Recognizing that violence can be an intractable problem in many communities and that there are numerous approaches to both an immediate violence problem and the range of root causes behind violence, the National Institute of Justice funded an investigation into what factors underlie violence and efforts being implemented to address those factors and potentially reduce violence at the community level. In this mixed methods study, the RAND Corporation drew on data from key informant interviews, community surveys, administrative data, and geographic data to examine specific factors that contribute to violence, as well as a range of anti-violence efforts that have been used to address violence levels in two U.S. communities: the Bullseye area of Durham, North Carolina, and the Northside (North Minneapolis) neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Specifically, the research project aimed to answer the following questions: What are community level factors that can contribute to persistent violence? What are the key factors in both cities that distinguish high violent crime areas compared to low violent crime areas? This collection contains final analytic datasets for Durham (DS1) and Minneapolis (DS2), violent crime rate data (DS3), community survey data for Durham (DS4) and Minneapolis (DS5), and multiple datasets containing community-level contextual factors from the American Community Survey (ACS) and geographical data from the U.S. Census Bureau (2009-2018) that were used to build the final analytic datasets (DS6-DS11). Qualitative data from key informant interviews and GIS data are not available for download at this time. Access to Durham and Minneapolis community survey data is restricted.

This metadata contains information on crime definitions and location obfuscation techniques to protect citizen identification data. Officers responding to incidents have also been redacted for privacy.

• Currency, Notes, Etc.
• Jewelry and Precious Metals
• Clothing and Furs
• Locally Stolen Motor Vehicles
• Office Equipment
• Televisions, Radios, Stereos, Etc.
• Firearms
• Household goods
• Consumable goods
• Livestock

• Single Occupancy Residential (houses, townhouses, duplexes, etc.)
• Other Residential (apartments, tenements, flats, hotels, motels, dormitories, etc.)
• Storage (barns, garages, warehouses, etc.)
• Industrial/Manufacturing
• Other Commercial (stores, restaurants, offices, etc.)
• Community/Public (churches, jails, schools, colleges, hospitals, etc.)
• All Other Structures (out buildings, monuments, buildings under construction, etc.)
• Motor Vehicles (automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.)
• Other Mobile Property (trailers, recreational vehicles, airplanes, boats, etc.)
• Other (crops, timber, fences, signs, etc.)

2. Protecting the identification of citizens and officers:

The main reason for applying masking to a data field is to protect data that is classified as personal identifiable data, personal sensitive data or commercially sensitive data, however the data must remain usable for the purposes of undertaking valid test cycles. It must also look real and appear consistent. It is more common to have masking applied to data that is represented outside of a corporate production system. In other words where data is needed for the purpose of application development, building program extensions and conducting various test cycles. It is common practice in enterprise computing to take data from the production systems to fill the data component, required for these non-production environments.

How we obfuscate data through Donut Masking:

Donut Masking. This technique is similar to random displacement within a circle, but a smaller internal circle is utilized within which displacement is not allowed. In effect, this sets a minimum and maximum level for the displacement. Masked locations are placed anywhere within the allowable area. A slightly different approach to donut masking is the use of a random direction and two random radii: one for maximum and one for minimum displacement. These two techniques only differ slightly in the probability of how close masked locations are placed to the original locations. Both approaches enforce a minimum amount of displacement.

Update daily.

Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Durham County, NC was 629.00000 Known Incidents in January of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Durham County, NC reached a record high of 1144.00000 in January of 2007 and a record low of 629.00000 in January of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Durham County, NC - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

Incident-based crime statistics (actual incidents, rate per 100,000 population, percentage change in rate, unfounded incidents, percent unfounded, total cleared, cleared by charge, cleared otherwise, persons charged, adults charged, youth charged / not charged), by detailed violations (violent, property, traffic, drugs, other Federal Statutes), police services in Ontario, 1998 to 2024.

The Partners Against Crime (PAC) dataset illustrates the various PAC districts. The PAC program promotes collaboration among police officers, Durham residents, and city and county government officials to find sustainable solutions to community crime problems and quality of life issues. It is a community based volunteer organization that promotes and executes safety strategies to prevent crime at the neighborhood level. Each of Durham Police Department’s 5 police districts has a PAC organization that holds monthly PAC meetings.

With approximately 122.1 crimes per 1,000 population, Cleveland, in North East England, had the highest crime rate of all the police force areas in England and Wales in 2024/25. High crime rates are evident in other areas of northern England, such as West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester at 114.5 and 108.2, respectively. In the UK capital, London, the crime rate was 105.5 per 1,000 people. The lowest crime rate in England was in the relatively rural areas of Wiltshire in South West England, as well as North Yorkshire. Overall crime in England and Wales The number of crimes in England and Wales reached approximately 6.74 million in 2022/23, falling slightly to 6.66 million in 2023/24, and 6.59 million in 2024/25. Overall crime has been rising steadily across England and Wales for almost a decade, even when adjusted for population rises. In 2022/23, for example, the crime rate in England and Wales was 93.6, the highest since 2006/07. When compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, England and Wales is something of an outlier, as crime rates for Scotland and Northern Ireland have not followed the same trajectory of rising crime. Additionally, there has been a sharp increase in violent crimes and sexual offences since the mid-2010s in England and Wales. While theft offences have generally been falling, the number of shoplifting offences reached a peak of 530,640 in 2024/25. Troubled justice system under pressure Alongside rising crime figures, many indicators also signal that the justice system is getting pushed to breaking point. The percentage of crimes that are solved in England and Wales was just 5.7 percent in 2023, with sexual offences having a clearance rate of just 3.6 percent. Crimes are also taking far longer than usual to pass through the justice system. In 2022, it took an average of 407 days for a crown court case to reach a conclusion from the time of the offence, compared with 233 days in 2018. This is most likely related to the large backlog of cases in crown courts, which reached over 67,750 in 2023. Furthermore, prisons in England and Wales are dangerously overcrowded, with the government even releasing some prisoners early to address the issue.

Crime severity index (violent, non-violent, youth) and weighted clearance rates (violent, non-violent), police services in Ontario, 1998 to 2024.

Number and rate (per 100,000 population) of homicide victims, Canada and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1981 to 2024.

Cleveland police force, in North East England, had the highest arrest rate among police forces in England and Wales in 2023/24, at 19.8 arrests per 1,000 people. Durham Police, also in the North East, had the second-highest arrest rate, at 18.4 arrests per 1,000 people, while Dorset Police Force, in South West England, had just 6.7 arrests per 1,000 population.