As of January 18, 2023, Portugal had the highest COVID-19 vaccination rate in Europe having administered 272.78 doses per 100 people in the country, while Malta had administered 258.49 doses per 100. The UK was the first country in Europe to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began inoculations on December 8, 2020, and so far have administered 224.04 doses per 100. At the latest data, Belgium had carried out 253.89 doses of vaccines per 100 population. Russia became the first country in the world to authorize a vaccine - named Sputnik V - for use in the fight against COVID-19 in August 2020. As of August 4, 2022, Russia had administered 127.3 doses per 100 people in the country.

The seven-day rate of cases across Europe shows an ongoing perspective of which countries are worst affected by the virus relative to their population. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

As of March 20, 2023, around 391 doses of COVID-19 vaccines per 100 people in Cuba had been administered, one of the highest COVID-19 vaccine dose rates of any country worldwide. This statistic shows the rate of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered worldwide as of March 20, 2023, by country or territory.

COVID-19 Vaccines-Production Capacity & Development Timeline Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global COVID-19 vaccines market size reached USD 40.2 billion in 2024, reflecting a significant contraction from the pandemic’s peak but remaining a critical segment of the global biopharmaceutical industry. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 56.7 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the ongoing need for booster vaccinations, the emergence of new viral variants, and sustained investments in vaccine research and production capabilities worldwide. The market’s resilience is further supported by government procurement programs and the expansion of vaccine access in emerging economies.

The evolution of the COVID-19 vaccines market is shaped by several growth factors, notably the persistent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and the continuous emergence of new variants that challenge existing immunity levels. Governments and health organizations worldwide remain vigilant, prioritizing the development and distribution of updated vaccines to counter variant-driven outbreaks. The introduction of bivalent and multivalent vaccines, designed to offer protection against multiple strains, has spurred ongoing demand. Furthermore, the increasing reliance on annual or biannual booster doses for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals, ensures a steady baseline for vaccine consumption. The integration of COVID-19 vaccination into routine immunization schedules is also anticipated to contribute to market stability over the forecast period.

Another key driver is the remarkable progress in vaccine technology, particularly the rapid advancement and deployment of mRNA vaccine platforms. The success of mRNA vaccines has not only revolutionized the response to COVID-19 but has also accelerated research and development for other infectious diseases. This technological leap has encouraged investments in flexible manufacturing infrastructure, enabling faster adaptation to emerging threats and enhancing global production capacity. Additionally, partnerships between pharmaceutical companies, governments, and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) have optimized supply chains, improved scalability, and facilitated technology transfer to developing regions. These collaborative efforts are essential for maintaining readiness against future pandemics and for addressing ongoing global health challenges.

Market growth is further bolstered by proactive government policies and international collaborations aimed at ensuring equitable vaccine distribution. Initiatives such as COVAX and bilateral agreements have played a crucial role in expanding vaccine access to low- and middle-income countries, thereby stimulating demand and supporting market expansion. The increasing participation of private procurement channels, including hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies, has diversified distribution networks and improved accessibility for broader populations. Moreover, the push for localized manufacturing and regulatory harmonization is streamlining vaccine approval processes and reducing dependency on a limited number of global suppliers. These trends collectively underpin the sustained growth trajectory of the COVID-19 vaccines market.

Regionally, North America and Europe continue to dominate the COVID-19 vaccines market, accounting for the largest shares due to robust healthcare infrastructure, high vaccination rates, and substantial government funding. However, the Asia Pacific region is exhibiting the fastest growth, driven by large-scale immunization campaigns, expanding manufacturing capabilities, and rising awareness about the importance of vaccination. Countries such as China and India are emerging as significant players in both vaccine production and consumption, supported by favorable policy frameworks and increasing investments in biotechnology. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual improvements in vaccine coverage, although challenges related to infrastructure and affordability persist. Overall, the regional dynamics are expected to evolve as global efforts intensify to achieve comprehensive vaccine coverage and pandemic preparedness.

Ultra-low Temperature Freezer for COVID-19 Vaccine Market Outlook

The global market size for ultra-low temperature freezers used for COVID-19 vaccine storage was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 2.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3% during the forecast period. The exponential market growth can be attributed to the rising demand for vaccine storage solutions driven by the mass immunization campaigns against COVID-19 globally. The need for precise temperature control to preserve vaccine efficacy has significantly amplified the demand for these specialized freezers.

