The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland provides daily “nowcasts” of inflation for two popular price indexes, the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These nowcasts give a sense of where inflation is today. Released each business day.

The UK inflation rate was 3.8 percent in September 2025, unchanged from the previous two months, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the education sector, at 7.5 percent, with prices increasing at the slowest rate in the clothing and footwear sector. The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

Consumer Confidence in the United States decreased to 51 points in November from 53.60 points in October of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Consumer Sentiment - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Health & Personal Care data was reported at 8,071.990 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,043.840 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Health & Personal Care data is updated monthly, averaging 2,948.980 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,071.990 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.328 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Health & Personal Care data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Food Products & Beverage data was reported at 8,280.680 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,191.390 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Food Products & Beverage data is updated monthly, averaging 2,562.090 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,280.680 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.410 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Food Products & Beverage data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Apparel data was reported at 3,785.530 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,774.960 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Apparel data is updated monthly, averaging 1,697.610 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,785.530 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.418 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Apparel data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

The consumer price index (CPI) for all items in Portugal was measured at ****** points in May 2025, marking an increase from the previous month. Over the period considered, the consumer price index in the country has noticeably increased, with the highest value being also the most recent. This escalation in prices occurs against a backdrop of increasing household disposable income, which rose from ***** billion euros in 2000 to ****** billion euros in 2024. Consumer confidence in Portugal Despite the overall increase in disposable income, consumer confidence in Portugal has experienced fluctuations. The confidence indicator hit its lowest point in April 2020 at ***** percent, gradually improving thereafter with some variation. By April 2025, it stood at ***** percent, the lowest since March 2024. This cautious consumer sentiment may impact purchases and overall spending behavior in the country. Income disparities in Portugal Disposable income varies significantly between Portuguese families according to the gender of the head of the household. In 2024, the average monthly disposable income per household was ***** euros, with male-led households having ***** euros compared to ***** euros for female-led households. The almost ***-euro difference between the disposable income of the two reveals the great gender gap that still exists in Portugal.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Communications data was reported at 6,899.990 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,877.980 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Communications data is updated monthly, averaging 5,708.980 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1994 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 375 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,899.990 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 130.380 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1994. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Communications data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Personal Expenses data was reported at 8,252.530 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,186.220 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Personal Expenses data is updated monthly, averaging 2,959.800 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,252.530 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.456 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Personal Expenses data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Housing data was reported at 11,871.310 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 11,827.550 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Housing data is updated monthly, averaging 4,474.210 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11,895.230 Dec1993=100 in Nov 2024 and a record low of 0.480 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Housing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

INPC: Recife data was reported at 7,180.810 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,154.340 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. INPC: Recife data is updated monthly, averaging 2,619.010 Dec1993=100 from Nov 1989 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 425 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,180.810 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.000 Dec1993=100 in Dec 1989. INPC: Recife data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IC001: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: by Municipality. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA and INPC which will be kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From July 1989 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to December 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From January 2012 to December 2019 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009. From January 2020 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2017-2018.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Transports data was reported at 6,809.630 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,747.550 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Transports data is updated monthly, averaging 3,214.020 Dec1993=100 from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 395 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,809.630 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 0.419 Dec1993=100 in Jan 1992. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: Transports data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB052: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Communication data was reported at 0.320 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -0.060 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Communication data is updated monthly, averaging 0.040 % from Dec 1993 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 376 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Dec 1993 and a record low of -7.420 % in Dec 1994. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Communication data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB053: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100: Month-on-Month. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Apparel data was reported at 0.280 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -0.080 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Apparel data is updated monthly, averaging 0.480 % from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 399 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Dec 1993 and a record low of -3.590 % in Mar 1996. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Apparel data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB053: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100: Month-on-Month. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Health & Persona data was reported at 0.350 % in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.540 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Health & Persona data is updated monthly, averaging 0.490 % from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 399 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Dec 1993 and a record low of -0.730 % in Dec 2021. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Health & Persona data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB053: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100: Month-on-Month. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Core PCE Price Index Annual Change in the United States increased to 2.91 percent in August from 2.85 percent in July of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Core Pce Price Index Annual Change.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Transportation data was reported at 0.920 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.440 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Transportation data is updated monthly, averaging 0.490 % from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 399 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Dec 1993 and a record low of -5.240 % in Aug 2022. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Transportation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB053: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100: Month-on-Month. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Food Products & data was reported at 1.090 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.610 % for Feb 2025. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Food Products & data is updated monthly, averaging 0.570 % from Jan 1992 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 399 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Dec 1993 and a record low of -1.280 % in Jun 1999. Brazil National Consumer Price Index (CPI): IPCA-E: MoM%: Food Products & data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB053: Consumer Price Index: Special Broad Category - IPCA-E: POF 2008-2009: Dec 1993=100: Month-on-Month. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA-E kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From Nov 1991 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to Jan 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From Feb 2012 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009.

In 2025, the average annual inflation rate for the United Kingdom is expected to 3.5 percent, with the average rate for 2026 predicted to fall to 2.5 percent. Inflation in the UK increased at a faster rate than expected, with the rate revised upwards from an earlier prediction of 3.2 percent. Like many countries, the UK has only recently recovered from a period of elevated inflation, which saw the CPI rate reach 9.1 percent in 2022, and 7.3 percent in 2023. Despite the recent uptick in 2025, the inflation rate is expected to fall to 2.5 percent in 2026, and to two percent between 2027 and 2029. UK inflation crisis Between 2021 and 2023, inflation surged in the UK, reaching a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent in October 2022. Although inflation fell to more usual levels by 2024, prices in the UK had already increased by over 20 percent relative to the start of the crisis. The two main drivers of price increases during this time were food and energy inflation, two of the main spending areas of UK households. Although food and energy prices came down quite sharply in 2023, underlying core inflation, which measures prices rises without food and energy, remained slightly above the headline inflation rate throughout 2024, suggesting some aspects of inflation had become embedded in the UK economy. Inflation rises across in the world in 2022 The UK was not alone in suffering from runaway inflation over the last few years. From late 2021 onwards, various factors converged to encourage a global acceleration of prices, leading to the ongoing inflation crisis. Blocked-up supply chains were one of the main factors as the world emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic. This was followed by energy and food inflation skyrocketing after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Central bank interest rates were raised globally in response to the problem, possibly putting an end to the era of cheap money that has defined monetary policy since the financial crash of 2008.

INPC: Brasilia data was reported at 6,921.520 Dec1993=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6,944.440 Dec1993=100 for Feb 2025. INPC: Brasilia data is updated monthly, averaging 2,759.410 Dec1993=100 from Nov 1989 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 425 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,944.440 Dec1993=100 in Feb 2025 and a record low of 0.000 Dec1993=100 in Dec 1989. INPC: Brasilia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IC001: Consumer Price Index - INPC: POF: 2017-2018: by Municipality. IBGE published a historical series of price indices of IPCA and INPC which will be kept with the same base year December 1993 = 100 with five different weighting structures over the entire period. From July 1989 to July 1999 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 1987-1988. From August 1999 to June 2006 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 1995-1996. From July 2006 to December 2011 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003. From January 2012 to December 2019 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2008-2009. From January 2020 index, the weighting structures of indexes were obtained from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2017-2018.