Data set - responses of participants in a survey on well-being of students during self-isolation due to pandemic. Background: Covid-19 pandemic resulted with a lock-down measure imposed by the government of North Macedonia. Conditions of self-isolation during pandemic affect the mental health. We research the possible protective factors of psychological well-being. Method: A total of 510 college students from the biggest university in the country (70% females, M age = 21.12 years, SD = 1.58) responded to a structured online questionnaire, one month after the country's complete lock down. Results: The correlational analysis suggests that at this age, psychological well-being in conditions of isolation is higher when the perceived social support and adequacy of being informed about the virus, as well the self-engagement with physical activities are higher. Further, respondents who assessed and accept the official medical and restrictive measures higher, reported better overall well-being. Finally, those students who hold conspiratorial beliefs about the virus spread tend to feel more contented than those who do not. Conclusions: In the face of the possible second wave of pandemic, policy creators and scientific community should develop well-thought strategy, tailored to different groups, to support people to cope with pandemic, and to prevent fake news and conspiracy theories which undermine confidence in the health system.

A survey conducted to assess users understanding of four COVID-19 geovisualizations. Map 1: Bing covid tracker Map 2: ECDC covid map Map 3: Johns Hopkins CSSE covid dashboard Map 4: WHO covid dashboard

Publicly available geocoded social determinants of health and mobility datasets used in the analysis of "Chronic Acid Suppression and Social Determinants of COVID-19 Infection".These datasets are required for the analytical workflow shared on Github which demonstrates how the analysis in the manuscript was done using randomly generated samples to protect patient privacy.zcta_county_rel_10.txt - Population and housing density from the 2010 decennial census. Obtained from: https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/rel/zcta_county_rel_10.txtcre-2018-a11.csv - Community Resilience Estimates which is is the capacity of individuals and households to absorb, endure, and recover from the health, social, and economic impacts of a disaster such as a hurricane or pandemic. Data obtained from: https://www.census.gov/data/experimental-data-products/community-resilience-estimates.htmlzcta_tract_rel_10.txt - Relationship between ZCTA and US Census tracts (used to map census tracts to ZCTA). Data obtained from: https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/relationship-files.html#par_textimage_674173622mask-use-by-county.txt - Mask Use By County comes from a large number of interviews conducted online by the global data and survey firm Dynata at the request of The New York Times. The firm asked a question about mask use to obtain 250,000 survey responses between July 2 and July 14, enough data to provide estimates more detailed than the state level. Data obtained from: https://github.com/nytimes/covid-19-data/tree/master/mask-usemobility_report_US.txt - Google mobility report which charts movement trends over time by geography, across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential. Data obtained from: https://github.com/ActiveConclusion/COVID19_mobility/blob/master/google_reports/mobility_report_US.csvACS2015_zctaallvars.csv - Social Deprivation Index is a composite measure of area level deprivation based on seven demographic characteristics collected in the American Community Survey (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/) and used to quantify the socio-economic variation in health outcomes. Factors are: Income, Education, Employment, Housing, Household Characteristics, Transportation, Demographics. Data obtained from: https://www.graham-center.org/rgc/maps-data-tools/sdi/social-deprivation-index.html