One of the key growth factors for this market is the continuous vaccination programs worldwide, which necessitate the storage of vaccines at ultra-low temperatures to maintain their potency. Governments and health organizations have been investing heavily in cold storage infrastructure as a part of their pandemic response plans, thus driving market demand. For instance, mRNA vaccines, such as those developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, require storage temperatures as low as -70°C, thereby fueling the market for ultra-low temperature freezers.

Technological advancements in freezer design and operational efficiency are also propelling market growth. Modern ultra-low temperature freezers come with innovative features such as energy-efficient compressors, advanced temperature monitoring systems, and reduced noise levels, which are crucial for their deployment in healthcare settings. These advancements not only cater to the growing demand but also address the concerns related to high energy consumption and operational costs, thus making them more appealing to various end-users.

Moreover, increasing investments from pharmaceutical companies and research laboratories in vaccine research and development are further driving the market. The need to store biological samples and newly developed vaccines under stringent conditions has led to a surge in the demand for ultra-low temperature freezers. Coupled with the rising prevalence of infectious diseases and the need for effective vaccine storage solutions, the market is expected to witness substantial growth.

Ultra-Low Temperature Coolers have become an essential component in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, especially in the context of vaccine storage. These coolers are specifically designed to maintain extremely low temperatures, ensuring the stability and efficacy of sensitive biological materials. As the demand for vaccines and other temperature-sensitive pharmaceuticals continues to rise, the role of ultra-low temperature coolers becomes increasingly critical. They provide a reliable solution for maintaining the cold chain, which is vital for the safe distribution and storage of vaccines worldwide. The integration of advanced cooling technologies and energy-efficient designs in these coolers further enhances their appeal, making them a preferred choice for healthcare providers and research institutions.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe dominate the market due to their robust healthcare infrastructure and significant investments in cold chain logistics. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate due to expanding healthcare facilities, increasing government initiatives for immunization, and a rising focus on enhancing cold storage capabilities. Emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also anticipated to contribute to market growth as they enhance their healthcare infrastructure to combat the pandemic.

Product Type Analysis

The ultra-low temperature freezer market is segmented into chest freezers and upright freezers. Chest freezers are often preferred in scenarios where long-term storage and high-volume capacity are required. They are known for their deep storage spaces and energy efficiency, making them suitable for large-scale vaccine storage in centralized facilities. Chest freezers are particularly advantageous in settings where space is not a constraint and where there is a need for bulk storage of vaccines and other biological materials.

On the other hand, upright freezers offer the convenience of organized storage with easy access to samples and vaccines. They are designed to fit into compact spaces and provide quick retrieval of stored items due to their vertical design. These freezers are favored in

As of April 26, 2023, around 81.3 percent of the U.S. population had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination. This statistic shows the percentage of the population in the United States who had been given a COVID-19 vaccination as of April 26, 2023, by state or territory.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE When there were still some doubts in the population about efficacy and safety of the vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, healthcare professionals were among the first to be vaccinated in our country. AIM AND OBJECTIVES To analyze the level of knowledge and motivation for getting vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital staff to the administered COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY: Descriptive, observational and retrospective. CRITERIA INCLUSION: All hospital staff vaccinated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and who had signed the informed consent for data collection. METHODS: Through telephone interview, sociodemographic data were collected and also questions about the assesment of the level of knowledge and motivation for getting vaccinated SARS-CoV-2. The level of agreement/disagreement with the question made was considered using the Likert scale. Related qualitative variables were analysed using Chi2 technique. p <0.05 statistically significant. RESULTS About 108 (88.5%) hospital staff were vaccinated. About 66 (61.1%) workers (81.8% women) with a mean of 42.7± 10.7 years old completed the interview and were included in the study. About 65 (98.5%) of the included staff belonged to the 18-65 age group. Significant correlations founded: 1.More knowledge about AEFI means to be more motivated to be vaccinated (p= 0.037) 2.More level of Technical lnformation means to have more desire to get vaccinated again, if necessary (p=0.001) and less use of drugs to relieve symptoms (p=0.027) CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Nearly 90% of our hospital staff was vaccinated against SARS-Cov-2. The knowledge about the AEFI determined motivation for getting vaccinated. Besides, level of staff’s motivation determined a less consumption of medication to alleviate symptoms, as well as more trend to receive a new dose, if necessary.

