In 2023, investment fraud was the cybercrime causing the most severe financial damage for the individuals in the United States. Overall, victim losses in this category were over 4.5 billion U.S. dollars. Business e-mail compromise (BEC) ranked second, amounting to around 2.9 billion U.S. dollars in reported victim losses. A further 924 million U.S. dollars were reported in losses for tech support fraud victims.

In 2024, California ranked first by the amount of monetary losses through cybercrime in the United States. Overall, the state had over two billion U.S. dollars of reported losses. Texas was the second by cybercrime losses, reporting around 1.3 billion U.S. dollars in losses, while Florida followed with over one billion U.S. dollars.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the factors that contributed to the epidemic of fraud in the savings and loan ("thrift") industry, the role that white-collar crime played, and the government response to this crisis. The researchers sought to describe the magnitude, role, and nature of thrift crime, analyze factors related to the effectiveness of law enforcement control of savings and loan fraud, and develop the broader implications, from both a theoretical and a policy perspective. Data consist of statistics from various government agencies and focus on all types of thrift, i.e., solvent and insolvent, that fell under the jurisdiction of the Office of Thrift Supervision in Florida, Texas, and California and all insolvent thrifts under the control of the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) in Washington, DC. The study focused on Texas, California, and Florida because of the high numbers of savings and loan failures, instances of fraud, and executives being indicted. However, as the study progressed, it became clear that the frauds and failures were nationwide, and while many of the crimes were located in these three states, the individuals involved may have been located elsewhere. Thus, the scope of the study was expanded to provide a national perspective. Parts 1 and 2, Case and Defendant Data, provide information from the Executive Office of United States Attorneys on referrals, investigations, and prosecutions of thrifts, banks, and other financial institutions. Part 1 consists of data about the cases that were prosecuted, the number of institutions victimized, the state in which these occurred, and the seriousness of the offense as indicated by the dollar loss and the number of victims. Part 2 provides information on the defendant's position in the institution (director, officer, employee, borrower, customer, developer, lawyer, or shareholder) and disposition (fines, restitution, prison, probation, or acquittal). The relevant variables associated with the Resolution Trust Corporation (Part 3, Institution Data) describe indictments, convictions, and sentences for all cases in the respective regions, organizational structure and behavior for a single institution, and the estimated loss to the institution. Variables coded are ownership type, charter, home loans, brokered deposits, net worth, number of referrals, number of individuals referred, assets and asset growth, ratio of direct investments to total assets, and total dollar losses due to fraud. For Parts 4 and 5, Texas and California Referral Data, the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) provided data for what are called Category I referrals for California and Texas. Part 4 covers Category I referrals for Texas. Variables include the individual's position in the institution, the number of referrals, and the sum of dollar losses from all referrals. Part 5 measures the total dollar losses due to fraud in California, the total number of criminal referrals, and the number of individuals indicted.

This statistic presents a ranking of the countries most affected by cyber crime in 2017. During the measured period, consumers in Brazil experienced cyber crime losses worth 22.5 billion U.S. dollars. Globally, the average cyber crime victim lost 142 U.S. dollars.

Crime Insurance Market Outlook

The global crime insurance market is experiencing a significant surge with a market size valued at approximately $7.5 billion in 2023 and projected to reach $12.8 billion by 2032, reflecting an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. The market's expansion is driven by increasing incidences of corporate fraud, cybersecurity threats, and evolving regulatory requirements that compel businesses to seek comprehensive risk management solutions. As organizations face more sophisticated financial crimes, there is a growing recognition of the importance of crime insurance as a vital component of their risk mitigation strategy.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the crime insurance market is the proliferating incidents of employee theft and fraud across various sectors. As businesses scale and digitalize their operations, they become more susceptible to internal threats, notably employee malfeasance. This vulnerability drives corporates and financial institutions to invest in robust insurance solutions that provide coverage against potential losses. Additionally, the complexity and ingenuity of fraudulent schemes have intensified, compelling businesses to adopt comprehensive policies that cover a wide array of criminal acts, thereby fueling market growth.

