In the Central African Republic and Chad, only six percent of the population has access to safely managed drinking water, making them the countries in the world where the lowest share of the population has access to clean drinking water. A high number of the countries on the list are located in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Iceland has the largest renewable freshwater resources per capita worldwide, at an estimated 444 thousand cubic meters per inhabitant as of 2023 – based on the long-term annual average. While water resources are abundant in Iceland, the population in the Nordic country amounts to less than 400,000 inhabitants.

In 2022, the European countries with the highest renewable freshwater resources by far was Norway, with approximately *** billion cubic meters. Sweden ranked second, reaching almost *** billion cubic meters.

Water withdrawals per capita in Turkmenistan amount to 2,740 cubic meters per inhabitant, according to the latest available data from 2021. This is a far higher volume than in many other countries, such as China, where per capita water withdrawals were 398.7 cubic meters as of 2021. Global water withdrawals Countries around the world withdraw huge volumes of water each year from sources such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater. China has some of the largest annual total water withdrawals across the globe, at 581.3 billion cubic meters per year. In comparison, Mexico withdrew almost 90 billion cubic meters of water in 2021. Water scarcity Although roughly 70 percent of Earth's surface is covered with water, less than one percent of the planet's total water resources can be classified as accessible freshwater resources. Growing populations, increased demand, and climate change are increasingly putting pressure on these precious resources. This is expected to lead to global water shortages around the world. In the United States, the megadrought in the west has seen water levels of major reservoirs that provide water to millions of people plummet to record lows. In order to prevent severe droughts in water-stressed areas today and in the future, a more efficient use of water is essential.

ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS. Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002. The World Bank’s ESG Data Draft dataset provides information on 17 key sustainability themes spanning environmental, social, and governance categories.

Statistics illustrates most promising supplying countries of freshwater fish in Hungary from 2007 to 2024.

United States US: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data was reported at 8,844.321 Cub m in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8,974.715 Cub m for 2012. United States US: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 11,308.247 Cub m from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2014, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15,106.842 Cub m in 1962 and a record low of 8,844.321 Cub m in 2014. United States US: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.; Weighted average;

Denmark DK: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data was reported at 55.210 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 72.000 % for 2007. Denmark DK: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data is updated yearly, averaging 58.090 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2012, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 72.000 % in 2007 and a record low of 39.570 % in 1985. Denmark DK: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.; Weighted average;

Kazakhstan KZ: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data was reported at 4.153 % in 2010. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.117 % for 2007. Kazakhstan KZ: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data is updated yearly, averaging 4.135 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2010, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.218 % in 2002 and a record low of 1.732 % in 1995. Kazakhstan KZ: Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Domestic: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kazakhstan – Table KZ.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.; Weighted average;

Statistics illustrates most promising supplying countries of freshwater fish in South Korea from 2007 to 2024.

Statistics illustrates most promising supplying countries of freshwater fish in India from 2007 to 2024.

The indicator presents i) the annual total fresh water abstraction in a country as a percentage of its long term average available water (LTAA) from renewable fresh water resources; ii) the annual groundwater abstraction as a percentage of the country’s long-term annual average groundwater available for abstraction; and iii) the annual surface water abstraction as a percentage of the country’s long-term annual average surface water resources available for abstraction. The latter is calculated as the total fresh water resources (external inflow plus precipitation less evapotranspiration) less groundwater available for abstraction. Total fresh water abstraction includes water removed from any fresh water source, either permanently or temporarily. Mine water and drainage water as well as water abstractions from precipitation are included, whereas water used for hydroelectricity generation (in situ use) is excluded. The minimum period taken into account for the calculation of long term annual averages (LTAA) is 20 years. The warning threshold of 20% for this indicator distinguishes a non-stressed from a water scarce region, with severe scarcity occurring where the WEI exceeds 40%. However the indicator is limited for several reasons: Firstly, the total fresh water abstraction does not distinguish between abstracted water that is redirected after use (and after appropriate treatment) back to the water body or if it is used for irrigation purposes with inevitable evaporation. Secondly, the abstraction and WEI are national data and disregard regional and seasonal changing conditions during the course of the year (water bodies/river basins with different level of water scarcity and hot spots in summer time). Eurostat is in maintaining more differentiated data but coverage is not yet considered sufficient. As soon as the more advanced indicator WEI+ is established, it will replace the WEI. More information can be found in Statistics Explained.