Medical Refrigerators for Vaccine Storage Market Outlook

The global medical refrigerators for vaccine storage market size was valued at approximately USD 3.6 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7.2 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. The growth of the market is primarily driven by the increasing global demand for vaccines, advancements in refrigeration technology, and growing awareness of the importance of proper vaccine storage to maintain efficacy and safety.

One of the key growth factors for the medical refrigerators for vaccine storage market is the rising incidence of infectious diseases and the consequent increase in vaccination programs worldwide. Governments and healthcare organizations in various countries are focusing on immunization initiatives to combat infectious diseases, which significantly drives the demand for reliable medical refrigerators. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of vaccine storage, leading to an increased investment in cold chain infrastructure and technologies.

Another significant driver is technological advancements in refrigeration systems, which have resulted in more efficient, reliable, and user-friendly medical refrigerators. Innovations such as solar-powered refrigerators and ultra-low temperature freezers have expanded the market, providing solutions for diverse storage needs and geographic locations. These advancements not only enhance the efficiency of vaccine storage but also contribute to reducing operational costs and energy consumption, thereby making them appealing to a broader range of end-users.

The growing awareness about the importance of maintaining vaccines at precise temperatures to preserve their potency is also fueling market growth. Healthcare professionals and organizations are increasingly recognizing the critical role that proper storage conditions play in preventing vaccine spoilage and ensuring effective immunization. This awareness is driving the adoption of advanced refrigeration solutions that offer precise temperature control and monitoring capabilities.

Medical Reagent Refrigerators are an essential component in the healthcare industry, particularly for the storage of sensitive medical reagents and vaccines. These specialized refrigerators are designed to maintain precise temperature conditions, ensuring the stability and efficacy of stored reagents. With the increasing complexity of medical research and the development of new vaccines, the demand for medical reagent refrigerators is on the rise. They offer advanced features such as temperature alarms, data logging, and remote monitoring capabilities, which are crucial for maintaining the integrity of reagents used in diagnostic and research applications. The reliability of these refrigerators is paramount, as even slight temperature fluctuations can compromise the quality of reagents, leading to inaccurate test results and compromised patient care.

Regionally, North America is expected to continue dominating the medical refrigerators for vaccine storage market due to its well-established healthcare infrastructure, high vaccination rates, and significant investments in research and development. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by expanding healthcare access, increasing immunization programs, and rising investments in healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies such as China and India.

Product Type Analysis

When analyzing the market by product type, explosion-proof refrigerators play a crucial role in environments where flammable materials are present, making them essential in certain healthcare settings. These refrigerators are designed to prevent internal and external explosions, ensuring the safety of both the stored vaccines and the surrounding environment. The demand for explosion-proof refrigerators is particularly high in research laboratories and hospitals where the handling of volatile substances is common.

Portable refrigerators have gained significant traction due to their mobility and convenience, making them ideal for use in remote and rural areas where access to traditional healthcare facilities might be limited. The ability to transport vaccines safely to these areas ensures wider coverage of immunization programs, thereby enhancing public health outcomes. This segment is expected to witness subst

The global ultra-low temperature freezer (ULT freezer) market for vaccines is a rapidly expanding sector, projected to reach a value of $116.3 million in 2025 and exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.3% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for vaccine storage and distribution, particularly spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for maintaining the efficacy of temperature-sensitive vaccines across diverse geographical locations and supply chains has significantly boosted investment in ULT freezers. Further fueling this market expansion are advancements in freezer technology, such as improved energy efficiency, enhanced temperature monitoring systems, and increased storage capacity. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for upright freezers, likely due to their space-saving design and better accessibility for vaccine handling. While COVID-19 vaccines initially dominated the application segment, the market is diversifying to include other vaccines, reflecting a broader need for reliable cold-chain management across the pharmaceutical industry. Significant regional variations exist, with North America and Europe currently holding larger market shares due to established healthcare infrastructure and higher vaccine consumption. However, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific are poised for significant growth, driven by increasing vaccination programs and infrastructure development. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players like Thermo Fisher Scientific, Panasonic, and Eppendorf, along with several regional manufacturers. These companies are focusing on innovation, offering a variety of ULT freezer models tailored to specific vaccine storage requirements, and establishing robust distribution networks to cater to the growing demand. The future of the ULT freezer market for vaccines hinges on continued technological advancements, addressing the challenges of reliable power supply in remote areas, and robust regulatory frameworks ensuring vaccine integrity throughout the cold chain. Furthermore, the integration of smart technologies for remote monitoring and predictive maintenance will further optimize performance and reduce operational costs, enhancing the appeal of ULT freezers for healthcare facilities and vaccine distribution networks worldwide.