Moreover, the digital transformation across industries has also opened new avenues for cybercrime, necessitating the inclusion of computer fraud and funds transfer fraud coverage. Cybercriminals exploit technological vulnerabilities, leading to significant financial losses and reputational damage. This digital threat landscape has galvanized businesses to seek crime insurance that not only addresses traditional fraud scenarios but also encompasses modern cyber threats. As digital integration becomes deeper within business operations, the demand for tailored crime insurance products is expected to escalate further.

Another critical growth driver is the stringent regulatory environment mandating businesses to implement robust fraud prevention and response mechanisms. Regulatory frameworks across various regions have increased the accountability of organizations in terms of safeguarding their assets and those of their clients or customers. Compliance with such regulations often necessitates comprehensive crime insurance coverage, contributing to the market’s expansion. Furthermore, as businesses face reputational risks associated with fraud incidents, there is an increasing emphasis on maintaining trust and credibility, which is effectively supported by crime insurance solutions.

Regionally, the North American market remains a prominent player, driven by a high incidence of corporate fraud and a well-established insurance sector. This market is complemented by growing awareness and adoption in Europe and Asia Pacific, where businesses are progressively recognizing the importance of crime insurance in safeguarding against financial crimes. In particular, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness substantial growth, supported by rapid economic development and rising incidents of sophisticated fraud schemes, making crime insurance a critical component of corporate risk management strategies.

Coverage Type Analysis

The coverage type segment of the crime insurance market is multifaceted, catering to a diverse range of fraud-related risks that enterprises face. Employee theft remains one of the most prevalent and damaging forms of fraud, compelling organizations to seek comprehensive coverage solutions. As employees gain more access and control over sensitive company information and financial resources, the risk of theft increases. This category of coverage insurance addresses various forms of misappropriation of funds or property by employees, a concern that is particularly acute in sectors with large cash flows or sensitive data.

Forgery or alteration coverage is another critical component within this segment, addressing risks associated with the falsification or manipulation of documents and financial instruments. As businesses process a significant volume of transactions daily, the potential for forgery rises, necessitating coverage that ensures protection against fraudulent alterations. This type of coverage is especially crucial for financial institutions and sectors where documentation integrity is paramount, providing peace of mind and financial security against potential falsification losses.

Computer fraud and funds transfer fraud coverage have gained prominence due to the increasing relianc

The objective of the National Crime Surveys is to provide data on the level of crime victimization in the United States and to collect information on the characteristics of crime incidents and victims. Each respondent was asked a series of screen questions to determine if he or she was victimized during the six-month period preceding the first day of the month of the interview. Screen questions cover the following types of crimes, including attempts: rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. The data include type of crime, description of the offender, severity of the crime, injuries or losses, and demographic information on household members such as age, sex, race, education, employment, median family income, marital status, and military history.

In 2023, individuals over 60 years in the United States accounted for the highest amount of financial losses of reported cyber crime in the United States. People in this age group lost around 3.4 billion U.S. dollars. Despite filing the second highest number of complaints, cyber crime victims aged between 30 and 39 old did not have as high financial losses.

This sample of the National Crime Survey contains information about victimization in 26 central cities in the United States. The data are designed to achieve three primary objectives: 1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, 2) to estimate the numbers and types of crimes not reported to police, and 3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes and permit reliable comparisons over time and between areas of the country. Information about each household or personal victimization was recorded. The data include type of crime (attempts are covered as well), description of offender, severity of crime, injuries or losses, time and place of occurrence, age, race and sex of offender(s), relationship of offenders to victims, education, migration, labor force status, occupation, and income of persons involved.

