As of March 10, 2023, the death rate from COVID-19 in the state of New York was 397 per 100,000 people. New York is one of the states with the highest number of COVID-19 cases.

Note: DPH is updating and streamlining the COVID-19 cases, deaths, and testing data. As of 6/27/2022, the data will be published in four tables instead of twelve.

The COVID-19 Cases, Deaths, and Tests by Day dataset contains cases and test data by date of sample submission. The death data are by date of death. This dataset is updated daily and contains information back to the beginning of the pandemic. The data can be found at https://data.ct.gov/Health-and-Human-Services/COVID-19-Cases-Deaths-and-Tests-by-Day/g9vi-2ahj.

The COVID-19 State Metrics dataset contains over 93 columns of data. This dataset is updated daily and currently contains information starting June 21, 2022 to the present. The data can be found at https://data.ct.gov/Health-and-Human-Services/COVID-19-State-Level-Data/qmgw-5kp6 .

The COVID-19 County Metrics dataset contains 25 columns of data. This dataset is updated daily and currently contains information starting June 16, 2022 to the present. The data can be found at https://data.ct.gov/Health-and-Human-Services/COVID-19-County-Level-Data/ujiq-dy22 .

The COVID-19 Town Metrics dataset contains 16 columns of data. This dataset is updated daily and currently contains information starting June 16, 2022 to the present. The data can be found at https://data.ct.gov/Health-and-Human-Services/COVID-19-Town-Level-Data/icxw-cada . To protect confidentiality, if a town has fewer than 5 cases or positive NAAT tests over the past 7 days, those data will be suppressed.

COVID-19 tests, cases, and associated deaths that have been reported among Connecticut residents. All data in this report are preliminary; data for previous dates will be updated as new reports are received and data errors are corrected. Hospitalization data were collected by the Connecticut Hospital Association and reflect the number of patients currently hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Deaths reported to the either the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) or Department of Public Health (DPH) are included in the daily COVID-19 update.

Data on Connecticut deaths were obtained from the Connecticut Deaths Registry maintained by the DPH Office of Vital Records. Cause of death was determined by a death certifier (e.g., physician, APRN, medical examiner) using their best clinical judgment. Additionally, all COVID-19 deaths, including suspected or related, are required to be reported to OCME. On April 4, 2020, CT DPH and OCME released a joint memo to providers and facilities within Connecticut providing guidelines for certifying deaths due to COVID-19 that were consistent with the CDC’s guidelines and a reminder of the required reporting to OCME.25,26 As of July 1, 2021, OCME had reviewed every case reported and performed additional investigation on about one-third of reported deaths to better ascertain if COVID-19 did or did not cause or contribute to the death. Some of these investigations resulted in the OCME performing postmortem swabs for PCR testing on individuals whose deaths were suspected to be due to COVID-19, but antemortem diagnosis was unable to be made.31 The OCME issued or re-issued about 10% of COVID-19 death certificates and, when appropriate, removed COVID-19 from the death certificate. For standardization and tabulation of mortality statistics, written cause of death statements made by the certifiers on death certificates are sent to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the CDC which assigns cause of death codes according to the International Causes of Disease 10th Revision (ICD-10) classification system.25,26 COVID-19 deaths in this report are defined as those for which the death certificate has an ICD-10 code of U07.1 as either a primary (underlying) or a contributing cause of death. More information on COVID-19 mortality can be found at the following link: https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Health-Information-Systems--Reporting/Mortality/Mortality-Statistics

Data are reported daily, with timestamps indicated in the daily briefings posted at: portal.ct.gov/coronavirus. Data are subject to future revision as reporting changes.

Starting in July 2020, this dataset will be updated every weekday.

Additional notes: As of 11/5/2020, CT DPH has added antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 to reported test counts in this dataset. The tests included in this dataset include both molecular and antigen datasets. Molecular tests reported include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid amplicfication (NAAT) tests.

A delay in the data pull schedule occurred on 06/23/2020. Data from 06/22/2020 was processed on 06/23/2020 at 3:30 PM. The normal data cycle resumed with the data for 06/23/2020.

A network outage on 05/19/2020 resulted in a change in the data pull schedule. Data from 5/19/2020 was processed on 05/20/2020 at 12:00 PM. Data from 5/20/2020 was processed on 5/20/2020 8:30 PM. The normal data cycle resumed on 05/20/2020 with the 8:30 PM data pull. As a result of the network outage, the timestamp on the datasets on the Open Data Portal differ from the timestamp in DPH's daily PDF reports.

Starting 5/10/2021, the date field will represent the date this data was updated on data.ct.gov. Previously the date the data was pulled by DPH was listed, which typically coincided with the date before the data was published on data.ct.gov. This change was made to standardize the COVID-19 data sets on data.ct.gov.

Starting April 4, 2022, negative rapid antigen and rapid PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 are no longer required to be reported to the Connecticut Department of Public Health as of April 4. Negative test results from laboratory based molecular (PCR/NAAT) results are still required to be reported as are all positive test results from both molecular (PCR/NAAT) and antigen tests.

On 5/16/2022, 8,622 historical cases were included in the data. The date range for these cases were from August 2021 – April 2022.”

Introduction

There are several works based on Natural Language Processing on newspaper reports. Mining opinions from headlines [ 1 ] using Standford NLP and SVM by Rameshbhaiet. Al.compared several algorithms on a small and large dataset. Rubinet. al., in their paper [ 2 ], created a mechanism to differentiate fake news from real ones by building a set of characteristics of news according to their types. The purpose was to contribute to the low resource data available for training machine learning algorithms. Doumitet. al.in [ 3 ] have implemented LDA, a topic modeling approach to study bias present in online news media.

However, there are not many NLP research invested in studying COVID-19. Most applications include classification of chest X-rays and CT-scans to detect presence of pneumonia in lungs [ 4 ], a consequence of the virus. Other research areas include studying the genome sequence of the virus[ 5 ][ 6 ][ 7 ] and replicating its structure to fight and find a vaccine. This research is crucial in battling the pandemic. The few NLP based research publications are sentiment classification of online tweets by Samuel et el [ 8 ] to understand fear persisting in people due to the virus. Similar work has been done using the LSTM network to classify sentiments from online discussion forums by Jelodaret. al.[ 9 ]. NKK dataset is the first study on a comparatively larger dataset of a newspaper report on COVID-19, which contributed to the virus’s awareness to the best of our knowledge.