The global vaccine glass packaging market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for vaccines worldwide and the stringent regulatory requirements for safe and effective vaccine delivery. The market, estimated at $5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a value exceeding $9 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors, including the rising prevalence of infectious diseases, government initiatives promoting vaccination campaigns, and the ongoing development of new vaccines for various diseases, like influenza, measles, and COVID-19. Furthermore, the shift towards advanced vaccine technologies, such as mRNA vaccines, necessitates specialized glass packaging solutions, further stimulating market growth. Key players like Gerresheimer, SGD Pharma, and Schott are investing heavily in research and development to enhance their product offerings and cater to the evolving demands of the pharmaceutical industry. The market is segmented by type of packaging (vials, ampoules, cartridges), material type (Type I borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass), and end-use (hospitals, clinics, pharmacies). Regional variations exist, with North America and Europe holding significant market shares due to higher vaccine consumption and advanced healthcare infrastructure. However, the market also faces certain challenges. Fluctuations in raw material prices, particularly glass, can affect production costs and profitability. Stringent regulatory compliance requirements necessitate significant investments in quality control and manufacturing processes. Additionally, the growing adoption of alternative packaging materials, such as plastic, presents a competitive threat to glass packaging. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the vaccine glass packaging market remains positive, driven by the sustained demand for safe and effective vaccine delivery systems across the globe. Companies are actively exploring innovative solutions, such as pre-filled syringes and advanced closure systems, to improve vaccine stability, handling, and patient safety, further bolstering market growth.

Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone market size reached USD 642.5 million in 2024. The industry is exhibiting a robust growth trajectory, recording a CAGR of 21.4% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is projected to achieve a value of USD 4,351.7 million. The remarkable expansion of this sector is primarily driven by the urgent need for efficient, reliable, and temperature-controlled vaccine delivery solutions, especially in remote and underserved regions worldwide.

A significant growth factor for the Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone market is the increasing global emphasis on immunization programs and public health initiatives. Governments and health organizations worldwide are striving to enhance vaccine accessibility, particularly in geographically challenging and resource-limited settings. Traditional vaccine delivery mechanisms often struggle with the “last mile” problem—ensuring that vaccines reach remote areas without breaking the cold chain. Ice drones, equipped with advanced snowflake cooling technology, are revolutionizing this process by maintaining strict temperature controls and ensuring vaccine efficacy even in harsh environments. This innovation is especially vital for temperature-sensitive vaccines such as those for COVID-19, polio, and measles, where any deviation from optimal storage conditions can render the vaccines ineffective.

Another key driver of market growth is the rapid advancement in drone technology, including improvements in payload capacity, flight range, and autonomous navigation systems. Manufacturers are investing heavily in R&D to enhance drone reliability, battery life, and cold chain integration. These technological advancements have enabled drones to transport larger quantities of vaccines over longer distances with greater precision and efficiency. Additionally, the adoption of real-time tracking and remote monitoring systems ensures transparency and accountability throughout the vaccine delivery process. As a result, healthcare providers and public health agencies can respond swiftly to outbreaks and emergencies, minimizing the risk of vaccine wastage and improving immunization coverage rates.

Increased collaboration between public and private sectors is also fueling the growth of the Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone market. Strategic partnerships among drone manufacturers, healthcare organizations, logistics providers, and government agencies have accelerated the deployment of drone-based vaccine delivery systems in both developed and developing regions. Funding initiatives from global health bodies such as the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, are further supporting pilot projects and large-scale rollouts. These collaborations are not only enhancing operational capabilities but also addressing regulatory hurdles and standardizing best practices for safe and compliant drone operations in healthcare logistics.

Regionally, North America currently leads the Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone market, driven by substantial investments in healthcare infrastructure, advanced technology adoption, and supportive regulatory frameworks. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by expanding immunization campaigns, government support, and the pressing need to serve remote rural populations. Moreover, Africa and Latin America are witnessing increased deployment of vaccine drones to overcome logistical challenges and improve healthcare access. Europe, with its strong focus on innovation and sustainability, is also making significant strides in integrating drone technology into its public health supply chains. Overall, the regional outlook underscores a global momentum towards leveraging drone technology to bridge healthcare delivery gaps and ensure equitable vaccine distribution.