Investigator(s): Bureau of Justice Statistics The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) series was designed to achieve three primary objectives: to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to police, and to provide uniform measures of selected types of crime. All persons in the United States 12 years of age and older were interviewed in each household sampled. Each respondent was asked a series of screen questions to determine if he or she was victimized during the six-month period preceding the first day of the month of the interview. Screen questions cover the following types of crimes, including attempts: rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. The data include type of crime; severity of the crime; injuries or losses; time and place of occurrence; medical expenses incurred; number, age, race, and sex of offender(s); and relationship of offender(s) to the victim (stranger, casual acquaintance, relative, etc.). Demographic information on household members includes age, sex, race, education, employment, median family income, marital status, and military history. A stratified multistage cluster sample technique was employed, with the person-level files consisting of a full sample of victims and a 10 percent sample of nonvictims for up to four incidents. The NCVS data are organized by collection quarter, and six quarters comprise an annual file. For example, for a 1979 file, the four quarters of 1979 are included as well as the first two quarters of 1980. NACJD has prepared a resource guide on NCVS. Years Produced: Updated annually

Crime Risk Report Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Crime Risk Report market size reached USD 7.4 billion in 2024, reflecting the growing importance of data-driven risk management in a world increasingly focused on public safety and asset protection. The market is projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 12.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 21.7 billion by 2033. This growth is strongly fueled by the rising adoption of advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning technologies, which enable organizations and government agencies to make informed decisions regarding crime prevention, asset allocation, and insurance underwriting.

One of the primary growth factors for the Crime Risk Report market is the escalating demand for actionable intelligence in sectors such as banking, insurance, real estate, and government. The surge in urbanization, coupled with increasing crime rates in metropolitan areas, has compelled both public and private entities to adopt comprehensive crime risk assessment solutions. These solutions help organizations mitigate potential losses, optimize security investments, and comply with regulatory requirements. The integration of big data analytics and geospatial technologies has further enhanced the accuracy and granularity of crime risk reports, enabling stakeholders to identify and respond to emerging threats in real time.

Another significant driver is the regulatory environment, which increasingly mandates robust risk assessment and management practices across industries. Financial institutions, for example, are required to conduct thorough due diligence on customers and business partners to prevent fraud and money laundering. Similarly, insurance companies rely on crime risk reports to determine premiums and assess policy risks. The growing emphasis on transparency and accountability in public safety initiatives has also led to increased investments in crime risk reporting tools by government agencies. This regulatory push, combined with technological advancements, is expected to sustain the market’s momentum over the forecast period.

Furthermore, the proliferation of cloud computing and the rise of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models have democratized access to sophisticated crime risk reporting solutions. Cloud-based platforms offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making them attractive to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large organizations. The ability to integrate crime risk data with other enterprise systems—such as property management, logistics, and customer relationship management—has unlocked new use cases and revenue streams for solution providers. As a result, the market is witnessing increased competition and innovation, with vendors focusing on user-friendly interfaces, customizable dashboards, and real-time analytics.

From a regional perspective, North America currently leads the Crime Risk Report market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, driven by the presence of established technology providers, stringent regulatory frameworks, and high awareness of risk management practices. However, Asia Pacific is expected to register the fastest growth over the forecast period, fueled by rapid urbanization, rising crime rates, and increasing investments in smart city initiatives. Europe and Latin America are also witnessing steady adoption, supported by cross-border collaboration on public safety and the digital transformation of government services. The Middle East & Africa region, while still nascent, is poised for significant growth as governments prioritize security and infrastructure modernization.

Component Analysis

The component segmentation of the Crime Risk Report market is broadly categorized into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the industry landscape. The software segment encompasses a wide range of solutions, including crime analytics platforms, geospatial mapping tools, predictive modeling engines, and data visualiza

The financial loss due to computer crime cases in Hong Kong surged in the recent decade. In 2022, Hong Kong reported a loss of *** billion Hong Kong dollars caused by technology crimes, up from around **** billion Hong Kong dollars in the previous year.