2 Data-set Introduction

2.1 Data Collection

We accumulated 1000 online newspaper report from United States of America (USA) on COVID-19. The newspaper includes The Washington Post (USA) and StarTribune (USA). We have named it as “Covid-News-USA-NNK”. We also accumulated 50 online newspaper report from Bangladesh on the issue and named it “Covid-News-BD-NNK”. The newspaper includes The Daily Star (BD) and Prothom Alo (BD). All these newspapers are from the top provider and top read in the respective countries. The collection was done manually by 10 human data-collectors of age group 23- with university degrees. This approach was suitable compared to automation to ensure the news were highly relevant to the subject. The newspaper online sites had dynamic content with advertisements in no particular order. Therefore there were high chances of online scrappers to collect inaccurate news reports. One of the challenges while collecting the data is the requirement of subscription. Each newspaper required $1 per subscriptions. Some criteria in collecting the news reports provided as guideline to the human data-collectors were as follows:

The headline must have one or more words directly or indirectly related to COVID-19.

The content of each news must have 5 or more keywords directly or indirectly related to COVID-19.

The genre of the news can be anything as long as it is relevant to the topic. Political, social, economical genres are to be more prioritized.

Avoid taking duplicate reports.

Maintain a time frame for the above mentioned newspapers.

To collect these data we used a google form for USA and BD. We have two human editor to go through each entry to check any spam or troll entry.

2.2 Data Pre-processing and Statistics

Some pre-processing steps performed on the newspaper report dataset are as follows:

Remove hyperlinks.

Remove non-English alphanumeric characters.

Remove stop words.

Lemmatize text.

While more pre-processing could have been applied, we tried to keep the data as much unchanged as possible since changing sentence structures could result us in valuable information loss. While this was done with help of a script, we also assigned same human collectors to cross check for any presence of the above mentioned criteria.

The primary data statistics of the two dataset are shown in Table 1 and 2.

Table 1: Covid-News-USA-NNK data statistics

No of words per headline

7 to 20

No of words per body content

150 to 2100

Table 2: Covid-News-BD-NNK data statistics No of words per headline

10 to 20

No of words per body content

100 to 1500

2.3 Dataset Repository

We used GitHub as our primary data repository in account name NKK^1. Here, we created two repositories USA-NKK^2 and BD-NNK^3. The dataset is available in both CSV and JSON format. We are regularly updating the CSV files and regenerating JSON using a py script. We provided a python script file for essential operation. We welcome all outside collaboration to enrich the dataset.

3 Literature Review

Natural Language Processing (NLP) deals with text (also known as categorical) data in computer science, utilizing numerous diverse methods like one-hot encoding, word embedding, etc., that transform text to machine language, which can be fed to multiple machine learning and deep learning algorithms.

Some well-known applications of NLP includes fraud detection on online media sites[ 10 ], using authorship attribution in fallback authentication systems[ 11 ], intelligent conversational agents or chatbots[ 12 ] and machine translations used by Google Translate[ 13 ]. While these are all downstream tasks, several exciting developments have been made in the algorithm solely for Natural Language Processing tasks. The two most trending ones are BERT[ 14 ], which uses bidirectional encoder-decoder architecture to create the transformer model, that can do near-perfect classification tasks and next-word predictions for next generations, and GPT-3 models released by OpenAI[ 15 ] that can generate texts almost human-like. However, these are all pre-trained models since they carry huge computation cost. Information Extraction is a generalized concept of retrieving information from a dataset. Information extraction from an image could be retrieving vital feature spaces or targeted portions of an image; information extraction from speech could be retrieving information about names, places, etc[ 16 ]. Information extraction in texts could be identifying named entities and locations or essential data. Topic modeling is a sub-task of NLP and also a process of information extraction. It clusters words and phrases of the same context together into groups. Topic modeling is an unsupervised learning method that gives us a brief idea about a set of text. One commonly used topic modeling is Latent Dirichlet Allocation or LDA[17].

Keyword extraction is a process of information extraction and sub-task of NLP to extract essential words and phrases from a text. TextRank [ 18 ] is an efficient keyword extraction technique that uses graphs to calculate the weight of each word and pick the words with more weight to it.

Word clouds are a great visualization technique to understand the overall ’talk of the topic’. The clustered words give us a quick understanding of the content.

4 Our experiments and Result analysis

We used the wordcloud library^4 to create the word clouds. Figure 1 and 3 presents the word cloud of Covid-News-USA- NNK dataset by month from February to May. From the figures 1,2,3, we can point few information:

In February, both the news paper have talked about China and source of the outbreak.

StarTribune emphasized on Minnesota as the most concerned state. In April, it seemed to have been concerned more.

Both the newspaper talked about the virus impacting the economy, i.e, bank, elections, administrations, markets.

Washington Post discussed global issues more than StarTribune.

StarTribune in February mentioned the first precautionary measurement: wearing masks, and the uncontrollable spread of the virus throughout the nation.

While both the newspaper mentioned the outbreak in China in February, the weight of the spread in the United States are more highlighted through out March till May, displaying the critical impact caused by the virus.

We used a script to extract all numbers related to certain keywords like ’Deaths’, ’Infected’, ’Died’ , ’Infections’, ’Quarantined’, Lock-down’, ’Diagnosed’ etc from the news reports and created a number of cases for both the newspaper. Figure 4 shows the statistics of this series. From this extraction technique, we can observe that April was the peak month for the covid cases as it gradually rose from February. Both the newspaper clearly shows us that the rise in covid cases from February to March was slower than the rise from March to April. This is an important indicator of possible recklessness in preparations to battle the virus. However, the steep fall from April to May also shows the positive response against the attack. We used Vader Sentiment Analysis to extract sentiment of the headlines and the body. On average, the sentiments were from -0.5 to -0.9. Vader Sentiment scale ranges from -1(highly negative to 1(highly positive). There were some cases

where the sentiment scores of the headline and body contradicted each other,i.e., the sentiment of the headline was negative but the sentiment of the body was slightly positive. Overall, sentiment analysis can assist us sort the most concerning (most negative) news from the positive ones, from which we can learn more about the indicators related to COVID-19 and the serious impact caused by it. Moreover, sentiment analysis can also provide us information about how a state or country is reacting to the pandemic. We used PageRank algorithm to extract keywords from headlines as well as the body content. PageRank efficiently highlights important relevant keywords in the text. Some frequently occurring important keywords extracted from both the datasets are: ’China’, Government’, ’Masks’, ’Economy’, ’Crisis’, ’Theft’ , ’Stock market’ , ’Jobs’ , ’Election’, ’Missteps’, ’Health’, ’Response’. Keywords extraction acts as a filter allowing quick searches for indicators in case of locating situations of the economy,

Updates

• Notice of data discontinuation: Since the start of the pandemic, AP has reported case and death counts from data provided by Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins University has announced that they will stop their daily data collection efforts after March 10. As Johns Hopkins stops providing data, the AP will also stop collecting daily numbers for COVID cases and deaths. The HHS and CDC now collect and visualize key metrics for the pandemic. AP advises using those resources when reporting on the pandemic going forward.