Product Type Analysis

The Vaccine Snowflake Ice Drone market is segmented by product type into Fixed-Wing Drones, Rotary-Wing Drones, and Hybrid Drones. Fixed-wing drones are gaining traction due to their superior endurance and ability to cover longer distances on a single charge. These drones are particularly effective for delivering vaccines to remote or hard-to-reach regions where ground transportation is impractical. Their aerodynamic design allows for efficient energy consumption, enabling them to carry larger payloads while maintaining the required te

The widespread dissemination of misinformation on social media is a serious threat to global health. To a large extent, it is still unclear who actually shares health-related misinformation deliberately and accidentally. We conducted a large-scale online survey among 5,307 Facebook users in six sub-Saharan African countries, in which we collected information on sharing of fake news and truth discernment. We estimate the magnitude and determinants of deliberate and accidental sharing of misinformation related to three vaccines (HPV, polio, and COVID-19). In an OLS framework we relate the actual sharing of fake news to several socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, employment status, education), social media consumption, personality factors and vaccine-related characteristics while controlling for country and vaccine-specific effects. We first show that actual sharing rates of fake news articles are substantially higher than those reported from developed countries and that most of the sharing occurs accidentally. Second, we reveal that the determinants of deliberate vs. accidental sharing differ. While deliberate sharing is related to being older and risk-loving, accidental sharing is associated with being older, male, and high levels of trust in institutions. Lastly, we demonstrate that the determinants of sharing differ by the adopted measure (intentions vs. actual sharing) which underscores the limitations of commonly used intention-based measures to derive insights about actual fake news sharing behaviour.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The UCL COVID-19 Social Study at University College London (UCL) was launched on 21 March 2020. Led by Dr Daisy Fancourt and Professor Andrew Steptoe from the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, the team designed the study to track in real-time the psychological and social impact of the virus across the UK.

The study quickly became the largest in the country, growing to over 70,000 participants and providing rare and privileged insight into the effects of the pandemic on people’s daily lives. Through our participants’ remarkable two-year commitment to the study, 1.2 million surveys were collected over 105 weeks, and over 100 scientific papers and 44 public reports were published.

During COVID-19, population mental health has been affected both by the intensity of the pandemic (cases and death rates), but also by lockdowns and restrictions themselves. Worsening mental health coincided with higher rates of COVID-19, tighter restrictions, and the weeks leading up to lockdowns. Mental health then generally improved during lockdowns and most people were able to adapt and manage their well-being. However, a significant proportion of the population suffered disproportionately to the rest, and stay-at-home orders harmed those who were already financially, socially, or medically vulnerable. Socioeconomic factors, including low SEP, low income, and low educational attainment, continued to be associated with worse experiences of the pandemic. Outcomes for these groups were worse throughout many measures including mental health and wellbeing; financial struggles;self-harm and suicide risk; risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing long Covid; and vaccine resistance and hesitancy. These inequalities existed before the pandemic and were further exacerbated by COVID-19, and such groups remain particularly vulnerable to the future effects of the pandemic and other national crises.

Further information, including reports and publications, can be found on the UCL COVID-19 Social Study website.

The study asked baseline questions on the following:

• Demographics, including year of birth, sex, ethnicity, relationship status, country of dwelling, urban/rural dwelling, type of accommodation, housing tenure, number of adults and children in the household, household income, education, employment status, pet ownership, and personality.
• Health and health behaviours, including pre-existing physical health conditions, diagnosed mental health conditions, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, caring responsibilities, usual social behaviours, and social network size.

It also asked repeated questions at every wave on the following:

• COVID-19 status, including whether the respondent had had COVID-19, whether they had come into likely contact with COVID-19, current isolation status and motivations for isolation, length of isolation, length of time not leaving the home, length of time not contacting others, trust in government, trust in the health service, adherence to health advice, and experience of adverse events due to COVID-19 (including severe illness within the family, bereavement, redundancy, or financial difficulties).
• Mental health, including wellbeing, depression, anxiety, which factors were causing stress, sleep quality, loneliness, social isolation, and changes in health behaviours such as smoking, drinking and exercise.
• How people were spending their time whilst in isolation, including questions on working, functional household activities, care, and schooling of any children in the household, hobbies, and relaxation.

