi Sawiris & Co. In 1995, the company was transferred to his son Nassef. As of the fiscal year ending 2020, the total revenue of Orascom construction reached 3.37 billion U.S. dollars with an increment of 5.87 percent year-on-year.

Concentrated wealth in the continent

Among the 20 wealthiest individuals in the African continent, 14 were from Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa. The wealthiest individual in Africa was the Nigerian Aliko Dangote of the Dangote Group. He was followed by Nicky Oppenheimer and his family and Johann Rupert and his family who were from South Africa. Nassef Sawiris, from Egypt, ranked fourth. This followed the same ranking in terms of the countries with the largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the continent. Furthermore, by reviewing the overall private wealth in Africa, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Cairo, and Lagos rank among the cities with the highest private wealth.