The dataset that we provide is composed of a csv file containing the answers of responders to our questionnaire conducted to explore perceptions and feelings on the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was conducted from June 27 to July 2 2022 among university students and adult residents of Milan, Italy, and New York City, NY, U.S.A.. The two target demographics for this study were adult residents of the two cities who were employed at the beginning of 2020 and students who attended university during 2020 or joined during the pandemic. The survey was accompanied by a promotional video and an introductory paragraph describing the objective of the study, and it was shared through social media platforms, on specialized social media groups, and on university students’ mailing lists. The total number of questions asked is a maximum of 20, variable depending on answers given by a user since we employed branching based on previous answers. This feature was particularly useful in creating questions that were specific to a subset of the sample population The topics of questions cover the following broad areas: Relationships: Multiple Choice and sorting/ranking questions designed to understand who the respondents spent lockdown with, if they managed to keep in touch with those they could not meet, and to family, friends and intimate relationships during the pandemic Policies: Likert scale questions measuring agreement with measures put in place in both Milan and New York Personal Life: questions about one’s priorities before and during the pandemic Occupation: Multiple Choice questions about one’s occupation during the pandemic and feelings towards work or university Post-pandemic: Likert scale questions about one's perception of contagion threats and feelings of normalcy at the time they responded to the survey Demographics: Multiple choice questions to describe the pool of respondents and control sample bias The types of the questions are of one of the following types: Multiple choice (one or more selections or single selection) Ranking Numeric scale (1-5 or 1-10) The “ranking” question type allowed users to sort a list of items in descending order of importance. In the dataset the column name represents the ranking given to the item, e.g. 1. highest priority.

Cellular immune responses are of pivotal importance to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ release assay with wild-type spike, membrane and nucleocapsid peptide pools, we longitudinally characterized functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses in a cohort of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. All patients were included before emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Our most important finding was an impaired development of early IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific T-cells in severe patients compared to patients with moderate disease, indicating that absence of virus-specific cellular responses in the acute phase may act as a prognostic factor for severe disease. Remarkably, in addition to reactivity against the spike protein, a substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was directed against the conserved membrane protein. This may be relevant for diagnostics and vaccine design, especially considering new variants with heavily mutated spike proteins. Our data further strengthen the hypothesis that dysregulated adaptive immunity plays a central role in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.

IntroductionThe ongoing 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, is a global public health threat. Early diagnosis and identification of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants plays a critical role in COVID-19 prevention and control. Currently, the most widely used technique to detect SARS-CoV-2 is quantitative reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), which takes nearly 1 hour and should be performed by experienced personnel to ensure the accuracy of results. Therefore, the development of a nucleic acid detection kit with higher sensitivity, faster detection and greater accuracy is important.MethodsHere, we optimized the system components and reaction conditions of our previous detection approach by using RT-RAA and Cas12b.ResultsWe developed a Cas12b-assisted one-pot detection platform (CDetection.v2) that allows rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in 30 minutes. This platform was able to detect up to 5,000 copies/ml of SARS-CoV-2 without cross-reactivity with other viruses. Moreover, the sensitivity of this CRISPR system was comparable to that of RT-qPCR when tested on 120 clinical samples.DiscussionThe CDetection.v2 provides a novel one-pot detection approach based on the integration of RT-RAA and CRISPR/Cas12b for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and screening of large-scale clinical samples, offering a more efficient strategy for detecting various types of viruses.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a lasting threat to public health. To minimize the viral spread, it is essential to develop more reliable approaches for early diagnosis of the infection and immediate suppression of the viral replication. Herein, through computational prediction of SARS-CoV-2 genome and screening analysis of specimens from covid-19 patients, we predicted 15 precursors for SARS-CoV-2-encoded miRNAs (CvmiRNAs) containing 20 mature CvmiRNAs, in which CvmiR-2 was successfully detected by quantitative analysis in both serum and nasal swab samples of patients. CvmiR-2 showed high specificity in distinguishing covid-19 patients from normal controls, and high conservation between SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants. A positive correlation was observed between the CvmiR-2 expression level and the severity of patients. The biogenesis and expression of CvmiR-2 were validated in the pre-CvmiR-2-transfected A549 cells, showing a dose-dependent pattern. The sequence of CvmiR-2 was validated by sequencing analysis of human cells infected by either SARS-CoV-2 or pre-CvmiR-2. Target gene prediction analysis suggested CvmiR-2 may be involved in the regulation of the immune response, muscle pain and/or neurological disorders in covid-19 patients. In conclusion, the current study identified a novel v-miRNA encoded by SARS-CoV-2 upon infection of human cells, which holds the potential to serve as a diagnostic biomarker or a therapeutic target in clinic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global crisis; however, our current understanding of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains limited. Herein, we performed RNA sequencing using peripheral blood from acute and convalescent patients and interrogated the dynamic changes of adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection over time. Our results revealed numerous alterations in these cohorts in terms of gene expression profiles and the features of immune repertoire. Moreover, a machine learning method was developed and resulted in the identification of five independent biomarkers and a collection of biomarkers that could accurately differentiate and predict the development of COVID-19. Interestingly, the increased expression of one of these biomarkers, UCHL1, a molecule related to nervous system damage, was associated with the clustering of severe symptoms. Importantly, analyses on immune repertoire metrics revealed the distinct kinetics of T-cell and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with B-cell response plateaued in the acute phase and declined thereafter, whereas T-cell response can be maintained for up to 6 months post-infection onset and T-cell clonality was positively correlated with the serum level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Together, the significantly altered genes or biomarkers, as well as the abnormally high levels of B-cell response in acute infection, may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 through mediating inflammation and immune responses, whereas prolonged T-cell response in the convalescents might help these patients in preventing reinfection. Thus, our findings could provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of host immune response to COVID-19 and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and effective vaccines.

ObjectivesCoronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)/influenza poses unprecedented challenges to the global economy and healthcare services. Numerous studies have described alterations in the microbiome of COVID-19/influenza patients, but further investigation is needed to understand the relationship between the microbiome and these diseases. Herein, through systematic comparison between COVID-19 patients, long COVID-19 patients, influenza patients, no COVID-19/influenza controls and no COVID-19/influenza patients, we conducted a comprehensive review to describe the microbial change of respiratory tract/digestive tract in COVID-19/influenza patients.MethodsWe systematically reviewed relevant literature by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to August 12, 2023. We conducted a comprehensive review to explore microbial alterations in patients with COVID-19/influenza. In addition, the data on α-diversity were summarized and analyzed by meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 134 studies comparing COVID-19 patients with controls and 18 studies comparing influenza patients with controls were included. The Shannon indices of the gut and respiratory tract microbiome were slightly decreased in COVID-19/influenza patients compared to no COVID-19/influenza controls. Meanwhile, COVID-19 patients with more severe symptoms also exhibited a lower Shannon index versus COVID-19 patients with milder symptoms. The intestinal microbiome of COVID-19 patients was characterized by elevated opportunistic pathogens along with reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-producing microbiota. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae (including Escherichia and Enterococcus) and Lactococcus, were enriched in the gut and respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients. Conversely, Haemophilus and Neisseria showed reduced abundance in the respiratory tract of both COVID-19 and influenza patients.ConclusionIn this systematic review, we identified the microbiome in COVID-19/influenza patients in comparison with controls. The microbial changes in influenza and COVID-19 are partly similar.

Background: We aimed to: (1) analyze differences in both general (in terms of psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, and psychological distress) and specific (depression, trait-anxiety, negative alcohol-related consequences, and suicidal risk) mental health state (MHS) in college students, residing in four different Argentinean regions (center, north, south, and the most populated) exposed to different spread-rates of the COVID-19; (2) analyze between-group differences in both general and specific MHS indicators at four quarantine sub-periods (twice prior, and twice following the first quarantine extension).Methods: We used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample including 2,687 college students. Data was collected online during the Argentinean quarantine. We calculated one-way between-groups ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.Results: Regionally, the center and the most populated area differed in psychological well-being/discomfort and negative alcohol-related consequences, but not in the remaining MHS indicators. According to the quarantine sub-periods, there were differences in psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, psychological distress, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Negative alcohol-related consequences were the only MHS indicator improving over time. For all of the remaining MHS indicators, we found a similar deterioration pattern in the course of time, with mean scores decreasing from the first to the 2nd week of the quarantine pre-extensions, then increasing toward the 1st week of the quarantine post-extension (with some MHS indicators reaching mean scores worse than the start), and then continued to increase.Conclusion: A worsened mean MHS during quarantine suggests that quarantine and its extensions contribute to negative mental health impacts.