  • CDC Weekly case and death counts (national and state level)
  • CDC County level cases and deaths
  • HHS New hospital admissions
  • CDC NowCast COVID variant proportions (national and regional level)

• April 9, 2020

  • The population estimate data for New York County, NY has been updated to include all five New York City counties (Kings County, Queens County, Bronx County, Richmond County and New York County). This has been done to match the Johns Hopkins COVID-19 data, which aggregates counts for the five New York City counties to New York County.

• April 20, 2020

  • Johns Hopkins death totals in the US now include confirmed and probable deaths in accordance with CDC guidelines as of April 14. One significant result of this change was an increase of more than 3,700 deaths in the New York City count. This change will likely result in increases for death counts elsewhere as well. The AP does not alter the Johns Hopkins source data, so probable deaths are included in this dataset as well.

• April 29, 2020

  • The AP is now providing timeseries data for counts of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The raw counts are provided here unaltered, along with a population column with Census ACS-5 estimates and calculated daily case and death rates per 100,000 people. Please read the updated caveats section for more information.

• September 1st, 2020

  • Johns Hopkins is now providing counts for the five New York City counties individually.

• February 12, 2021

  • The Ohio Department of Health recently announced that as many as 4,000 COVID-19 deaths may have been underreported through the state’s reporting system, and that the "daily reported death counts will be high for a two to three-day period."
  • Because deaths data will be anomalous for consecutive days, we have chosen to freeze Ohio's rolling average for daily deaths at the last valid measure until Johns Hopkins is able to back-distribute the data. The raw daily death counts, as reported by Johns Hopkins and including the backlogged death data, will still be present in the new_deaths column.

• February 16, 2021

  - Johns Hopkins has reconciled Ohio's historical deaths data with the state.

  Overview

The AP is using data collected by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering as our source for outbreak caseloads and death counts for the United States and globally.

The Hopkins data is available at the county level in the United States. The AP has paired this data with population figures and county rural/urban designations, and has calculated caseload and death rates per 100,000 people. Be aware that caseloads may reflect the availability of tests -- and the ability to turn around test results quickly -- rather than actual disease spread or true infection rates.

This data is from the Hopkins dashboard that is updated regularly throughout the day. Like all organizations dealing with data, Hopkins is constantly refining and cleaning up their feed, so there may be brief moments where data does not appear correctly. At this link, you’ll find the Hopkins daily data reports, and a clean version of their feed.

The AP is updating this dataset hourly at 45 minutes past the hour.

To learn more about AP's data journalism capabilities for publishers, corporations and financial institutions, go here or email kromano@ap.org.

Queries

Use AP's queries to filter the data or to join to other datasets we've made available to help cover the coronavirus pandemic

• Filter cases by state here

• Rank states by their status as current hotspots. Calculates the 7-day rolling average of new cases per capita in each state: https://data.world/associatedpress/johns-hopkins-coronavirus-case-tracker/workspace/query?queryid=481e82a4-1b2f-41c2-9ea1-d91aa4b3b1ac

• Find recent hotspots within your state by running a query to calculate the 7-day rolling average of new cases by capita in each county: https://data.world/associatedpress/johns-hopkins-coronavirus-case-tracker/workspace/query?queryid=b566f1db-3231-40fe-8099-311909b7b687&showTemplatePreview=true

• Join county-level case data to an earlier dataset released by AP on local hospital capacity here. To find out more about the hospital capacity dataset, see the full details.

• Pull the 100 counties with the highest per-capita confirmed cases here

• Rank all the counties by the highest per-capita rate of new cases in the past 7 days here. Be aware that because this ranks per-capita caseloads, very small counties may rise to the very top, so take into account raw caseload figures as well.

Interactive

The AP has designed an interactive map to track COVID-19 cases reported by Johns Hopkins.

@(https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/nRyaf/15/)

Interactive Embed Code

<iframe title="USA counties (2018) choropleth map Mapping COVID-19 cases by county" aria-describedby="" id="datawrapper-chart-nRyaf" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/nRyaf/10/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important;" height="400"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">(function() {'use strict';window.addEventListener('message', function(event) {if (typeof event.data['datawrapper-height'] !== 'undefined') {for (var chartId in event.data['datawrapper-height']) {var iframe = document.getElementById('datawrapper-chart-' + chartId) || document.querySelector("iframe[src*='" + chartId + "']");if (!iframe) {continue;}iframe.style.height = event.data['datawrapper-height'][chartId] + 'px';}}});})();</script>

Caveats

• This data represents the number of cases and deaths reported by each state and has been collected by Johns Hopkins from a number of sources cited on their website.
• In some cases, deaths or cases of people who've crossed state lines -- either to receive treatment or because they became sick and couldn't return home while traveling -- are reported in a state they aren't currently in, because of state reporting rules.
• In some states, there are a number of cases not assigned to a specific county -- for those cases, the county name is "unassigned to a single county"
• This data should be credited to Johns Hopkins University's COVID-19 tracking project. The AP is simply making it available here for ease of use for reporters and members.
• Caseloads may reflect the availability of tests -- and the ability to turn around test results quickly -- rather than actual disease spread or true infection rates.
• Population estimates at the county level are drawn from 2014-18 5-year estimates from the American Community Survey.
• The Urban/Rural classification scheme is from the Center for Disease Control and Preventions's National Center for Health Statistics. It puts each county into one of six categories -- from Large Central Metro to Non-Core -- according to population and other characteristics. More details about the classifications can be found here.

Johns Hopkins timeseries data - Johns Hopkins pulls data regularly to update their dashboard. Once a day, around 8pm EDT, Johns Hopkins adds the counts for all areas they cover to the timeseries file. These counts are snapshots of the latest cumulative counts provided by the source on that day. This can lead to inconsistencies if a source updates their historical data for accuracy, either increasing or decreasing the latest cumulative count. - Johns Hopkins periodically edits their historical timeseries data for accuracy. They provide a file documenting all errors in their timeseries files that they have identified and fixed here

Attribution

This data should be credited to Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 tracking project

Updates

April 29, 2020

• The AP is now providing historical time series data for testing counts and death counts from The COVID Tracking Project. The counts are provided here unaltered, along with a population column with Census ACS-1 estimates and calculated testing rate and death rate columns.