Certain waves of the study also included one-off modules on topics including volunteering behaviours, locus of control, frustrations and expectations, coping styles, fear of COVID-19, resilience, arts and creative engagement, life events, weight, gambling behaviours, mental health diagnosis, use of financial support, faith and religion, relationships, neighbourhood satisfaction, healthcare usage, discrimination experiences, life changes, optimism, long COVID and COVID-19 vaccination.

Abstract

The World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) is the World Health Organization’s flagship household survey programme, which is hosted by the Survey Unit within the Department of Data and Analytics (DNA) in the Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact (DDI). The WHS+ is focused on generating data needed to align with shifting data needs in health programming, policy and analysis, while also working to strengthen household survey systems in member countries. The World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) builds on WHO’s experience with generating, analyzing and disseminating representative data from household surveys in over 101 countries. The WHS+ provides a data collection system for countries to monitor their progress towards population health targets, health-related SDGs, and WHO’s impact framework. The WHS+ will drive measurement of strategic health goals and add value to countries’ data collection.

AIM The aim of the WHS+ is to generate valid, reliable, comparable and timely information on a range of health and well-being outcomes and determinants of public health importance in nationally representative target populations. The results from the WHS+ will support WHO member states to track progress on country-specific objectives and towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and HR-SDG targets, and WHO’s Impact Framework approved by Member States.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES Create a robust multi-functional data collection platform for generating data to monitor progress on national priorities, HR-SDGs and UHC. Support countries to generate, analyse and use high-quality data to fill data gaps. Develop standardized, computerized data collection strategies that enable speedier data collection and more reliable comparison across countries.

ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVES Develop capacities in using evidence for policy Institutionalize a regular data generation platform in countries Provide tools and methods for better sequencing and coordination between studies Pursue improvements in integrating survey data into health information systems Provide methods for the inclusion of neglected topics and population groups Build on post-census surveys with up-to-date sampling frames Introduce a suite of data collection and analysis tools to use alongside National Statistics Offices and the United Nations Statistics Division

CONTENT

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE 0000 Coversheet 0100 Sampling Information 0200 Geocoding/GPS Information 0300 Recontact Information 0350 Contact Record 0400 Household Roster 0450 Household Consent 0460 Migration 0500 Housing 0500 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 0500 Clean Fuels 0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers 0700 Assets and Income 0800 Household Consumption Expenditure 0900 Health Workforce

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE 1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1100 Covid-19 Vaccination 2000 Health State Description 2100 Disability 2200 Assistive Technology 2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers 3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Tobacco Use 3100 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Alcohol Use 3300 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Diet 3400 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Physical Activity 4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage 4100 Accidents/Injuries 4200 Reproductive Health 4300 Immunization Coverage 4400 Global Scales for Early Development 4500 Antimicrobial Resistance 5000 Health Care Utilisation 6000 Social Networks 7000 Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method) 8000 Preventing Unsafe Abortion

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The WHS+ will include all male and female adults (18 years of age and older) who are not out of the country during the survey period. It should be noted that this includes the population who may be institutionalized for health reasons at the time of the survey: all persons who would have fit the definition of household member at the time of their institutionalisation are included in the eligible population.

If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized short-term (e.g. a 3-day stay at a hospital) the interviewer must return to the household when the individual will have come back to interview him/her. If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized long term (e.g. has been in a nursing home the last 8 years), the interviewer must travel to that institution to interview him/her.

The target population includes any adult, male or female age 18 or over living in private households. Populations in group quarters, on military reservations, or in other non-household living arrangements will not be eligible for the study. People who are in an institution due to a health condition (such as a hospital, hospice, nursing home, home for the aged, etc.) at the time of the visit to the household are interviewed either in the institution or upon their return to their household if this is within a period of two weeks from the first visit to the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces, which are further subdivided into 203 districts. These districts are comprised of 1,647 communes, which in turn contain a total of 14,568 villages. The size of villages varies significantly, ranging from as few as 8 households to as many as 8,981 households, with a median size of 183 households per village. A stratified three-stage cluster sampling design was employed for the study. Strata were defined by cross-classifying province (25 total), locality (urban/rural), and village size (categorized into three groups: less than 3 Enumeration Areas (EAs), between 3 and 20 EAs, and 20 or more EAs). This resulted in 101 strata for sampling. Six villages were included with absolute certainty. The 2021 update of the 2019 General Population Census frame, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Cambodia, was used as the sampling frame. Initially, 400 EAs were drawn into the sample, with 15 households selected from each EA to achieve a target sample size of 6,000 households. However, this plan was revised due to the unavailability of EA information from the NIS. Instead, 276 of the 279 Villages containing sampled EAs for which geo-coordinates were provided by the NIS, were included in the sample, with 22 households selected from each village to achieve a target sample size of 6072 households. For individual interviews, one person aged 18 or older per household was eligible to participate. The eligible individual was selected with equal probabilities using the CAPI program from a list of eligible household members.