The retail loss prevention solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by escalating retail theft, increasing e-commerce fraud, and the rising adoption of advanced technologies for improved security and inventory management. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $28 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, retailers are increasingly adopting sophisticated technologies like video analytics, RFID, and sensor-based systems to monitor their premises, detect suspicious activities, and prevent losses more effectively. Secondly, the rise of organized retail crime necessitates comprehensive loss prevention strategies, pushing the demand for integrated solutions that combine hardware and software capabilities. Furthermore, the growing preference for omnichannel retail intensifies the need for streamlined loss prevention across physical stores and online platforms, contributing to the market's expansion. Finally, the increasing focus on data analytics enables retailers to identify loss patterns, predict potential threats, and optimize their loss prevention strategies proactively. The market segmentation reveals a significant contribution from the software segment, primarily driven by the enhanced capabilities of analytics platforms in identifying and mitigating loss. Supermarkets and hypermarkets form the dominant application segment, due to their large scale and higher vulnerability to theft. Geographically, North America currently holds a substantial market share due to early adoption of advanced technologies and a robust retail sector. However, Asia-Pacific is projected to exhibit significant growth during the forecast period, fueled by rapid economic expansion, increased retail activity, and rising awareness about loss prevention strategies. While the market faces certain restraints such as high implementation costs of advanced technologies and the complexity of integrating different systems, the overall growth trajectory remains positive, largely fueled by the undeniable need to mitigate losses in an increasingly challenging retail landscape. Key players like Zebra, Petrosoft, and Sensormatic Solutions are at the forefront of innovation, driving market consolidation and shaping the future of retail loss prevention.

IntroductionThis study aimed to quantify the total cost of violent firearm-related offenses in British Columbia in 2016 Canadian dollars over a five-year period, 2012 to 2016. The purposes of this study were to estimate the direct costs to the health care system and indirect costs to society for violent firearm injuries and deaths; and to estimate criminal justice system costs pertaining to firearm incidents.MethodsHuman and economic costs to the health care system and productivity losses were calculated using health administrative datasets such as B.C. Vital Statistics and Discharge Abstract Database. Criminal justice system costs pertaining to firearm incidents were estimated by applying weighted average costs to aggregate expenditures using methodology consistent with that used by Statistics Canada.ResultsThere was a total of 108 deaths and 245 hospitalizations resulting from violent firearm injuries. The total estimated cost of all violent firearm crime averaged $294,378,985 per year; human costs averaged $188,416,841 per year, where health care costs averaged $3,910,317 per year, productivity losses from workforce and household averaged $17,299,054 and $4,559,470 per year, respectively, and loss of life averaged $162,648,000; and $105,021,145 in criminal justice system costs, and $941,000 in programming costs.ConclusionThis study clearly demonstrates the significant cost of violent firearm injury in British Columbia and the impacts on the health care system, criminal justice system, and to society at large, particularly within the criminal justice system where the costs were significantly higher than health care.

The dataset contains year-, state- and city-wise historically compiled data on the number of cyber crimes committed in violation of Information Technology Act (IT Act) in Indian cities with over one million population. The different types of cyber crimes covered in the dataset include Tampering Computer Source documents, Cyber Terrorism, Publication or transmission of obscene or sexually explicit act in electronic form, Interception or Monitoring or decryption of Information, Unauthorized access or attempt to access to protected computer system, Abetment to Commit Offences, Publication or Transmission of Obscene or Sexually Explicit Act, etc. in Electronic Form, Breach of Confidentiality or Privacy and Disclosure of Information in Breach of Lawful Contract , Hacking, Obscene Publication or Transmission in Electronic Form, Failure in Obtaining Licence or Digital Signature by misrepresentation or suppression of fact, Publishing false digital Signature Certificate, Fraud Digital Signature, Breach of confidentiality or privacy, other computer related offences such as Ransomware, Offences other than Ransomware, Dishonestly receiving stolen computer resource or communication device, Identity Theft, Cheating by personation by using computer resource, Violation of Privacy, Failure Of compliance or orders of certifying Authority, To assist to decoy or the information in interception by Government Agency, Hacking crimes such as Loss or damage to computer resource or utility, Publication or transmission of Obscene or Sexually Explicit Act in Electronic Form involving Children and Adults, etc.