October 13, 2020

The COVID Tracking Project is releasing more precise total testing counts, and has changed the way it is distributing the data that ends up on this site. Previously, total testing had been represented by positive tests plus negative tests. As states are beginning to report more specific testing counts, The COVID Tracking Project is moving toward reporting those numbers directly.

This may make it more difficult to compare your state against others in terms of positivity rate, but the net effect is we now have more precise counts:

• Total Test Encounters: Total tests increase by one for every individual that is tested that day. Additional tests for that individual on that day (i.e., multiple swabs taken at the same time) are not included

• Total PCR Specimens: Total tests increase by one for every testing sample retrieved from an individual. Multiple samples from an individual on a single day can be included in the count

• Unique People Tested: Total tests increase by one the first time an individual is tested. The count will not increase in later days if that individual is tested again – even months later

These three totals are not all available for every state. The COVID Tracking Project prioritizes the different count types for each state in this order:

1. Total Test Encounters

2. Total PCR Specimens

3. Unique People Tested

If the state does not provide any of those totals directly, The COVID Tracking Project falls back to the initial calculation of total tests that it has provided up to this point: positive + negative tests.

One of the above total counts will be the number present in the cumulative_total_test_results and total_test_results_increase columns.

• The positivity rates provided on this site will divide confirmed cases by one of these total_test_results columns.

  • Due to these changes, we advise comparing positivity rates between states only if the states being compared have the same type of total test count.

Overview

The AP is using data collected by the COVID Tracking Project to measure COVID-19 testing across the United States.

The COVID Tracking Project data is available at the state level in the United States. The AP has paired this data with population figures and has calculated testing rates and death rates per 1,000 people.

This data is from The COVID Tracking Project API that is updated regularly throughout the day. Like all organizations dealing with data, The COVID Tracking Project is constantly refining and cleaning up their feed, so there may be brief moments where data does not appear correctly. At this link, you’ll find The COVID Tracking Project daily data reports, and a clean version of their feed.

A Note on timing: - The COVID Tracking Project updates regularly throughout the day, but state numbers will come in at different times. The entire Tracking Project dataset will be updated between 4-5pm EDT daily. Keep this time in mind when reporting on stories comparing states. At certain times of day, one state may be more up to date than another. We have included the date_modified timestamp for state-level data, which represents the last time the state updated its data. The date_checked value in the state-level data reflects the last time The COVID Tracking Project checked the state source. We have also included the last_modified timestamp for the national-level data, which marks the last time the national data was updated.

The AP is updating this dataset hourly at 45 minutes past the hour.

To learn more about AP's data journalism capabilities for publishers, corporations and financial institutions, go here or email kromano@ap.org.

About the data

• State-level population data is sourced from the census ACS 1-year survey for 2018.
• Historical data for each state is available on The COVID Tracking Project's main data page.

Caveats

• The total_people_tested counts do not include pending tests. They are the total number of tests that have returned positive or negative.
• The process for collecting testing data is different for each state. The COVID Tracking Project makes note of the difficulties specific to each state on their main data page.