Norway Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Agriculture: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data was reported at 31.956 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 31.470 % for 2020. Norway Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Agriculture: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data is updated yearly, averaging 31.074 % from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2021, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34.166 % in 2001 and a record low of 26.726 % in 2005. Norway Annual Freshwater Withdrawals: Agriculture: % of Total Freshwater Withdrawal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Water and Wastewater Management. Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.;Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.;Weighted average;

Statistics illustrates most promising supplying countries of frozen freshwater fish in Guinea-Bissau from 2007 to 2024.

Norway NO: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data was reported at 74,359.110 Cub m in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 76,117.255 Cub m for 2012. Norway NO: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 90,177.949 Cub m from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2014, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 104,976.259 Cub m in 1962 and a record low of 74,359.110 Cub m in 2014. Norway NO: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.; Weighted Average;

Goal 6Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for allTarget 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for allIndicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water servicesSH_H2O_SAFE: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, by urban/rural (%)Target 6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situationsIndicator 6.2.1: Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and waterSH_SAN_HNDWSH: Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, by urban/rural (%)SH_SAN_SAFE: Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, by urban/rural (%)SH_SAN_DEFECT: Proportion of population practicing open defecation, by urban/rural (%)Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globallyIndicator 6.3.1: Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treatedEN_WWT_WWDS: Proportion of safely treated domestic wastewater flows (%)EN_WWT_GEN: Total wastewater generated (million m3/year)EN_WWT_TREAT: Total wastewater treated (million m3/year)EN_WWT_TREATR: Proportion of wastewater treated, by activity and location (%)Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water qualityEN_H2O_OPAMBQ: Proportion of open water bodies with good ambient water quality (%)EN_H2O_RVAMBQ: Proportion of river water bodies with good ambient water quality (%)EN_H2O_GRAMBQ: Proportion of groundwater bodies with good ambient water quality (%)EN_H2O_WBAMBQ: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality (%)Target 6.4: By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcityIndicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over timeER_H2O_WUEYST: Water Use Efficiency (United States dollars per cubic meter)Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resourcesER_H2O_STRESS: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources (%)Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriateIndicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources managementER_H2O_IWRMD: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (%)ER_H2O_IWRMP: Proportion of countries by IWRM implementation category (%)Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperationEG_TBA_H2CO: Proportion of transboundary basins (river and lake basins and aquifers) with an operational arrangement for water cooperation (%)EG_TBA_H2COAQ: Proportion of transboundary aquifers with an operational arrangement for water cooperation (%)EG_TBA_H2CORL: Proportion of transboundary river and lake basins with an operational arrangement for water cooperation (%)Target 6.6: By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakesIndicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over timeEN_WBE_PMPR: Water body extent (permanent) (% of total land area)EN_WBE_PMNR: Water body extent (permanent) (square kilometres)EN_WBE_PMPP: Water body extent (permanent and maybe permanent) (% of total land area)EN_WBE_PMPN: Water body extent (permanent and maybe permanent) (square kilometres)EN_WBE_NDETOT: Nationally derived total extent (square kilometres)EN_WBE_NDOPW: Nationally derived extent of open water bodies (square kilometres)EN_WBE_NDQLGRW: Nationally derived quality of groundwater (%)EN_WBE_NDQLOPW: Nationally derived quality of open water bodies(%)EN_WBE_NDQLRVR: Nationally derived quality of river(%)EN_WBE_NDQLTOT: Nationally derived proportion of water bodies with good quality (%)EN_WBE_NDQTGRW: Nationally derived quantity of groundwater (millions of cubic metres per annum)EN_WBE_NDQTOPW: Nationally derived quantity of open water bodies (million of cubic metres per annum)EN_WBE_NDQTRVR: Nationally derived quantity of rivers (million of cubic metres per annum)EN_WBE_NDQTTOT: Nationally derived total quantity (millions of cubic metres per annum)EN_WBE_NDRV: Nationally derived extend of rivers (square kilometres)EN_WBE_NDWTL: Nationally derived extent of wetlands (square kilometres)EN_WBE_HMWTL: Extent of human made wetlands (square kilometres)EN_WBE_INWTL: Extent of inland wetlands (square kilometres)Target 6.a: By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologiesIndicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending planDC_TOF_WASHL: Total official development assistance (gross disbursement) for water supply and sanitation, by recipient countries (millions of constant 2018 United States dollars)Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation managementIndicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation managementER_WAT_PROCED: Proportion of countries with clearly defined procedures in law or policy for participation by service users/communities in planning program in water resources planning and management (%)ER_H2O_PARTIC: Proportion of countries with high level of users/communities participating in planning programs in rural drinking-water supply (%)ER_H2O_PROCED: Proportion of countries with clearly defined procedures in law or policy for participation by service users/communities in planning program in rural drinking-water supply (%)ER_WAT_PARTIC: Proportion of countries with high level of users/communities participating in planning programs in water resources planning and management (%)ER_H2O_RURP: Countries with users/communities participating in planning programs in rural drinking-water supply, by level of participation (3 = High; 2 = Moderate; 1 = Low; 0 = NA)ER_H2O_PRDU: Countries with procedures in law or policy for participation by service users/communities in planning program in rural drinking-water supply, by level of definition in procedures (10 = Clearly defined; 5 = Not clearly defined ; 0 = NA)ER_WAT_PART: Countries with users/communities participating in planning programs in water resources planning and management, by level of participation (3 = High; 2 = Moderate; 1 = Low; 0 = NA)ER_WAT_PRDU: Countries with procedures in law or policy for participation by service users/communities in planning program in water resources planning and management, by level of definition in procedures (10 = Clearly defined; 5 = Not clearly defined ; 0 = NA)