ObjectiveThe quality and rationality of many recently registered clinical studies related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) needs to be assessed. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the current status of COVID-19 related registered clinical trial.MethodsWe did an electronic search of COVID-19 related clinical studies registered between December 1, 2019 and February 21, 2020 (updated to May 28, 2020) from the ClinicalTrials.gov, and collected registration information, study details, recruitment status, characteristics of the subjects, and relevant information about the trial implementation process.ResultsA total of 1,706 studies were included 10.0% of which (n=171) were from France, 943 (55.3%) used an interventional design, and 600 (35.2%) used an observational design. Most of studies (73.6%) aimed to recruit fewer than 500 people. Interferon was the main prevention program, and antiviral drugs were the main treatment program. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine (230/943, 24.4%) were widely studied. Some registered clinical trials are incomplete in content, and 37.4% of the 1,706 studies may have had insufficient sample size.ConclusionThe quality of COVID-19 related studies needs to be improved by strengthening the registration process and improving the quality of clinical study protocols so that these clinical studies can provide high-quality clinical evidence related to COVID-19.

Background: The morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are still increasing. This study aimed to assess the quality of relevant COVID-19 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and to compare the similarities and differences between recommendations.Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) and representative guidelines repositories from December 1, 2019, to August 11, 2020 (updated to April 5, 2021), to obtain eligible CPGs. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool was used to evaluate the quality of CPGs. Four authors extracted relevant information and completed data extraction forms. All data were analyzed using R version 3.6.0 software.Results: In total, 39 CPGs were identified and the quality was not encouragingly high. The median score (interquartile range, IQR) of every domain from AGREE II for evidence-based CPGs (EB-CPGs) versus (vs.) consensus-based CPG (CB-CPGs) was 81.94% (75.00–84.72) vs. 58.33% (52.78–68.06) in scope and purpose, 59.72% (38.89–75.00) vs. 36.11% (33.33–36.11) in stakeholder involvement, 64.58% (32.29–71.88) vs. 22.92% (16.67–26.56) in rigor of development, 75.00% (52.78–86.81) vs. 52.78% (50.00–63.89) in clarity of presentation, 40.63% (22.40–62.50) vs. 20.83% (13.54–25.00) in applicability, and 58.33% (50.00–100.00) vs. 50.00% (50.00–77.08) in editorial independence, respectively. The methodological quality of EB-CPGs were significantly superior to the CB-CPGs in the majority of domains (P < 0.05). There was no agreement on diagnosis criteria of COVID-19. But a few guidelines show Remdesivir may be beneficial for the patients, hydroxychloroquine +/– azithromycin may not, and there were more consistent suggestions regarding discharge management. For instance, after discharge, isolation management and health status monitoring may be continued.Conclusions: In general, the methodological quality of EB-CPGs is greater than CB-CPGs. However, it is still required to be further improved. Besides, the consistency of COVID-19 recommendations on topics such as diagnosis criteria is different. Of them, hydroxychloroquine +/– azithromycin may be not beneficial to treat patients with COVID-19, but remdesivir may be a favorable risk-benefit in severe COVID-19 infection; isolation management and health status monitoring after discharge may be still necessary. Chemoprophylaxis, including SARS-CoV 2 vaccines and antiviral drugs of COVID-19, still require more trials to confirm this.

Long COVID is an often-debilitating condition with severe, multisystem symptoms that can persist for weeks or months and increase the risk of various diseases. Currently, there is a lack of diagnostic tools for Long COVID in clinical practice. Therefore, this study utilizes plasma proteomics and metabolomics technologies to understand the molecular profile and pathophysiological mechanisms of Long COVID, providing clinical evidence for the development of potential biomarkers. This study included three age- and gender-matched cohorts: healthy controls (n = 18), COVID-19 recovered patients (n = 17), and Long COVID patients (n = 15). The proteomics results revealed significant differences in proteins between Long COVID-19 patients and COVID-19 recovered patients, with dysregulation mainly focused on pathways such as coagulation, platelets, complement cascade reactions, GPCR cell signal transduction, and substance transport, which can participate in regulating immune responses, inflammation, and tissue vascular repair. Metabolomics results showed that Long COVID patients and COVID-19 recovered patients have similar metabolic disorders, mainly involving dysregulation in lipid metabolites and fatty acid metabolism, such as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism processes. In summary, our study results indicate significant protein dysregulation and metabolic abnormalities in the plasma of Long COVID patients, leading to coagulation dysfunction, impaired energy metabolism, and chronic immune dysregulation, which are more pronounced than in COVID-19 recovered patients.