Attribution

This data should be credited to The COVID Tracking Project

Contact

Nicky Forster — nforster@ap.org

IntroductionIn December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of an unknown origin appeared in China. Previously, in that same year, the World Health Organization (WHO) had already published a list of the ten major global health issues which included the risk of a pandemic from respiratory diseases [1]. Later, in January 2020, the cause of the pneumonia cases detected in China was identified as being a new coronavirus of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) [2].The first records of SARS-CoV-2 infection, identified in Wuhan, China, spread quickly causing the territorial spread of contagions across dozens of countries. This lead the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic, at the time more than 100 thousand cases of infection had already been detected in 114 countries and a total number of deaths higher than 4.000 [3].Geographical analysis of diseases are common in scientific literature [4, 5, 6] and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Spatial Analysis techniques have proven to be useful for studying how they spread across space and time [7, 8]. The spatial dimension plays a key role in epidemiological studies partly due to the growing development of technologies in terms of algorithms and processing capacity that allows the modeling of epidemiological phenomena [8]. COVID-19 studies GIS-based are just as important to understand unknown attributes of the disease in this time of great uncertainty, although, only a few studies have focused on geographic hotspots analysis and have tried to unveil the community drivers associated with the spatial patterns of local transmission [9].ObjectivesThis applied study is twofold. First seeks to highlight the importance of geographical factors in the current context; and second, uses geographic analysis methods and techniques, especially spatial statistic methods, to create evidence-based knowledge upon COVID-19 spatial spread, as well as its patterns and trends.In this way, ArcGIS Pro, Esri’s GIS software, is used in a space-time approach to synthetize the most relevant spatial dynamics. The specific objectives of the study are:1. Analyze the spatial patterns of the pandemic diffusion;2. Identify important transmission clusters;3. Identify spatial determinants of the disease spread.Study Area and DataThe study area is mainland Portugal at a municipal scale, due to being the finest scale of analysis with epidemiological information available in the official reports of the Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS). Portugal has been severely affected by the pandemic and various spatial dynamics can be identified through time, since the patterns of incidence have changed in successive waves. In this way, the study is focused on various moments during the first year of incidence of the disease, capturing the most important patterns, tendencies and processes. Data used for this analysis is the epidemiological information of DGS [10], for the epidemiologic dimension, and Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) database [11] and Carta Social [12] for the variables that will be used as independent variables grouped in 3 dimensions: economic, sociodemographic and mobility (Figure 1).Figure 1 - Variables and respective dimensions of analysisMethodologyThe methodology is divided in 2 parts (Figure 2): the first is related to data acquisition, editing, management and integration in GIS, and the second is in relation to the modeling itself, in order to respond to the objectives which comprises of 3 phases: (i) space-time analysis of confirmed cases of infections to understand the diffusion processes; (ii) analysis of hot spots, clusters and outliers to identify the different patterns and tendencies over time and (iii) ordinary least squares regression (OLS) to identify the most important determinant spatial factors and drivers of the virus propagation.Figure 2 - Methodology flowResultsResults demonstrate an initial tendency of a hierarchical diffusion process, from centers of larger population densities to those of which are less dense (Figure 3), which is replaced and dominated in following periods by contagion expansion. Geographically, the first confirmed cases appeared in coastal cities and progressively penetrated into the interior of the country with a strong spatial association with the main roads and the population size of the territorial units.Figure 3 - Evolution of confirmed cases and hot spots, clusters and outliers of incidence rate by municipalityThe Norte region, namely the Porto metropolitan region, recorded a very high rate of incidence in all periods and broke records in the numbers of new cases, except in the third wave, after the Christmas and New Year festivities, in which the number of new cases was the highest ever in every region and specially in Centro region inland municipalities.The results of OLS (Figure 4) are in line with other studies [13, 14] and show that there is a significant relationship in regard to family size that is visible during almost every period, demonstrating that it is difficult to avoid contagion between cohabitants. Population density also appears as important in various moments, although with lower coefficients.Figure 4 – Ordinary Least Squares resultsEmployment concentrations also appear with a strong spatial relationship with the incidences, as well as the socioeconomic conditions that appear to be represented by different variables (beneficiaries of unemployment benefits, social reintegration allowance, declared income, proportion of house-ownership).The importance of mobility in the virus’s propagation is confirmed, both by type of usual mode of transport and commuting time. The interrelation between school students and incidence may also indicate that increased mobility associated with school attendance is relevant for propagation.ConclusionsArcGIS Pro proved to be crucial and an added value for geographical visualization and for the use of spatial statistics methods, essential in providing evidence-based knowledge about the spatial dynamics of COVID-19 in mainland Portugal. The COVID-19 waves demonstrated different spatial behaviours, with different patterns and thus different community drivers. Income, mobility, population density, family size and employment concentrations appear as the most important spatial determinants. Results are in line with scientific literature and prove the relevance of spatial approaches in epidemiology.References1 - WHO - World Health Organization. (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-20192 - WHO - World Health Organization. (2020a). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 94. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3318653 - WHO - World Health Organization. (2020e). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-20204 - Gould, P. (1993). The slow plague : a geography of the AIDS pandemic. Blackwell Publishers. https://books.google.pt/books?id=u3Z9QgAACAAJ&dq5 - Cliff, A. D., Hagget, P., Ord, J. K., & Versey, G. R. (1981). Spatial diffusion : an historical geography of epidemics in an island community. Cambridge University Press Cambridge ; New York. https://books.google.pt/books?id=OIaqxwEACAAJ&dq6 - Arroz, M. E. (1979). Difusão espacial da hepatite infecciosa. Finisterra - Revista Portuguesa de Geografia, LV(14) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis22377 - Lyseen, A.K.; Nøhr, C.; Sørensen, E.M.; Gudes, O.; Geraghty, E.M.; Shaw, N.T.; Bivona-Tellez, C. (2014). A review and framework for categorizing current research and development in health related geographical information systems (GIS) studies. Yearb Med. Inform. https://doi.org/10.15265%2FIY-2014-00088 - Pfeiffer, D.; Robinson, T; Stevenson, M.; Stevens, K.; Rogers, D.; Clements, A. (2008). Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.pt/books/about/Spatial_Analysis_in_Epidemiology.html?id=niTDr3SIEhUC&redir_esc=y9 - Franch-Pardo, I.; Napoletano, B.M.; Rosete-Verges, F.; Billa, L. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review. (2020). Sci.10 – DGS – Direção-Geral da Saúde (2020). Relatório de Situação. Lisboa: Ministério da Saúde – Direção-Geral da Saúde. https://covid19.min-saude.pt/relatorio-de-situacao/11 – INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística (s.d.). Portal do INE. Base de dados. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_base_dados&contexto=bd&selTab=tab212 – GEP – Gabinete de Estratégia e Planeamento (2018). Carta Social. Ministério do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Segurança Social. www.cartasocial.pt13 – Sousa, P., Costa, N. M., Costa, E. M., Rocha, J., Peixoto, V. R., Fernandes, A. C., Gaspar, R., Duarte-Ramos, F., Abrantes, P., & Leite, A. (2021). COMPRIME - Conhecer mais para intervir melhor: Preliminary mapping of municipal level determinants of covid-19 transmission in Portugal at different moments of the 1st epidemic wave. Portuguese Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1159/00051433414 – Andersen, L. M.; Harden, S. R.; Sugg, M. M.; Runkle, J. D.; Lundquist, T. E. (2021). Analyzing the spatial determinants of local Covid-19 transmission in the United States. Sci. Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142396

This collection contains photographs of ad-hoc, local, and/or temporary commemoration of the Covid-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland and Ireland in July 2022. It covers plaques, memorials, religious sites, and murals. The photographs cover republican and unionist communities, in Belfast, Londonderry/Derry, Donaghdee, and Dublin.

The data was collected as part of the broader project: “The Challenge of Mass Deaths for Social Order in a Transnational Context: Experiencing COVID-19”, which studied death as, tragically, the central characteristic of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom and abroad. It understood Covid-19 deaths as, in addition to private family tragedies, a political event with important implications for collective memory and social order. In particular, the study examined how ideas of time – of “timeliness” of decisions/deaths, of the meaning of a “lifetime”, of differential experiences of waiting and urgency/emergency – produced different experiences of pandemic death and grief. More precisely, the study did three things. First, it looked at how ideas of time were important to framing mass Covid-19 deaths as inevitable (or not) in three European countries, showing that “inevitability” was a matter of politics, rather than scale of death. Second, it looked at how the “pause” of Covid-19 lockdown interrupted the daily rhythms of life in Northern Ireland/Ireland, with local practices of ad-hoc Covid-19 commemoration demonstrating evidence of important, if brief, cross-community solidarity. (This is the aim to which the data contained here was collected). Third, and finally, the project looked at practices of body repatriation, a tragic but important and often-invisible form of transnational cooperation that upholds international social order and works to provide timely individual dignity in death.

“The Challenge of Mass Deaths for Social Order in a Transnational Context: Experiencing COVID-19” studied death as, tragically, the central characteristic of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom and abroad. It understood Covid-19 deaths as, in addition to private family tragedies, a political event with important implications for collective memory and social order. In particular, the study examined how ideas of time – of “timeliness” of decisions/deaths, of the meaning of a “lifetime”, of differential experiences of waiting and urgency/emergency – produced different experiences of pandemic death and grief. More precisely, the study did three things. First, it looked at how ideas of time were important to framing mass Covid-19 deaths as inevitable (or not) in three European countries, showing that “inevitability” was a matter of politics, rather than scale of death. Second, it looked at how the “pause” of Covid-19 lockdown interrupted the daily rhythms of life in Northern Ireland/Ireland, with local practices of ad-hoc Covid-19 commemoration demonstrating evidence of important, if brief, cross-community solidarity. Third, and finally, the project looked at practices of body repatriation, a tragic but important and often-invisible form of transnational cooperation that upholds international social order and works to provide timely individual dignity in death.