The size of the Crime Risk Report Industry market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 16.00% during the forecast period.A crime risk report is a detailed analytical evaluation concerning the potential and possible impact of criminal activity against an organization, individual, or specific location. It encompasses and forms an elaborate analysis of all the different types of crimes, including their rate of occurrence and possible impact. Such reports have great value for businesses, governments, and individuals who want to know and reduce the risk of crime. This would be demonstrated by the crime risk reports that indicate areas of weakness and risky circumstances to enable an organization to implement appropriate security measures, develop a response plan in the face of emergency situations and decide on the deployment of resources. Other recipients would be businesses operating in unsafe environments, organizations that handle sensitive information and individuals traveling to unknown places. Similarly, the government can utilize such reports in the resource distribution for law enforcement and implement crime prevention programs more effectively. In a nutshell, the crime risk reports are a big deal, giving opportunities to enhance the level of security, decrease losses, and save lives. Therefore, such reports recommendations help individuals and organizations act ahead of it in order to take control of the situation and make their surroundings more secure. Key drivers for this market are: , Increased Digitalization in Banking Sector; Concern for Data Security and Fraud Detection. Potential restraints include: , Sceptical View on Data Privacy. Notable trends are: Growth in Digitalization and Cloud Adoption is Influencing the Market Demand.

For this data collection, offenders confined to prison were surveyed to examine the utility of deterrence theory variables as predictors of differential desistance from serious property crimes. The investigators also examined subjects' "criminal calculus," that is, their expectations of the likely gains and losses of further criminal behavior and the conditions under which they likely would commit further crimes. Specifically, the data explored whether decisions to commit crime are based on assessment of potential returns from alternate courses of action and the risk of legal sanctions. Sixty repeat offenders who had served one or more prison sentences were asked about their history of criminal activity, reasons for committing crimes, expectations of future criminal activities, and likely consequences of committing crimes. Data were collected in pre-release interviews in 1987 and 1988 as part of a larger study. Variables include age, education, age at first arrest, alcohol and drug use as a juvenile, as a young adult, and as a mature adult, past crimes, willingness to commit specific property crimes, reasons for being willing or unwilling to commit specific property crimes, expectations of arrest subsequent to actual crimes committed, and the likelihood of future criminal activity.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS) is a survey of the extent of crime and crime related issues experienced by business premises in England and Wales. It provides additional detail on the extent of crime to be used alongside the other main sources of information on crime. These are the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) (formerly the British Crime Survey), which covers crimes against private individuals and households, and the Police Recorded Crime statistics, which cover crimes reported to the police. In common with the CSEW, the CVS also includes crimes that are not reported to the police. The Police Recorded Crime data tables are available from the GOV.UK website.

The CVS was previously run as a standalone survey in 1994 and again in 2002. The CVS was then run as an annual publication from 2012 onwards. A break occurred from 2019 to 2021 where CVS underwent a re-design following a consultation, where the coverage of the survey was expanded to cover all commercial business premises. A standalone CVS was run in 2021, covering only the Wholesale and Retail sector, to provide insights on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Further information on the CVS, with links to findings by year, can also be found on the GOV.UK Crimes against businesses statistics webpage.

This data collection is the 2023 iteration of the Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS), a survey of the extent of crime and crime related issues experienced by business premises in England and Wales. It provides additional detail on the extent of crime, to be used alongside the other main sources of information on crime. These are the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) (formerly the British Crime Survey), which covers crimes against private individuals and households, and the Police Recorded Crime statistics, which cover crimes reported to the police.

The CVS was previously run as a standalone survey in 1994 and again in 2002. The CVS was then run as an annual publication from 2012 onwards. A break occurred from 2019 to 2021 where CVS underwent a re-design following a consultation. A standalone CVS was run in 2021, covering only the Wholesale and Retail sector, to provide insights on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2022 onwards, the coverage of the survey has included all commercial business premises.

The 2023 CVS aims to estimate the extent and nature of crime affecting all commercial business premises in England and Wales. The data includes the prevalence and frequency of crime affecting business premises in England and Wales: as well as impacts on premises, crime prevention measures taken up by premises, experiences of the police, and attitudes to the police.

Main Topics:
Businesses were asked which of a number of types of crime they had experienced in the 12 months prior to being interviewed. For each one they had suffered, they were asked about the number of occasions they had been victim to that type of crime, the effect of it on their business and the cost of the most recent incident. The survey also asked respondents whether they had reported the incidents to the police; the extent of the losses suffered; their crime prevention precautions; and their concerns about problems of crime and antisocial behaviour in the local area.

• Prevalence of crime affecting business premises

• Nature of crime experienced by premises

• Implementation of crime prevention measures

Tech support frauds have increased in recent years in the United States, with losses duplicating since 2020, costing up to 806.55 million U.S. dollars in 2022, more than double the 2021 amount. This type of crime, in which scammers offer to repair or help with inexistent technological solutions, was reported by victims from 70 different countries and has an escalating increase in fake customer support, with a focus on financial and banking institutions, virtual currencies, and utility companies.

Crime in Canada is a costly social phenomenon that affects everyone. The effects of crime are far-reaching and can include: -direct financial costs to the institutions that make up the criminal justice system; -ndirect costs to other social institutions and to the Canadian economy more broadly; and, -physical, emotional, and financial toll costs to victims and their families. While some of these costs are tangible and more easily counted (e.g., actual dollars spent by an institution), others are intangible and more difficult to measure (e.g., pain and suffering). An important body of work has however, attempted to translate the intangible impacts of crime into economic losses or costs.Footnote1 Interpreting the impacts of crime in this way can help policy makers to budget and allocate resources more effectively. It can also help to develop evidence-based strategies for crime-prevention that weigh the costs of crime against the costs of social interventions. Such strategies could include, for example, investing in social programs that prevent and reduce the effect of crime on people, businesses, institutions, and the Canadian economy

The thesis takes its starting point in the question of how damages for violation of crime is determined. This type of non-pecuniary damages to crime victims has a fundamental uncertainty regarding the computation of damages and what is really meant by “violation” in the meaning of the law. There is also a gliding between the violation and the suffering, as to which the compensation is related. The violation-dimension has a more “objective” connotation as a sanction in the sense of an attack on a protected interest within the rule of law. Whereas the suffering-dimension focuses more on the “subjective”, individualized injury as the object of attack. According to law, damages for violation should be determined such that it reflects the present social norms within society. Therefore, the compensation must be seen in relation to the context of criminal law, levels of punishment, the proportionality of the compensation in relation to the punishment and the crimes’ penal value. Thus before the empirical study, two central suppositions were: (1) if the applicator of the law “succeeds” in this task and (2) if it is possible to say something about if the application of the law, for instance the compensation levels, influences the satisfaction among the victims. The general object of the thesis is: to investigate how the application of the law reflects the sense of justice and how empirical knowledge can contribute to the legal field in question.

The study includes two surveys, one involving the public and the other involving crime victims that had received compensation for criminal injuries from the Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority. The surveys consist of vignette questions selected from legal usage and questions about the victims’ experience of the compensation. The legal rule, about a victim’s right to compensation for the violation, opens up for different interpretations and several possible applications because of its vagueness. It is reminiscent of what H.L.A. Hart describes as “the open texture of law”. If the interpretation and the application of the rule is too standardised, or made from the “external” point of view according to Hart, it can be difficult for the crime victims to get satisfaction by way of the compensation. But if there is no internal point here, or put in another way, if there are merely different personal opinions on and expressions of how the rule is to be applied, it is hard to say that the compensation really can function according to the law. The research topic is therefore linked to the problem of incommensurability and a version of what it means to follow a vague rule in an individual way. Therefore it was interesting that the respondents in general had no difficulty valuing this type of non-pecuniary damage. The main point is that the application of a rule goes beyond the rule and the meaning of the rule is to be understood in reflection of a broader practice. The dissatisfaction among victims can therefore be understood as a consequence of a too narrow understanding of what it means to follow a rule.

The subject and the analysis of the results from the empirical study, show how several dichotomies between formal and informal norms and between the internal and external view of law is put in question and under stress. But this is not meant as a critique, to show a “gap problem” or between “law in books” vis á vis “law in action”, but rather to illustrate that what can be described as leaking law is a central dimension of a normative system that deals with values, languages and the application of general rules through interpretation in a certain context. So the question is rather how its leaks rather than if, moreover, according to the legislator, the estimation of the compensation shall leak.

The aim of the study was to investigate how different types of violations caused by criminal attacks are perceived and valued.