The Netherlands was the country in the world with the highest labor force participation rate among youth in 2022, reaching over ** percent. Iceland, Australia, and Uganda followed behind. In 2022, the Netherlands had a youth unemployment rate at *** percent.

Globally, about 25 percent of the population is under 15 years of age and 10 percent is over 65 years of age. Africa has the youngest population worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa, more than 40 percent of the population is below 15 years, and only three percent are above 65, indicating the low life expectancy in several of the countries. In Europe, on the other hand, a higher share of the population is above 65 years than the population under 15 years. Fertility rates The high share of children and youth in Africa is connected to the high fertility rates on the continent. For instance, South Sudan and Niger have the highest population growth rates globally. However, about 50 percent of the world’s population live in countries with low fertility, where women have less than 2.1 children. Some countries in Europe, like Latvia and Lithuania, have experienced a population decline of one percent, and in the Cook Islands, it is even above two percent. In Europe, the majority of the population was previously working-aged adults with few dependents, but this trend is expected to reverse soon, and it is predicted that by 2050, the older population will outnumber the young in many developed countries. Growing global population As of 2025, there are 8.1 billion people living on the planet, and this is expected to reach more than nine billion before 2040. Moreover, the global population is expected to reach 10 billions around 2060, before slowing and then even falling slightly by 2100. As the population growth rates indicate, a significant share of the population increase will happen in Africa.

The average for 2024 based on 196 countries was 25.79 percent. The highest value was in the Central African Republic: 49 percent and the lowest value was in Hong Kong: 10.51 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Africa has the youngest population in the world. Among the 35 countries with the lowest median age worldwide, only three fall outside the continent. In 2023, the median age in Niger was 15.1 years, the youngest country. This means that at this age point, half of the population was younger and half older. A young population reflects several demographic characteristics of a country. For instance, together with a high population growth, life expectancy in Western Africa is low: this reached 58 years for men and 60 for women in 2024. Overall, Africa has the lowest life expectancy in the world.

Africa’s population is still growing Africa’s population growth can be linked to a high fertility rate, along with a drop in death rates. Despite the fertility rate on the continent following a constant declining trend, it remains far higher compared to all other regions worldwide. It was forecast to reach 4.02 children per woman, compared to a worldwide average of 2.25 children per woman in 2024. Furthermore, the crude death rate in Africa overall dropped, only increasing slightly during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The largest populations on the continent Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the most populous African countries. In 2025, people living in Nigeria amounted to over 237 million, while the number for the three other countries exceeded 100 million each. Of those, the Democratic Republic of Congo sustained the fourth-highest fertility rate in Africa in 2023. Nigeria and Ethiopia also had high rates, with 4.48 and 3.99 births per woman, respectively. Although such a high fertility rate is expected to slow down, it will still impact the population structure, growing younger nations.

The average for 2023 based on 177 countries was 15.77 percent. The highest value was in Djibouti: 76.27 percent and the lowest value was in Niger: 0.42 percent. The indicator is available from 1991 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The average for 2024 based on 12 countries was 23.66 percent. The highest value was in Bolivia: 29.79 percent and the lowest value was in Chile: 16.97 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Abstract

In every society, young people carry the promise of a better future. They are the building blocks of a country’s economy and society and its most essential human resource. In Egypt, young people are not only its most important capital but they also constitute the largest segment of the population. According to the 2006 census, approximately 40% of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. With the right investments, this youth bulge will represent a demographic opportunity that will positively shape the country’s future. Once Egypt’s young people reach working age, given a relatively low proportion of older and younger non-working populations to support, they will present a “demographic gift” of low economic dependency. However, the large size of this cohort places enormous pressures on social services and the labor market and creates a major challenge for development planning. Failures in these institutions could result in the social and economic marginalization of a large proportion of youth that will be unable to compete in an increasingly globalized economy, hence turning the “gift” to demographic “burden”.

Effective planning relies on high-quality research. The Population Council seeks to build the evidence base for better policies and programs with the view of generating research that makes a difference. Young people have been a primary focus for the Council for decades, directing research to determine their conditions and contexts, and providing evidence for decision-makers. In 1998, the Population Council published Transitions to Adulthood, a comprehensive profile of youth based on the Council’s 1997 Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. The results of ASCE have been an important resource for programming for adolescents in Egypt.