Statistics illustrates most promising supplying countries of fish; live, ornamental, other than freshwater in Aruba from 2007 to 2024.

Pacific Island Developing Countries (PIDCs) contribute a minuscule 0.03 percent to global carbon dioxide emissions, with residents producing only a quarter of the world's average emissions per person. However, despite their minimal emissions, these nations are expected to face some of the earliest and harshest consequences of climate change, with a particular focus on its impact on freshwater resources. This chapter delves into the potential threats posed by climate change to the already stressed freshwater supplies in PIDCs.

Ireland IE: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data was reported at 10,520.123 Cub m in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,653.255 Cub m for 2012. Ireland IE: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 13,805.851 Cub m from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2014, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17,277.552 Cub m in 1962 and a record low of 10,520.123 Cub m in 2014. Ireland IE: Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.; Weighted Average;

Freshwater fishes are regarded as South Africa’s most threatened species group. Long-term distributional data for freshwater fish species can be vital for detecting critical ecosystem changes, such as species range shifts, new records of non-native invasions and loss of ecosystem services or unique biodiversity. Understanding exactly how the abundance and distribution of freshwater fishes (both native and non-native) are changing is pivotal to effectively manage and conserve unique and threatened freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. In light of this, a comprehensive freshwater fish dataset (freshwaterbiodiversity.org) was built, comprising all available records of formally described freshwater fish species occurring in South Africa. The comprehensive search for data resulted in the accrual of a total of 60 837 records of freshwater fish from South Africa, which includes 35 955 records new records to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Of the 101 native species occurring in the country, almost half of all assessed species were found to be threatened, with the number of occurrences decreasing in recent years. Conversely, the number of occurrences and distribution ranges of many non-native species were found to be increasing, especially within the past three decades. These data have provided a much-needed update to the known status and distribution of freshwater fishes in the country.