These are output files of shared R scripts used in prediction of repurposed drugs for treating lung injury in COVID-19.

R scripts are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822923

Description of files:

HCC515_6_data_for_drug.csv #Differential expression of genes in HCC515 cell at 6 h after treatment of ACE2 inhibitor

HCC515_24_data_for_drug.csv #Differential expression of genes in HCC515 cell at 24 h after treatment of ACE2 inhibitor

COVID19-Lung_data_for_drug.csv #Differential expression of genes in lung tissues with COVID-19

HCC515_6_drug.csv #Drugs for HCC515 cell at 6 h after transfection of ACE2 inhibitor

HCC515_24_drug.csv #Drugs for HCC515 cell at 24 h after transfection of ACE2 inhibitor

COVID19-Lung_drug.csv #Drugs for lung tissuse from COVID-19 patients

COL-3_single_treatment_response_data.csv #Differential expression of genes in HCC515 cell at 24h after treatment of COL-3

CGP-60474_single_treatment_response_data.csv #Differential expression of genes in HCC515 cell at 24h after treatment of CGP-60474

BackgroundPre-existing cross-reactive immunity among different coronaviruses, also termed immune imprinting, may have a comprehensive impact on subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness. Here, we aim to explore the interplay between pre-existing seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) antibodies and the humoral immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsWe first collected serum samples from healthy donors prior to COVID-19 pandemic and individuals who had received COVID-19 vaccination post-pandemic in China, and the levels of IgG antibodies against sCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 were detected by ELISA. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in magnitude and seropositivity rate between two groups. Then, we recruited a longitudinal cohort to collect serum samples before and after COVID-19 vaccination. The levels of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S, S1, S2 and N antigen were monitored. Association between pre-existing sCoVs antibody and COVID-19 vaccination-induced antibodies were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation.Results96.0% samples (339/353) showed the presence of IgG antibodies against at least one subtype of sCoVs. 229E and OC43 exhibited the highest seroprevalence rates at 78.5% and 72.0%, respectively, followed by NL63 (60.9%) and HKU1 (52.4%). The levels of IgG antibodies against two β coronaviruses (OC43 and HKU1) were significantly higher in these donors who had inoculated with COVID-19 vaccines compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors. However, we found that COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody levels were not significant different between two groups with high levelor low level of pre-existing sCoVs antibody among the longitudinal cohort.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of antibodies against sCoVs in Chinese population. The immune imprinting by sCoVs could be reactivated by COVID-19 vaccination, but it did not appear to be a major factor affecting the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine. These findings will provide insights into understanding the impact of immune imprinting on subsequent multiple shots of COVID-19 vaccines.

The high morbidity of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) brings on a panic around the world. COVID-19 is associated with sex bias, immune system, and preexisting chronic diseases. We analyzed the gene expression in patients with COVID-19 and in their microbiota in order to identify potential biomarkers to aid in disease management. A total of 129 RNA samples from nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and anal swabs were collected and sequenced in a high-throughput manner. Several microbial strains differed in abundance between patients with mild or severe COVID-19. Microbial genera were more abundant in oropharyngeal swabs than in nasopharyngeal or anal swabs. Oropharyngeal swabs allowed more sensitive detection of the causative SARS-CoV-2. Microbial and human transcriptomes in swabs from patients with mild disease showed enrichment of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, or protein modification via small protein removal, and antibacterial defense responses, respectively, whereas swabs from patients with severe disease showed enrichment of genes involved in drug metabolism, or negative regulation of apoptosis execution, spermatogenesis, and immune system, respectively. Microbial abundance and diversity did not differ significantly between males and females. The expression of several host genes on the X chromosome correlated negatively with disease severity. In this way, our analyses identify host genes whose differential expression could aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and prediction of its severity via non-invasive assay.