Responding to the dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), which covers a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health, and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up to an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. With focus on young people aged 10 to 19, analysis of ASCE identified tobacco use, female circumcision, anemia, growth stunting and delayed sexual maturation, poor management of menstruation, and underutilization of health insurance as six priority issues for youth in Egypt. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-29) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-29.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 (SYPE) was designed in such a way as to be representative at the national as well as regional levels. The sample size of approximately 17,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 29 was selected to provide estimates of key indicators related to adolescents and youth for the country as a whole and for four administrative regions (Urban governorates, Lower Egypt governorates, Upper Egypt governorates and the Frontier governorates), and, where relevant, for the urban and rural segments of these regions. These indicators include never enrollment rates, dropout rates, the incidence of child labor, and unemployment rates. Based on previous statistics about the incidence of young people in the relevant age and sex groups, we determined that a nationally-representative sample of 11,000 households would be sufficient. To obtain accurate estimates for the Frontier governorates, these governorates had to be oversampled. As a result, the SYPE is not a self-weighted sample and weights are needed to obtain the correct estimates.

Sample Frame

The SYPE sample was designed as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected from a CAPMAS master sample. The master sample is a stratified cluster sample that contains 2,400 PSUs, divided into 1,080 urban and 1,320 rural PSUs. These PSUs are drawn from a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) covering the entire country prepared by CAPMAS from the 2006 Population Census. Each EA is drawn up in such a way as to contain roughly 1500 dwelling units. The sample is stratified into governorates and each governorate is further stratified into urban and rural segments, where relevant. The distribution of PSUs across strata in the master sample reflects the distribution of the population so as to produce a self-weighted sample.

To achieve a fairly wide geographic dispersion in the SYPE sample and thus minimize the design effect, we set the number of households per cluster to 25. To obtain these 25 households, 25 dwelling units were systematically selected from the roughly 1500 listed in each EA. To get the sample size we needed, we set the number of required PSUs to 455, for a total sample size of 11,375 households. The distribution of PSUs across governorates and urban and rural areas in both the master sample and the SYPE sample are shown in (Table 1 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources). The final sample of households interviewed was made up of 11,372 households, which yielded a total of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The PSU's in the SYPE sample were drawn from the EA's in the master sample at a rate of roughly 19%-20%. With the exception of the Frontier Governorates and the Luxor administrative area, the sampling rate varies in a relatively narrow range from 14% to 27%. To get good representation from the sparsely populated Frontier Governorates, we increased the sampling rate significantly, in some cases retaining all the PSU's in the master sample. Weights will be derived at the level of the administrative region to account for these varying sampling rates.

Selecting the Urban Slums Sub-Sample

One of the objectives of SYPE is to obtain separate estimates for young people living in urban slums (referred to in the final report chapters as informal urban areas). To make sure we had enough representation of urban slums, we used a study conducted by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC) to classify urban PSU's in the CAPMAS master sample into slum and non-slum areas. Deciding how to allocate urban PSUs to slum and non-slum areas was not a straightforward exercise given the unreliability of the data on the population of the slum areas.

First, we had to make a decision on how to allocate the 212 urban PSUs to slum and non-slum PSUs. The most reasonable estimate of the share of slums in the urban population was close to 20%, leading us to allocate 44 of the 212 urban PSU's in the sample to slum areas. Second, we had to allocate these 44 slum PSUs to the various governorates. This allocation was done in such a way as to match as closely as possible, the distribution of the number of slum areas across governorates is shown in (Table 2 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources).

Ideally, we should have allocated slum PSUs across governorates according to each governorate's share of slum population rather than its share in the number of slum areas. However, given the unreliable information about the population of slum areas, it was impossible to do the allocation in terms of population. This allocation decision is likely to understate the true share of slums in governorates such as Cairo, Giza and Alexandria, where the size of slums is likely to be larger than average, and overstate slum populations in governorates like Damietta, Dakahlia and Sharkia where the size of slums is probably smaller than average. Without reliable data on slum populations, it is unfortunately not possible to use weights to correct for this possible bias in the geographic distribution of slums.

** More information on the sampling procedures is available in Appendix C in the English final report available among the external resources.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was due to the individual's rejection or unavailability during the data collectors' visit or their subsequent two revisits to the same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included three separate questionnaires: 1) A household-level questionnaire; 2) An individual questionnaire that was administered to eligible young people; 3) A community-level questionnaire, which aimed at providing a profile of the localities in which young people live.