On March 10, 2023, the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center ceased collecting and reporting of global COVID-19 data. For updated cases, deaths, and vaccine data please visit the following sources:Global: World Health Organization (WHO)U.S.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)For more information, visit the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.This feature layer contains the most up-to-date COVID-19 cases for the US. Data is pulled from the Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, the Red Cross, the Census American Community Survey, and the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, and aggregated at the US county level. This web map created and maintained by the Centers for Civic Impact at the Johns Hopkins University, and is supported by the Esri Living Atlas team and JHU Data Services. It is used in the COVID-19 United States Cases by County dashboard. For more information on Johns Hopkins University’s response to COVID-19, visit the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center where our experts help to advance understanding of the virus, inform the public, and brief policymakers in order to guide a response, improve care, and save lives.

The number of daily active users of Microsoft Teams has stayed the same in the past year, around 320 million. Due to the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak and the growing practices of social distancing and working from home, Microsoft has seen dramatic increases in the daily use of their communication and collaboration platform within a short period of time. Microsoft Teams is part of Microsoft 365, a set of collaboration apps and services launched in July 2017. Increased data consumption from “staying at home”    The average daily in-home data usage in the United States has increased significantly during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in March 2020. Compared to the same amount of days in March 2019, the daily average in-home data usage increased by a total of 4.4 gigabytes in March 2020, a roughly 40 percent increase. Data consumption from the usage of gaming consoles and smartphones increased the most, although the increases can be observed across nearly all device categories. Social media platforms and video and conference all platforms are the technology services that are used the most during the outbreak in the U.S.

This feature layer contains the most up-to-date COVID-19 cases for the US. Data is pulled from the Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, the Red Cross, the Census American Community Survey, and the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, and aggregated at the US county level.

Overview

This dataset is the repository for the following paper submitted to Data in Brief:

Kempf, M. A dataset to model Levantine landcover and land-use change connected to climate change, the Arab Spring and COVID-19. Data in Brief (submitted: December 2023).

The Data in Brief article contains the supplement information and is the related data paper to:

Kempf, M. Climate change, the Arab Spring, and COVID-19 - Impacts on landcover transformations in the Levant. Journal of Arid Environments (revision submitted: December 2023).

Description/abstract

The Levant region is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing prolonged heat waves that have led to societal crises and population displacement. Since 2010, the area has been marked by socio-political turmoil, including the Syrian civil war and currently the escalation of the so-called Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, which strained neighbouring countries like Jordan due to the influx of Syrian refugees and increases population vulnerability to governmental decision-making. Jordan, in particular, has seen rapid population growth and significant changes in land-use and infrastructure, leading to over-exploitation of the landscape through irrigation and construction. This dataset uses climate data, satellite imagery, and land cover information to illustrate the substantial increase in construction activity and highlights the intricate relationship between climate change predictions and current socio-political developments in the Levant.

Folder structure

The main folder after download contains all data, in which the following subfolders are stored are stored as zipped files:

“code” stores the above described 9 code chunks to read, extract, process, analyse, and visualize the data.

“MODIS_merged” contains the 16-days, 250 m resolution NDVI imagery merged from three tiles (h20v05, h21v05, h21v06) and cropped to the study area, n=510, covering January 2001 to December 2022 and including January and February 2023.

“mask” contains a single shapefile, which is the merged product of administrative boundaries, including Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Palestine (“MERGED_LEVANT.shp”).

“yield_productivity” contains .csv files of yield information for all countries listed above.

“population” contains two files with the same name but different format. The .csv file is for processing and plotting in R. The .ods file is for enhanced visualization of population dynamics in the Levant (Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.ods).

“GLDAS” stores the raw data of the NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System datasets that can be read, extracted (variable name), and processed using code “8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend” from the respective folder. One folder contains data from 1975-2022 and a second the additional January and February 2023 data.

“built_up” contains the landcover and built-up change data from 1975 to 2022. This folder is subdivided into two subfolder which contain the raw data and the already processed data. “raw_data” contains the unprocessed datasets and “derived_data” stores the cropped built_up datasets at 5 year intervals, e.g., “Levant_built_up_1975.tif”.

Code structure

1_MODIS_NDVI_hdf_file_extraction.R

This is the first code chunk that refers to the extraction of MODIS data from .hdf file format. The following packages must be installed and the raw data must be downloaded using a simple mass downloader, e.g., from google chrome. Packages: terra. Download MODIS data from after registration from: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v061/ or https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search (MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V061, last accessed, 09th of October 2023). The code reads a list of files, extracts the NDVI, and saves each file to a single .tif-file with the indication “NDVI”. Because the study area is quite large, we have to load three different (spatially) time series and merge them later. Note that the time series are temporally consistent.

2_MERGE_MODIS_tiles.R

In this code, we load and merge the three different stacks to produce large and consistent time series of NDVI imagery across the study area. We further use the package gtools to load the files in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.). Here, we have three stacks from which we merge the first two (stack 1, stack 2) and store them. We then merge this stack with stack 3. We produce single files named NDVI_final_*consecutivenumber*.tif. Before saving the final output of single merged files, create a folder called “merged” and set the working directory to this folder, e.g., setwd("your directory_MODIS/merged").

3_CROP_MODIS_merged_tiles.R

Now we want to crop the derived MODIS tiles to our study area. We are using a mask, which is provided as .shp file in the repository, named "MERGED_LEVANT.shp". We load the merged .tif files and crop the stack with the vector. Saving to individual files, we name them “NDVI_merged_clip_*consecutivenumber*.tif. We now produced single cropped NDVI time series data from MODIS.
The repository provides the already clipped and merged NDVI datasets.

4_TREND_analysis_NDVI.R

Now, we want to perform trend analysis from the derived data. The data we load is tricky as it contains 16-days return period across a year for the period of 22 years. Growing season sums contain MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November). December is represented as a single file, which means that the period DJF (December-February) is represented by 5 images instead of 6. For the last DJF period (December 2022), the data from January and February 2023 can be added. The code selects the respective images from the stack, depending on which period is under consideration. From these stacks, individual annually resolved growing season sums are generated and the slope is calculated. We can then extract the p-values of the trend and characterize all values with high confidence level (0.05). Using the ggplot2 package and the melt function from reshape2 package, we can create a plot of the reclassified NDVI trends together with a local smoother (LOESS) of value 0.3.
To increase comparability and understand the amplitude of the trends, z-scores were calculated and plotted, which show the deviation of the values from the mean. This has been done for the NDVI values as well as the GLDAS climate variables as a normalization technique.