Overview:

Population estimates from the publication: Population disruption: estimating changes in population distribution in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Population estimates were aggregated to Local Authority Districts (LADs).

Methodology:

Population estimates were extracted from Bing Tiles (Zoom Level 12) to 2019 LADs by assigning tiles to LADs by their percent areal overlap. This method assumes constant population distribution across a single Bing Tile.

2019 LAD boundaries are available from the UK Government Open Geography Portal.

Introduction: Argentinean quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most long-lasting worldwide. We focused on the first 80-days of this quarantine on Argentinean women. Our aims were to analyze differences in general mental health state (MHS) indicators, by the (1) sites of residence with different prevalence of COVID-19 cases, and (2) quarantine duration; (3) to assess multiple relationships between each general MHS indicator and potentially affecting factors.Methods: We used a cross-sectional design with convenience successive sampling (N = 5,013). The online survey included a socio-demographic questionnaire (elaborated ad hoc) with standardized and validated self-reported questionnaires (General Health Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) measuring the MHS indicators: self-perceived health, psychological discomfort, social functioning and coping, and psychological distress.Results: Worse self-perceived health and higher psychological discomfort affected significantly more women residing in sites with high prevalence of COVID-19 cases, compared to those residing in sites with intermediate prevalence, but effect sizes were small. Mean scores of all general MHS indicators were significantly worse for longer quarantine sub-periods (up to 53, 68, and 80-day duration) than for shorter sub-periods (up to seven, 13, and 25-day duration). Being a younger age, having mental disorder history, and longer quarantine durations were associated to worsening MHS, while the lack of previous suicide attempt has a protective effect.Discussion: Our findings show that a worse MHS during quarantine may not be attributed to the objective risk of contagion (measured greater or less), and under quarantine, women MHS—as indicated by group central tendency measures—got worse as time went by. This strongly suggests that special attention needs to be paid to younger women and to women with history of mental disorder. Along with physical health, mental health must be a priority for the Government during and after quarantine and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: This work aims to study the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients and the susceptibility factors of the stomach for SARS-CoV-2.Materials and Methods: We investigated the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility by analyzing the expression distribution of viral entry-associated genes, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in single-cell RNA sequencing data derived from 12 gastric mucosa samples. We also analyzed the epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of 420 cases with SARS-CoV-2-caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Results:ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are specifically expressed in enterocytes which are mainly from gastric mucosa samples with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection history and intestinal metaplasia (IM). A total of 420 patients were surveyed, of which 62 were with and 358 were without GI symptoms. There is a significant difference in average hospital stay (p < 0.001) and cost (p < 0.001) between the two groups. Among 23 hospitalized patients including seven with upper GI symptoms and 16 with lower GI symptoms, six (85.7%) and five (31.3%) had H. pylori infection history, respectively (p = 0.03). Of 18 hospitalized patients with initial upper GI symptoms, none of the eight patients with mucosal protective agent therapy (e.g., sucralfate suspension gel, hydrotalcite tablets) had diarrhea subsequently, whereas six out of 10 patients without mucosal protective agent therapy had diarrhea subsequently (p = 0.01).Conclusion: IM and H. pylori infection history may be susceptibility factors of SARS-CoV-2, and the mucosal protective agent may be useful for the blockade of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from the stomach to the intestine.

In 2024, the "right to be forgotten" or "right to erasure" requests issued to Google and Bing from 34 European countries increased by 9.94 percent compared to the previous year. In 2020, requests surged by almost 30 percent after the COVID-19 outbreak.