Response rate

A total of 16,061 young people were selected to be interviewed as part of this survey. Of this group, 15,029 young people were interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

SYPE estimates for sampling error estimation

Sampling errors along with other precision estimates have been calculated for several key survey estimates. The chosen estimates are labor-force participation rate; unemployment rate; employment

The Candidate Countries Eurobarometer (CCEB) series, first conducted in 2001, gathers information from the countries applying to become members of the European Union (EU) in a way that allows direct comparison with the standard Eurobarometer series carried out in the existing EU countries. The CCEB provides decision-makers and the European public with opinion data on the similarities and differences between the EU and the candidate countries. The CCEB continuously tracks support for EU membership in each country and records changes in attitudes related to European issues in the candidate countries. This round of the CCEB surveys was conducted between March 21 and May 4, 2003, in the 13 candidate countries: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey. The main aim of this Eurobarometer survey was to capture some of the policy-relevant characteristics of the youth in the candidate countries. Respondents were queried on such topics as young adults living at home with their parents, activities (i.e., reading, watching television, going to the cinema, or shopping) done during leisure time, organizations in which they actively participated, attitudes toward foreigners, foreign languages spoken, European countries visited, unemployment, sources of revenue, information media usage, and social and political attitudes. The respondents were further asked questions about the meaning and importance of the EU, EU citizenship, areas in which the EU should give more priority (e.g., housing, education and training, public health, or cultural and artistic associations), from what sources information about the EU were obtained, and feelings regarding the EU "Youth Programme," which the EU uses as a way to show support to young people. Demographic variables include nationality, age, gender, household income, current occupation, and whether the respondent was paid directly or indirectly by the state, local government, or other public administration, marital status, level of education, number of people living in household, whether anyone in the household owned a color television set, video recorder, video camera, automatic washing machine, dishwasher, home computer, microwave oven, mobile phone, or two or more cars, religious affiliation, how often religious services were attended, and voting intent.

The average for 2024 based on 47 countries was 15.44 percent. The highest value was in Turkey: 21.45 percent and the lowest value was in Andorra: 11.89 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The average for 2024 based on 47 countries was 24.61 percent. The highest value was in Afghanistan: 42.89 percent and the lowest value was in Hong Kong: 10.51 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Through this survey more than 10.000 young people across the EU (between 15 and 30 years) expressed their views on what the EU priorities should be as well as where education and training should focus in the years to come. Additionally, the survey provides an overview on young people’s trends regarding their social and civic participation. Finally, it illustrates the situation regarding youth mobility and helps to identify the main reasons that possibly impede young people from taking part in a learning experience abroad.

The results by volumes are distributed as follows:

• Volume A: Countries
• Volume AA: Groups of countries
• Volume A' (AP): Trends
• Volume AA' (AAP): Trends of groups of countries
• Volume B: EU/socio-demographics
• Volume B' (BP) : Trends of EU/ socio-demographics
• Volume C: Country/socio-demographics ---- Researchers may also contact GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences: https://www.gesis.org/eurobarometer

Abstract

SYPE 2014 IS A HARMONIZED-PANEL DATA SET WITH SYPE 2009

The five years that have passed since the Population Council's Survey of Young People in Egypt of 2009 (SYPE 2009) have proved to be a tumultuous period for the country. The year 2011 marked a historic year for Egyptian youth, as young people from around the country took an active role in the January 25 revolution. Through their activism in early 2011, Egypt's young revolutionaries gained a platform to denounce their social and political marginalization, and demand their rights to freedom, justice, equality, and opportunity.

This unprecedented voice for Egypt's youth pointed a national spotlight on many of the challenges that were found in the 2009 SYPE, including an educational system unresponsive to youth needs, difficult employment conditions, low civic and political engagement, and a social environment that denies youth access to essential information about their transition to adulthood.

Since 2011, Egypt has undergone several political fluctuations and changes of power, with civil unrest and continued protests marking many events during the transition. Furthermore, the past four years have proven costly to Egypt's economic well-being and the labor market. Post-revolutionary political instability has resulted in the widespread divestment of foreign-owned firms, the declining value of the Egyptian pound, and a looming debt crisis the Egyptian state is still struggling to avoid. The tumultuous climate has resulted in an enormous drop in revenues for particular economic sectors, such as tourism. Moreover, the return of large numbers of migrants from Libya and other countries in the region affected by the “Arab Spring” has also negatively affected the Egyptian labor market.

This post-revolutionary economic stagnation is expected to have resulted in a steady deterioration of job quality and increasing employment informality, in the context of labor market conditions that were already difficult for young entrants. Such economic challenges could not come at a worse time for Egypt's youth.

Like other countries in the region, Egypt is currently experiencing a demographic “youth bulge,” meaning that the population of young people is significantly larger than other age groups. Although more highly educated than previous generations, this population of young people has struggled to achieve economic stability. Even prior to the 2011 uprisings, Egypt's youth constituted an estimated 90% of the country's unemployed.