5_BUILT_UP_change_raster.R

Let us look at the landcover changes now. We are working with the terra package and get raster data from here: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=bu (last accessed 03. March 2023, 100 m resolution, global coverage). Here, one can download the temporal coverage that is aimed for and reclassify it using the code after cropping to the individual study area. Here, I summed up different raster to characterize the built-up change in continuous values between 1975 and 2022.

6_POPULATION_numbers_plot.R

For this plot, one needs to load the .csv-file “Socio_cultural_political_development_database_FAO2023.csv” from the repository. The ggplot script provided produces the desired plot with all countries under consideration.

7_YIELD_plot.R

In this section, we are using the country productivity from the supplement in the repository “yield_productivity” (e.g., "Jordan_yield.csv". Each of the single country yield datasets is plotted in a ggplot and combined using the patchwork package in R.

8_GLDAS_read_extract_trend

The last code provides the basis for the trend analysis of the climate variables used in the paper. The raw data can be accessed https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=GLDAS%20Noah%20Land%20Surface%20Model%20L4%20monthly&page=1 (last accessed 9th of October 2023). The raw data comes in .nc file format and various variables can be extracted using the [“^a variable name”] command from the spatraster collection. Each time you run the code, this variable name must be adjusted to meet the requirements for the variables (see this link for abbreviations: https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GLDAS_CLSM025_D_2.0/summary, last accessed 09th of October 2023; or the respective code chunk when reading a .nc file with the ncdf4 package in R) or run print(nc) from the code or use names(the spatraster collection).
Choosing one variable, the code uses the MERGED_LEVANT.shp mask from the repository to crop and mask the data to the outline of the study area.
From the processed data, trend analysis are conducted and z-scores were calculated following the code described above. However, annual trends require the frequency of the time series analysis to be set to value = 12. Regarding, e.g., rainfall, which is measured as annual sums and not means, the chunk r.sum=r.sum/12 has to be removed or set to r.sum=r.sum/1 to avoid calculating annual mean values (see other variables). Seasonal subset can be calculated as described in the code. Here, 3-month subsets were chosen for growing seasons, e.g. March-May (MAM), June-July (JJA), September-November (SON), and DJF (December-February, including Jan/Feb of the consecutive year).
From the data, mean values of 48 consecutive years are calculated and trend analysis are performed as describe above. In the same way, p-values are extracted and 95 % confidence level values are marked with dots on the raster plot. This analysis can be performed with a much longer time series, other variables, ad different spatial extent across the globe due to the availability of the GLDAS variables.

IntroductionGiven the lack of evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted antiseizure medication (ASM) use, we examined the trends of ASMs before and during COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a population-based study using provincial-level health databases from Manitoba, Canada, between 1 June 2016 and 1 March 2021. We used interrupted time series autoregressive models to examine changes in the prevalence and incidence of ASM prescription rates associated with COVID-19 public health restrictions.ResultsAmong prevalent users, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in new-generation ASMs with a percentage change of 0.09% (p = 0.03) and a significant decrease in incidence use of all ASMs with a percentage change of −4.35% (p = 0.04). Significant trend changes were observed in the prevalent use of new-generation ASMs (p = 0.04) and incidence use of all (p = 0.04) and new-generation ASMs (p = 0.02). Gabapentin and clonazepam prescriptions contributed 37% of prevalent and 54% of incident use.ConclusionWith the introduction of public health measures during COVID-19, small but significant changes in the incident and prevalent use of ASM prescriptions were observed. Further studies are needed to examine whether barriers to medication access were associated with potential deterioration in seizure control among patients.Conference presentationThe results from this study have been presented as an oral presentation at the 38th ICPE, International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) annual conference in Copenhagen.

In September 2024, the global PMI amounted to 47.5 for new export orders and 48.8 for manufacturing. The manufacturing PMI was at its lowest point in August 2020. It decreased over the last months of 2022 after the effects of the Russia-Ukraine war and rising inflation hit the world economy, and remained around 50 since.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The COVID Social Mobility and Opportunities Study (COSMO) is a longitudinal cohort study, a collaboration between the UCL Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities (CEPEO), the UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS), and the Sutton Trust. The overarching aim of COSMO is to provide a representative data resource to support research into how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the life chances of pupils with different characteristics, in terms of short-term effects on educational attainment, and long-term educational and career outcomes.

The topics covered by COSMO include, but are not limited to, young people's education experiences during the pandemic, cancelled assessments and education and career aspirations. They have also been asked for consent for linking their survey data to their administrative data held by organisations such as the UK Department for Education (DfE). Linked data is planned to be made available to researchers through the ONS Secure Research Service.

Young people who were in Year 11 in the 2020-2021 academic year were drawn as a clustered and stratified random sample from the National Pupil Database held by the DfE, as well as from a separate sample of independent schools from DfE's Get Information about Schools database. The parents/guardians of the sampled young people were also invited to take part in COSMO. Data from parents/guardians complement the data collected from young people.

Further information about the study may be found on the COVID Social Mobility and Opportunities Study (COSMO) webpage.

COSMO Wave 2, 2022-2023
All young people who took part in Wave 1 (see SN 9000) were invited to the second Wave of the study, along with their parents (whether or not they took part in Wave 1).

Data collection in Wave 2 was carried out between October 2022 and April 2023 where young people and parents/guardians were first invited to a web survey. In addition to online reminders, some non-respondents were followed up via face-to-face visits or telephone calls over the winter and throughout spring. Online ‘mop-up’ fieldwork was also carried out to invite all non-respondents into the survey one last time before the end of fieldwork.

Latest edition information:
For the second edition (April 2024), a standalone dataset from the Keeping in Touch (KIT) exercise carried out after the completion of Wave 2, late 2023 have been deposited. This entailed a very short questionnaire for updating contact details and brief updates on young people's lives. A longitudinal parents dataset has also been deposited, to help data users find core background information from parents who took part in either Wave 1 or Wave 2 in one place. Finally, the young people's dataset has been updated (version 1.1) with additional codes added from some open-ended questions. The COSMO Wave 1 Data User Guide Version 1.1 explains these updates in detail. A technical report and accompanying appendices has also been deposited.

Further information about the study may be found on the COSMO website.