Stages of selection Strata: Province, Locality, Village size = 98 PSU: Village=276 surveyed SSU: Households=6072 surveyed TSU: Individuals=6072 surveyed

Sampling deviation

A target sample size of 22 households per sampled village was required to achieve the overall target sample of 6,072 households for the WHS+. Using building data points as sampling units did not guarantee finding a household, as some buildings might be uninhabited or be used for non-residential purposes. Therefore, 44 buildings data points were selected from each village, by taking the first 44 data points listed in the provided random permutation.
Each interview team was assigned the first set of 22 building data points in the village. If the target of 22 households was not reached the second set of 22 building data points was assigned. Buildings were visited in order of their numbering. Midway through data collection the strategy was revised: all 44 building data points were assigned to the team and the numbering was disregarded. The target of 22 households could be obtained from any of the 44 building data points. Survey teams tended to visit buildings that were clustered together before moving on to more remote buildings. The procedure adopted might lead to some bias due to field workers using non-random selection of sampled buildings to visit within the list of 44 buildings data points provided, but this was unavoidable given the demands from the field coordinator for cost-efficiency reasons.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The WHS+ questionnaires were based on the SAGE questionnaires with some modifications and many new modules. A Household questionnaire was administered to all households eligible for the study. An Individual questionniare was administered to eligible respondents identified from the household roster by the CAPI programme. The questionnaires were developed in English. The CAPI template produced by Survey Solution Designer was translated into Khmer. The English questionnaires are available as external resources.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages including: (1) office editing and coding (2) during data entry (3) structural checking of the Stata data files

Response rate

Response rates response rate=% of households/persons who completed the interviews amongst all eligible households/persons, including those who were not successfully contacted.

Household Response rate=88%

Individual: Response rate=87%

Abstract

This report presents the final results from the last seven scientific rounds of the Tanzania High Frequency Welfare Monitoring Phone Survey (THFWMPS) which was conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) Zanzibar, in collaboration with World Bank (WB) and the Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA). The key findings from these high frequency survey rounds are intended to be used to monitor and mitigate the negative impacts of the emerging crisis such as pandemics on the economic and population wellbeing of the country.

Round 6 to 12 comprises findings from the following key areas; Demographic Characteristics, Employment Status and Reasons for Not Working, Economic Sentiments, Natural Disasters and Climate Events, Access to Essential Goods and Services, Types of Shocks Experienced by Households ( Environmental Shocks and Agricultural Shocks), Transportation Usage for Different Locations in Tanzania (Market Transportation, Workplace and School Transportation and Transport use for health facilities), Household Subjective Welfare Situation , Crop Production and Livestock.

The objective of Round 12 is divided into two aspects: testing the installed call center gadgets and conducting the Round 12 phone survey. The installed gadgets at the call center were tested to gain insight into how well the center functions and to identify areas for improvement, whether in customer experience, agent performance, or technical infrastructure. The objective of the Round 12 phone survey was to gather timely data to fill information gaps and support evidence-based decision-making for welfare monitoring and understanding the impacts of crises, such as extreme weather events, epidemics, pandemics and any other crises occurred.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Household Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Phase one of the Tanzania High Frequency Welfare Monitoring Panel Survey (THFWMPS I) draws its sample from various previous face-to-face surveys, including the Mainland Household Budget Survey (HBS) 2017/18, the Zanzibar HBS 2019/20, and the National Panel Survey (NPS) 2014. The inclusion of telephone numbers from most participants of these surveys provides the foundation for the survey sample.

The target for monthly sample completion is approximately 3,000 households. The NPS serves as the primary sample frame, supplemented by the Mainland and Zanzibar HBS. For THFWMPS Phase II, the sample frame comprises respondents from Phase I who did not explicitly refuse to participate (2,200 households), alongside additional households from the 2021 Booster sample of NPS Wave 5 (NPS 5) households with available phone numbers.