It is therefore vital to question how Egypt's youth are now faring in a significantly more unfavorable economic climate, and whether they are able to access the professional opportunities needed to work toward economic independence and complete key life transitions such as getting married and starting a family. At the same time, the transitional period may have opened up new opportunities to youth in other areas of life, most notably deeper engagement with media, politics, and civic life. Such questions regarding youth employment and civic participation in the current tumultuous era, along with potential changes in the institutions and decisions that shape the transition to adulthood, such as health and access to health care, quality of education, migration, marriage, and youth attitudes and life outlooks, are what this report seeks to better understand.

The 2009 Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) was fielded in May 2009 and collected data on several key areas of interest to youth, including education, employment, migration, health, family formation, social issues, and civic and political participation. In order to observe how young people have been faring during the transition period in Egypt in comparison to 2009, the Population Council designed the second wave of SYPE in 2014, which re-interviewed the same sample of young people who were interviewed in 2009. This yields a panel data set that spans the periods before and after the January 25, 2011 revolution, and that is nationally representative for both time periods.

The data collected for SYPE 2009 was harmonized, by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) Data Team, with SYPE 2014 to produce a comparable and harmonized version of the data set to facilitate cross-temporal research.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (13-35) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 13-35.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SYPE 2014 IS A HARMONIZED-PANEL DATA SET WITH SYPE 2009

----> Survey design and implementation SYPE 2009 targeted young people aged 10-29, thus encompassing both "youth" and "adolescents. The SYPE team chose this age range in order to track young people throughout the complete duration of their transition to adulthood, allowing for an extended period to account for the phenomenon of delayed marriage and, in some cases, delayed transitions to productive work. The SYPE 2014 survey built a panel dataset by going back to re-interview the same sample of young people (now aged 13-35) interviewed in SYPE 2009 in all governorates of Egypt.

----> Survey sample A brief explanation of the sampling design for the previous wave of SYPE is essential for understanding the 2014 SYPE sampling. SYPE 2009 is a uniquely comprehensive survey in that it is nationally representative, covering all the governorates in Egypt including the five frontier governorates, and was specifically designed for a priori inclusion of informal urban areas, also known as slums (or ashwaiyyat in Arabic). The Frontier Governorates and informal areas are often not covered in largescale surveys. The sample is designed so that the data are not only nationally representative, but also representative of Egypt's six major administrative regions: the Urban Governorates, rural Upper Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Lower Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates.

The 2009 SYPE sample is a stratified, multi-stage cluster sample. Sampling was determined using primary sampling units (PSUs) drawn from the master sample provided by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), which was based on the 2006 national census. SYPE 2009 consisted of 455 PSUs, with 239 PSUs in rural areas and 216 PSUs in urban areas. Rural PSUs were divided equally between large and small villages, in order to accurately represent the diversity of rural demographics and account for peri-urbanization.

Informal settlements were selected from a list developed by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC). The 2009 SYPE data collection and processing were conducted in collaboration with the IDSC.

Out of the 11,372 households selected from the CAPMAS master sample for the 2009 SYPE sample, 20,200 young people were eligible to participate, and the Kish grid technique was used to draw a sample of 16,061 subjects from this pool of potential participants.

In total, 15,029 of the sampled 16,061 young people were interviewed, with attrition primarily being due to the individual's refusal to participate or unavailability during data collection periods.

SYPE 2014 sampled the same young people who were part of the original sample of 15,029 individuals surveyed in 2009. Of the 15,029 young people interviewed in 2009, data collectors managed to completely interview 10,916 (72.6%) aged 13-35 for the SYPE 2014 study (A few respondents reported being below age 14 at the time of the 2014 SYPE interview. These cases were left as is and included in the analysis, after carefully checking their exact age.) Every effort was made to track down the current contact information of households and/or eligible young people who had changed their location since the 2009 interview. During the SYPE 2014 data collection phase, a household was not interviewed (i.e., the household questionnaire was not filled out) if the eligible young person could not be located either in the original or in a split household.

Weights based on the probability of non-response were constructed to adjust the sample of the 2014 SYPE for attrition (Very few cases were reported as missing due to migration or death of an eligible young person. These cases were assigned to the "household not found" or "individual not found" categories. However, it is suspected that some of the households that were unable to be tracked in 2014 may also have been missing due to the migration or death of household members).

The harmonized sample includes the 10,916 individuals re-interviewed in 2014.