For young people, Wave 2 included:

• a household grid
• changes to current status since Wave 1
• qualifications studied towards
• early labour market experience
• residual disruption due to the pandemic
• university applications
• attitudes to education and future careers
• spare time/leisure activities
• homelessness
• health and wellbeing
• friends, peers and family support
• health-related behaviours.

For parents, Wave 2 included:

• demographics
• attitudes to education/education and career aspirations
• parenting, home learning, tuition and catch-up
• working status across the pandemic (since the last interview for parents also interviewed in Wave 1)
• parental tenure, HRP and occupation details
• parental education
• parental income
• grandparents
• COVID-19 history and vaccination
• parent health and wellbeing
• disadvantage.

The contents of this dataset include 20 cleaned, deidentified interview transcripts from the dissertation project titled: "Exploring the COVID-19 Infodemic in Alaska". The NSF grant # is 2309906. Interviews took place via Zoom between January and March 2024 and included participants from across Alaska. The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an unprecedented infodemic, characterized by the proliferation of both accurate and misleading information. Efforts to better describe the impacts of misinformation during the pandemic can facilitate the development of tools and policies aimed at managing future infodemics. We aimed to investigate the infodemic experiences of COVID-19 responders and identify themes that cut across sectors. This study explored how the circulation of false, incomplete, and excessive information affected individuals responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, including healthcare providers, public health professionals, leadership, members of the media, K-12 school staff, tribal organizations, and others. Using a One Health framework to guide recruitment, we conducted 20 semi-structured interviews over video conference and analyzed them using mixed inductive/deductive thematic analysis. Our findings coalesced around three principal themes: misinformation management, misinformation impacts and lessons learned. Building trust, promoting equity, and ensuring adequate resources (such as staffing and time) stood out as critical components to successfully combating misinformation. Conversely, a lack of communication/collaboration and intense politicization of COVID-19 made the response exceedingly difficult. The infodemic had direct impacts on the community, professional practice across fields and mental and physical health, many of which will have a continued effect moving forward. The lessons learned from this study can be applied towards efforts to better prepare us for the next public health emergency by enabling a more informed and agile response.

Each column is a different type of NLP measurement applied to the data. Each row is a day. Cells represent the returns of the values compared to the value y0 of the initial day, February 1st 2020 (i.e., (yt/y0)-1).Measurements belong to different categories, identified by prefixes:- liwc_ : LIWC measures (http://liwc.wpengine.com/)- emolex_: Emolex measures (https://saifmohammad.com/WebPages/NRC-Emotion-Lexicon.htm)- morality_: lexicon of moral foundations (Graham et al. "Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations", Journal of personality and social psychology, 2009)- prosocial_: prosocial behaviour lexicon (Frimer et al. "Moral actor, selfish agent" Journal of personality and social psychology, 2014)- socialdims_: social dimensions of conversations extracted through deep learning (Choi et al, "Ten Social Dimensions of Conversations and Relationships" The Web Conference 2020)healthconditions_: mentions of mental and physical medical conditions extracted through deep learning (Šćepanović et al. "Extracting Medical Entities from Social Media", ACM Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning)phase_: aggregated measures that identify different phases of the evolution of epidemic psychology facets over time

By April 2020, Zoom Video Communications had 300 million daily meeting participants worldwide. Only six months prior to that, at the end of 2019, this number stood at 10 million meeting participants. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led businesses around the world to adopt Zoom as a solution to stay connected to employees and customers when working from different locations. This increased usage of the platform in 2020. Additionally, individuals use the Zoom video platform to stay connected to friends and family.

Profile of the survey participants.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. European Parliament Spring Survey, 2. Climate change, 3. Justice, Rights and Values, 4. EU consumer habits regarding fishery and aquaculture products.
Topics: 1. European Parliament Spring Survey: awareness of measures taken by the EU to respond to the Coronavirus pandemic; satisfaction with these measures; EU should have more competences to deal with crises such as the Coronavirus pandemic; satisfaction with solidarity between EU member states in fighting the Coronavirus pandemic; preferred EU measures to respond to the Corona crisis; preferred statement with regard to the consequences of the restriction measures in the own country: health benefits are greater than economic damage, economic damage is greater than health benefits; current emotional status; impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal income; preferred topics to be addressed by the European Parliament; attitude towards the following statements about the Conference on the Future of Europe: should specifically involve young people to foster new ideas, would represent significant progress for democracy within the EU, would have no real impact, should deal in priority with how the EU could better handle crises such as the coronavirus pandemic; willingness to take part in the activities of the Conference on the Future of Europe; attitude towards the EU; EU image; development of this image over the last year; use of selected online social networks in the last week; purpose of use: watch photo and video content, share own opinion publicly, discuss within social media groups, send direct messages to friends and family, play video games, follow news and current events, find new products to buy, share own content, professional reasons.

1. Climate change: most important problems facing the world as a whole at the moment; assessment of the seriousness of the problem of climate change; responsible bodies within the EU for tackling climate change: national governments, European Union, regional and local authorities, business and industry, citizens, environmental groups; attitude towards the following statements: promoting EU expertise in new clean technologies to countries outside the EU can help create new jobs in the EU, tackling climate change and environmental issues should be a priority to improve public health, costs of damages due to climate change are much higher than costs of investments needed for a green transition, reducing fossil fuel imports from outside the EU can benefit the EU economically, fighting climate change will lead to innovation, more public financial support should be given to the transition to clean energies, adapting to adverse impacts of climate change can have positive outcomes for EU citizens; personal actions taken in the last six months to fight climate change and kind of actions; adequateness of the actions taken by the national government; importance of the national government setting targets to increase the amount of renewable energy by 2030; importance of the following authorities providing support for improving energy efficiency by 2030: national government, EU; attitude towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions to a minimum to make European economy climate neutral by 2050; preferred investment of money from the EU recovery plan to address the damage caused by the coronavirus pandemic: traditional fossil-fuelled economy, new green economy.

2. Justice, Rights and Values: self-rated knowledge about the rule of law in: own country, other EU member states; EU core values are well protected in the own country; participation in the following activities: vote in local / national / European elections, involvement in trade unions / political movements / parties, involvement in NGOs and civil society organisations, post opinions on current issues on online social networks, obtain information on current issues on online social networks, make politically motivated consumer choices, volunteering or participating in local community projects, none of these; awareness of the recent history own country shares with European countries; awareness of selected issues of EU legislation: Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, work life balance for parents and carers, equal treatment in employment and occupation, racial equality establishing a framework for combatting...