The Survey Round twelfth conducted from October - November 2024 includes a total of 2,489 households, contributing to the continued monitoring welfare within Tanzanian households

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Round 6 questionnaire The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; non-farm enterprise; COVID-19 Vaccine; access to health services; and youth contact details. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to. Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left. Employment (respondent): Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual. Economic Sentiments: How household feels about past and future household economic situation, past and future country economic situation, past and future consumer prices, major household purchases, extreme weather shocks to household’s financial status in the future. Food Prices: Availability of specific food items in the country, current price of the item, as well as price of the same item 30 days prior. Fuel Prices: Household has ever bought petrol/diesel, last time household purchased petrol, difficulties encountered when purchasing petrol. Recontact: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future, including phone number, time of day they can be reached in the future. Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview.

Round 7 questionnaire The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; economic sentiments; access to essential goods and services; food prices; energy prices; transportation prices; food insecurity; dietary diversity, and subjective welfare. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to. Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left. Employment (respondent): Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual. Economic Sentiments: Household interpretations of past and future household economic situation, past and future country economic situation, past and future consumer prices, major household purchases, and extreme weather shocks to household’s financial status in the future. Access to Goods and Services: Household’s access to staple foods (maize grain, cassava, rice, and maize flour), essential goods (medicine, soap, fuel/gasoline, and fertilizers) and reasons for not being able to access the goods and services. Food Prices: Availability of specific food items in the country, current price of the item, as well as price of the same item 30 days prior. Energy Prices: Household purchases of energy/fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG, kerosene), last purchase of energy/fuel, number of liters purchased, total amount paid, and changes in the price in the last month. Transportation Prices: Mode of transportation for selected destinations, amount paid in total, as well as changes in the price in last month. Subjective Welfare: How the household feels about their food consumption, housing, clothing, health care, and the level of current household income over the past one month. Food Insecurity: Household’s food security status during the last 30 days. Dietary Diversity: Household’s consumption of a variety of food groups over the last 7 days, as well as how the food was acquired. Recontact Information: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future, including phone number, time of day they can be reached in the future. Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview.

Round 8 questionnaire The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; economic sentiments; access to essential goods and services; food prices; energy prices; transportation prices; food insecurity; dietary diversity, and subjective welfare. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to. Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left. Employment (respondent): Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual. Economic Sentiments: Household interpretations of past and future household economic situation, past and future country economic situation, past and future consumer prices, major household purchases, and extreme weather shocks to household’s financial status in the future. Non-Farm Enterprise: Status and information of non-farm income-generating activities, reason for stopped operating, reason for not able to perform activities as usual, and reason for reduced revenue from family business Access to Goods and Services: Household’s access to staple foods (maize grain, cassava, rice, and maize flour), essential goods (medicine, soap, fuel/gasoline, and fertilizers) and reasons for not being able to access the goods and services. Food Prices: Availability of specific food items in the country, current price of the item, as well as price of the same item 30 days prior. Energy Prices: Household purchases of energy/fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG, kerosene), last purchase of energy/fuel, number of liters purchased, total amount paid, and changes in the price in the last

As of June 2023, over 395 thousand employees were engaged in the Japanese chemical industry and about 450 thousand employees were engaged in the plastic product industry. The chemical industry, including the plastic and rubber product industry, was the third largest employer of the manufacturing industries in Japan, following the food and transportation machinery industry.  Chemical trade In recent years, Japan remained among the largest global consumers of chemicals. While the Japanese chemical industry mostly exported plastic materials, medical products had the largest import value of chemical products. Due to the continued demand for pharmaceutical products from its aging population, Japan was expected to remain one of the most important markets for foreign pharmaceutical companies.  Impact of COVID-19 on the chemical industry In 2020, both the production and the consumption of chemical products decreased, when manufacturing ceased worldwide at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. As production resumed, figures started to rise again in 2021. Furthermore, the outbreak of the pandemic created a new demand in other areas such as chemical-pharmaceutical markets. The Japanese government mostly supported the international development and testing of drugs financially rather than developing a COVID-19 vaccine domestically. Even though several nationally developed vaccines are currently in clinical trials, as of March 2022, none have made it to the market yet. Therefore, the country relies on the United States and Europe for its vaccines.