** For information on the 2009 SYPE sample, See the English report of SYPE 2009 available among the external resources in the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 study on the ERF data portal.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was mainly due to family refusal to participate (9%) as well as the relocation of respondents (14%) who could not be tracked in 2014, 60% of the interviewed individuals were still in their original 2009 households, while 12.6% were found in split households (A split household is defined in this 2014 SYPE panel as a household that was formed due to the move of at least one eligible young person out of his/her original 2009 household to form a new household after the 2009 interview).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

The results of a survey about the share of Arab youth on which non-Arab country has increased its influence in the Arab world the most over the past five years across Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2020 showed that around ** percent of the respondents were said to believe the United States of America (USA) was the non-Arab country with the most increased influence in the Arab world in the past five years.

Abstract

The Survey Assessment of Vietnamese Youth (SAVY) undertaken in late 2003 was a collaboration of the Ministry of Health, General Statistics Office with technical and financial support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

This is the first nationwide baseline survey of youth ever undertaken in Viet Nam. It mainly aims to collect data on various aspects of youth life in order to inform policy and programmes in the adolescent and youth health and development area.

SAVY reveals a positive picture of Vietnamese youth as they face both challenges and opportunities in a changing economic and social environment. Compared with young people in other Asian countries, Vietnamese youth display relatively less risky behaviour, are supported by protective factors and are optimistic and eager to build a prosperous country. However, this survey does reveal that some young people will encounter considerable challenges in their transition to adulthood, unless provided with support. It is important that parents, the community and the government, with the support of international agencies and young people, work together to ensure the healthy development of young people in Viet Nam.

The survey involved 7,584 youth aged 14-25 years from 42 provinces across the country, from the smallest rural hamlet to the largest cities. Using a household sample, youth were invited to a central location to complete both a face-to-face interview and a self-administered anonymous survey which contained sensitive questions young people could answer in private. What results is the most extensive understanding of the social life, attitudes and aspirations of young Vietnamese people today.

Survey Objectives - Provide information that can best inform future initiatives to promote the healthy development of youth across the country; - Inform policy and program development in the Adolescent and Youth Health area in the immediate future; and - Provide baseline data about Vietnamese youth to identify trends and patterns in the coming years.

Survey Content The questionnaire was designed through a very dynamic process, where experience from previous surveys was examined and opinion of young people ware actively solicited to ensure quality and relevance. The specific information collected through the questionnaire includes: Personal demographics Schooling, education Vocational training, Work and employment Puberty: knowledge and behaviors about reproductive health Dating and friendships HIV/AIDS Injury, illness and physical health Attitudes, perceptions and behaviors Social factors and emotional wellbeing Mass media Future aspirations

Survey Implementation SAVY is a collaborative effort between many agencies and young people. It is the result of extensive investment and parnership building between the Vietnamese Government through the Ministry of Health, the General Statistics Office, and United Nations agencies, notably The World Health Organisation and the United Nations Children's Fund. Several other organizations, from a variety of sectors, also contributed to the endeavor, notably the Ministry of Education and Training (MoET), the Central Youth Union (YU) and the Vietnam Women's Union (VWU). In order to ensure that the survey was methodologically sound, the East- West Centrer (Honolulu, Hawaii) provided intensive technical assisstance.

Survey Results Results from the surveys, including national reports, and micro level datasets. The dataset was formatted by *.sav (SPSS) and *.dta (STATA) More information and electronic files of SAVY, visit : http://www.moh.gov.vn/SKSS/Savy_htm/savy.htm

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Youth aged 14-25 years

Universe

The survey covered all youths aged 14-25 years resident in the household. The SAVY sample did not include Vietnamese youth not living with their families nor those living in military barracks, social protection centers, dormitories, re-education centers and drug treatment centers.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The SAVY sample is a national representative sample of youth (persons ages 14-25 years) living in households across the eight economic regions of Viet Nam. THe sample was drawn from the sub-sample of 45,000 households in the 2002 Viet Nam Living Standards Survey (VLSS 2002), within a multi-staged and stratified design. The youth in the SAVY sample design are sufficient to represent the nation as a whole, as well as the urban and rural separely. The largest cities (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh) were over sampled in order to provide for increased statistical power in that segment of the total population of youth.

Forty-two out of 61 provinces were selected for the SAVY sample, using the probability proportional to size (PPS) method to maintain representativeness . At the next stage of sampling, enumeration areas (EAs) in each province were selected. In those EAs sampled, all youth aged 14 through 25 were identified (i.e, those born between 1978 and 1989) males and females, married and non married from the 20 households that had been selected for the VLSS2002. The youth cohort represents all youth, but not those living in special arrangements, such as barracks, re-education centers, social protection centers, factories and dormitories.

The 61 provinces in the VLSS 2002 sample included 2.250 EAS, and the 42 provinces selected for SAVY included 1643 EAs. From these, a total of 446 EAs were selected for the SAVY sample. These EAs contained 8920 households corresponding to a population of 40,140 (about 4.5 persons per household). Since youth aged 14-25 account for 24.5% of the total population (the figure in the 1999 census), the anticipated number of youth in the SAVY sample was approximately 9,835. If the mobilization rate (percentage of eligible youth actually interviewed) was 90% then the number of youth interviewed woul be estimated to be about 8,850. In the actual SAVY field experiece, the mobilization rate was 85% and the number of completed interviews was 7,584.

The sample is therefore representative, and provides sufficient cases for analysis at the national level within urban and rural sectors at the national level, by gender at the nation level, and for each of the regions. Further detail on the sampling methodology is provided in the Appendix of the Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed through a very dynamic process, where experience from previous surveys was examined and opinions of young people were actively solicited to ensure quality and relevance. This process also helped to define the methodology and implications for fieldwork planning.

A number of stakeholders’ agencies, including research institutes, were involved in the development of the questionnaire. This process ensured broad participation and ownership of the questionnaire and the survey.

The questionnaire design took place in two stages. In the first stage, experienced researchers, and others interested in the survey as stakeholders, were convened to a workshop by the MoH. Potential topics, and the possible phrasing of questions using the questionnaire bank from previous studies in the region as reference, were fully discussed. Since some of the topics were deemed to be more sensitive than others, it was recommended that the questionnaire should be organized into two parts, one for an interview and the other for self-completion. On the basis of that workshop, a draft questionnaire was created for review by the workshop members and numerous others in stakeholder agencies, as well as by young people through a series of consultations.

Eight focus group discussions were conducted in Hanoi and HCMC, with around 60 young people of different ages in the 14-25 range who were either married or unmarried and either attending or not attending school. Participants gave detailed feedback about the terminology, the ways in which questions were posed and the sequencing of the questions, as well as which specific questions or issues they would prefer to respond to on their own, rather than with an interviewer. This process resulted in the rephrasing of a number of questions and changes to the self-completed section.

Preliminary training was conducted for field-testing of the questionnaire. Participants came from the GSO Office in Tuyen Quang, Hue and HCMC, representing the north, south and central regions of Viet Nam. A group of 50 young males and females, either married or unmarried and either attending or not attending school, participated in the interviewers’ practice session. In the debriefing discussions, these young people expressed their feelings about the interviews, the questions asked, what they liked and did not like about the process, seating arrangements, ideas of what topics/issues they thought might still be missing in the draft questionnaire, and what they thought would be needed to make good interviewers. Field testing with around 180 young people from six communes in these three provinces then took place.

The second stage involved further vetting of questionnaire sections and was coordinated by the GSO. The review meeting following the field trips recommended the need for another field testing exercise, particularly because little experience had been gained from testing with urban young people and interviewing ethnic minority young people through interpreters. Following the second round of field-testing in Hanoi and Yen Bai, the feedback was incorporated to finalise the questionnaire for the interviewers training. At the training, further revision and refinement of

Youth & Adult Literacy Rates

Demographics, disparities, and implications

By Eva Murray [source]

About this dataset

This dataset contains data on literacy rates for youth and adults in various regions and countries. The data provides insights on which regions have high or low literacy rates, as well as how literacy rates have changed over time. The dataset can be used to help policy-makers understand where interventions are needed to improve literacy rates

How to use the dataset

• The data can be used to compare literacy rates between different regions and countries, as well as between different age groups within the same region or country.
• To compare literacy rates between different regions, select the 'Region' column from the drop-down menu at the top of the page. To compare literacy rates between different countries, select the 'Country' column from the drop-down menu at the top of the page.
• To compare literacy rates between different age groups, select either the 'Youth (15-24 years)' or 'Adults (15+ years)' option from the 'Age Group' drop-down menu at the top of the page.
• You can also use this data to compare literacy rates between males and females by selecting either th e'Male' or 'Female' option from th eGender drop-down menu at t he top of

Research Ideas

• Measuring the progress of a country's literacy rate over time
• Comparing the literacy rates of different countries
• Comparing the literacy rates of different age groups in a country

Acknowledgements

Data Source

License

License: Dataset copyright by authors - You are free to: - Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. - Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. - You must: - Give appropriate credit - Provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. - ShareAlike - You must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. - Keep intact - all notices that refer to this license, including copyright notices.

Columns

File: Literacy rates (no pw2).csv | Column name | Description | |:------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Region | The region the data is from. (String) | | Country | The country the data is from. (String) | | Year | The year the data is from. (Integer) | | Age | The age group the data is from. (String) | | Gender | The gender the data is from. (String) | | Literacy rate | The literacy rate for the given region, country, year, age, and gender. (Float) |

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Eva Murray.

Abstract

Tobacco usage rates are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Adolescents are especially vulnerable to taking up tobacco use at a young age in some African countries because the tobacco industry aggressively markets to them. Most of the available evidence captures data from 13- to 15-year-olds even though evidence from Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) shows that the age of smoking initiation among young people ranges from as young as 7 years old to about 16 years old. The lack of data on adolescent tobacco use in African countries limits policymakers’ ability to make data-informed decisions on tobacco control policies. The problem that the study aims to address is the lack of quality and timely primary data on adolescent tobacco use which significantly inhibits the country’s ability to appropriately target efforts, engage county governments to action, and increase global attention and funding for adolescent health.

Geographic coverage

Nation-wide household survey (Kenya and Nigeria)

Analysis unit

The study was a household-based with the household head and adolescents to be interviewed.

Individual Household

Universe

The survey covered household head (either male or female) and adolescents aged (10-17 years old)

Sampling procedure

Kenya

Sample size: The sample size for this survey was calculated using the United Nations (UN) formula (see Appendix 2) for estimating sample sizes in prevalence studies for household surveys (UN, 2008). In the computation of the sample, a 95% confidence level was applied, along with a default design effect of 2.0 to account for multistage sampling. A 10% non-response rate was factored into the calculations, consistent with other studies in Kenya (KNBS, 2015). An estimate of 16.2% was used for the expected prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents (Nazir et al., 2019). The adolescent population proportion was estimated at 20.45% and the average household size estimated at 3.9, based on the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census (KNBS, 2019). Using these parameters, the calculation resulted in a nationally representative sample of 6,061 adolescents in Kenya, which is sufficient for analysis and national-level inferences. However, to adjust for the 10% non-response rate, a targeted sample size of 6,734 was computed

Sampling procedure:The survey utilized a three-stage stratified cluster sample design.The first stage involved the selection of 16 counties from Kenya's 47 counties. Prior to sampling, the counties were stratified by grouping them into the eight former provinces. Thereafter, a representative and proportionate sample was selected from each province. The number of sampled counties was computed using Taro Yamane's simplified formula for proportions (Tepping, 1968). Nairobi county was included by default because it is a capital city, a region, and a county. The remaining 15 counties were randomly selected based on a computer-generated sequence using R statistical software.The second stage involved random selection of EAs within the 16 sampled counties, which was done with probability proportional to the size of the EA. Prior to EA sample selection, the EA sampling frame was first stratified by residence (rural and urban) and 224 EAs were selected: 81 in urban areas and 143 in rural areas. To generate a household sampling frame and identify households with eligible adolescents, the survey team conducted a household listing operation within the selected EAs. The operation involved visiting each EA to list all eligible households and their addresses.In the third stage, 30 households were randomly selected from each EA. In each selected household, only one adolescent aged 10 to 17 years was interviewed. These interviewees were randomly sampled if multiple adolescents were present in the household.

Nigeria

Sample size: Nigeria: The sample size for this study was estimated using the UN formula for estimating sample sizes in prevalence studies (UN, 2008), with a 95% confidence level. A sample design effect of 2.5 (default value) was applied since sampling was to be conducted at different administrative levels, such as geopolitical zones, states, and EAs. A non-response rate of 20% was factored into the calculations. While non-response rates for adult populations and previous adolescent studies in Nigeria are typically around 10% (NPC & ICF, 2019), a higher rate was considered due to the assumption that the target population may be mobile. The global prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents, reported as 19.4% (Itanyi et al.,2018) was used as the estimated prevalence due to a lack of recent national estimates. The adolescent population proportion was estimated at 17.9%, and the average household size was set at 4.7, based on national statistics from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) (NPC and ICF, 2019). Using these parameters, the calculation resulted in a nationally representative sample of 6,358 adolescents in Nigeria, which is sufficient for analysis and national-level inferences. However, to adjust the 20% non-response rate, a targeted sample size of 7,948 was envisaged.

Sampling Procedure: The survey employed a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design to produce a nationally representative sample of adolescents, covering both urban and rural areas. The first sampling stage involved randomly selecting 13 study states (12 states and the FCT, Abuja) from the national sampling frame of 36 states as provided by the NPC. The states were stratified by grouping them into their respective geopolitical zones, and then a representative and proportionate sample from each zone was randomly selected using a computer-generated sequence. The number of sampled states was calculated using Taro Yamane's simplified formula for proportions. The FCT was included by default due to its status as the capital. In the second stage, 265 EAs were selected using probability proportional to the size of the sampled states. Before selecting the EAs, the sampling frame was stratified by residence (urban/rural). Among the selected EAs, 105 were in urban areas and 160 in rural areas. Prior to field work, the survey team carried out a household listing operation in all selected EAs to obtain an updated list of eligible households in the selected EAs, which served as the sampling frame at the third stage of sample selection. In the third stage, 30 households per EA were randomly selected to reduce clustering effects. In each selected household, one adolescent aged 10 to 17 years was randomly selected to be interviewed (where multiple adolescents were available). If a selected adolescent was unavailable, interviewers made up to three return visits to complete the interview. If the adolescents remained unavailable after the third visit, the survey was closed, and no replacements were made.

Sampling deviation

N/A

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The DaYTA standardized questionnaire was developed through intensive review of literature, including other standardized survey questionnaires that are used internationally. Examples include the following: CDC National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) ASH Smokefree Great Britain Youth survey (ASH-Y) International Tobacco Control (ICT)-Youth Surveys WHO Tobacco Questions for Surveys of Youth (TQS-Youth) The reviews were complemented by consultations with country stakeholders and field testing to ensure that the questionnaires were appropriate and relevant to policy decisions in and across-countries Both household and individual-level data will be collected as follows: Household data: The household questionnaire will be administered to the consenting head of household or acting head of household. The questionnaire will collect information on demographics and socio-economic status as presented below: Module 1: Household roster - demographic data of household members (de facto residents who stay in the household) Module 2: Household characteristics - socio-economic data. Individual-level data from participating adolescents: Information to be collected through core modules will include the following: Module 1: Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, school year (if in school), average weekly spending money; Functional difficulties i.e. vision, mobility, cognition remembering, self-care and communication. Module 2 - 7: Tobacco use for both smoked tobacco [manufactured/factory-made cigarettes, roll-your-own (RYO)/hand rolled cigarettes, shisha/waterpipe/hookah and emerging tobacco products such as heated tobacco products), and other tobacco products e.g. cigars, cheroots, cigarillos] and smokeless tobacco [chewing tobacco such as tobacco leaf, tobacco leaf and lime; Kuber, applying tobacco such as, tobacco toothpaste-dentobac etc.; tobacco tooth powder-lal, etc.; snuff)], including type, quantity, frequency, dependency, age of initiation, where they smoke, and with whom; Use of novel products such as electronic nicotine/ non-nicotine delivery systems; Access to tobacco and novel products (e.g., how they access, where and for how much); Multi-level (e.g., individual-, household- and environment-level) factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents,19-22 such as in-school/ out-of-school, parents/guardians/other family members’ tobacco use histories, exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke within the home, or tobacco use amongst close friends, exposure to tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship, and exposure to anti-tobacco messages. Module 8: Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, intentions about using tobacco and its

The average for 2024 based on 20 countries was 24.13 percent. The highest value was in Guatemala: 31.58 percent and the lowest value was in Puerto Rico: 11.63 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

This dataset provides values for YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Young Lives research has expanded to explore linking geographical data collected during the rounds to external datasets. Matching Young Lives data with administrative and geographic datasets significantly increases the scope for research in several areas, and may allow researchers to identify sources of exogenous variation for more convincing causal analysis on policy and/or early life circumstances.

Young Lives: Data Matching Series, 1900-2021 includes the following linked datasets:

1. Climate Matched Datasets (four YL study countries): Community-level GPS data has been matched with temperature and precipitation data from the University of Delaware. Climate variables are offered at the community level, with a panel data structure spanning across years and months. Hence, each community has a unique value of precipitation (variable PRCP) and temperature (variable TEMP), for each year and month pairing for the period 1900-2017.

2. COVID-19 Matched Dataset (Peru only): The YL Phone Survey Calls data has been matched with external data sources (The Peruvian Ministry of Health and the National Information System of Deaths in Peru). The matched dataset includes the total number of COVID cases per 1,000 inhabitants, the total number of COVID deaths by district and per 1,000 inhabitants; the total number of excess deaths per 1,000 inhabitants and the number of lockdown days in each Young Lives district in Peru during August 2020 to December 2021.

Further information is available in the PDF reports included in the study documentation.

European Share of Children Living with a Single Parent by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!