The dataset is related to the paper “Explaining Inconsistencies in the Education Distributions of Ten Cross-National Surveys – The Role of Methodological Survey Characteristics” (Ortmanns, 2020). The paper compares the education distributions referring to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED variable) of nine cross-national surveys with the European Union Labour Force Survey, which is used as a benchmark. The paper identifies large inconsistencies in the education distribution across surveys and therefore, it examines how methodological survey characteristics may explain these inconsistencies. The paper refers to the Total Survey Error framework (TSE) and analyses survey characteristics relating to different kinds of errors. This dataset includes the education distribution and 15 survey characteristics of ten cross-national surveys.

This file contains all of the cases and variables that are in the original 2012 General Social Survey, but is prepared for easier use in the classroom. Changes have been made in two areas. First, to avoid confusion when constructing tables or interpreting basic analysis, all missing data codes have been set to system missing. Second, many of the continuous variables have been categorized into fewer categories, and added as additional variables to the file.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2012 GSS. There are a total of 4,820 cases in the data set but their initial sampling years vary because the GSS now contains panel cases. Sampling years can be identified with the variable SAMPTYPE.

The 2012 GSS featured special modules on religious scriptures, the environment, dance and theater performances, health care system, government involvement, health concerns, emotional health, financial independence and income inequality.

The GSS has switched from a repeating, cross-section design to a combined repeating cross-section and panel-component design. This file has a rolling panel design, with the 2008 GSS as the base year for the first panel. A sub-sample of 2,000 GSS cases from 2008 was selected for reinterview in 2010 and again in 2012 as part of the GSSs in those years. The 2010 GSS consisted of a new cross-section plus the reinterviews from 2008. The 2012 GSS consists of a new cross-section of 1,974, the first reinterview wave of the 2010 panel cases with 1,551 completed cases, and the second and final reinterview of the 2008 panel with 1,295 completed cases. Altogether, the 2012 GSS had 4,820 cases (1,974 in the new 2012 panel, 1,551 in the 2010 panel, and 1,295 in the 2008 panel).

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project’s goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. Interview Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: Paper In all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS Scientific Committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in 1981-2012 was face to face (interviewer-administered) interview with the printed questionnaire. Postal surveys (respondent-administered) have been used in Canada, New Zealanda, Japan, Australia. CAPI and online data collection modes have been introduced first in WVS-6 in 2012-2014. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire is always provided in English and each national survey team has to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitors the translation process. The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random Sample Representative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1981-2020. In 1981-2012, the required sample size for each coutnry was N=1000 or above. In 2017-2021, the sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. As an exception, few surveys with smaller sample sizes have been accepted into the WVS 1981-2020 through the WVSA's history. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling are reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling is documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights.

Patriotism is one of the most powerful and pervasive forces in politics. However, not much is known about how people understand what it means to be "patriotic" in the first place. We conduct a cross-country study of mass understandings of patriotism. Through parallel national surveys in two global superpowers—China and the United States—we uncover the substantively different understandings of what it means to be "patriotic" between and within countries, and how the different understandings may map onto different policy preferences. In particular, while the literature draws a distinction between (benign) patriotism and (malign) nationalism, we find that most Chinese respondents—and about a third of American respondents—understand patriotism as nationalism. The nationalistic understanding of patriotism, in turn, corresponds to more hawkish foreign policy preferences. By unpacking folk intuitions about patriotism and mapping them onto existing scholarly debates, we bridge the distance between the academic literature and the mass political behavior it seeks to explain.

Abstract

Panel data possess several advantages over conventional cross-sectional and time-series data, including their power to isolate the effects of specific actions, treatments, and general policies often at the core of large-scale econometric development studies. While the concept of panel data alone provides the capacity for modeling the complexities of human behavior, the notion of universal panel data – in which time- and situation-driven variances leading to variations in tools, and thus results, are mitigated – can further enhance exploitation of the richness of panel information.

This Basic Information Document (BID) provides a brief overview of the Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS), but focuses primarily on the theoretical development and application of panel data, as well as key elements of the universal panel survey instrument and datasets generated by the four rounds of the NPS. As this Basic Information Document (BID) for the UPD does not describe in detail the background, development, or use of the NPS itself, the round-specific NPS BIDs should supplement the information provided here.

The NPS Uniform Panel Dataset (UPD) consists of both survey instruments and datasets, meticulously aligned and engineered with the aim of facilitating the use of and improving access to the wealth of panel data offered by the NPS. The NPS-UPD provides a consistent and straightforward means of conducting not only user-driven analyses using convenient, standardized tools, but also for monitoring MKUKUTA, FYDP II, and other national level development indicators reported by the NPS.

The design of the NPS-UPD combines the four completed rounds of the NPS – NPS 2008/09 (R1), NPS 2010/11 (R2), NPS 2012/13 (R3), and NPS 2014/15 (R4) – into pooled, module-specific survey instruments and datasets. The panel survey instruments offer the ease of comparability over time, with modifications and variances easily identifiable as well as those aspects of the questionnaire which have remained identical and offer consistent information. By providing all module-specific data over time within compact, pooled datasets, panel datasets eliminate the need for user-generated merges between rounds and present data in a clear, logical format, increasing both the usability and comprehension of complex data.

Geographic coverage

Designed for analysis of key indicators at four primary domains of inference, namely: Dar es Salaam, other urban, rural, Zanzibar.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The universe includes all households and individuals in Tanzania with the exception of those residing in military barracks or other institutions.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

While the same sample of respondents was maintained over the first three rounds of the NPS, longitudinal surveys tend to suffer from bias introduced by households leaving the survey over time; i.e. attrition. Although the NPS maintains a highly successful recapture rate (roughly 96% retention at the household level), minimizing the escalation of this selection bias, a refresh of longitudinal cohorts was done for the NPS 2014/15 to ensure proper representativeness of estimates while maintaining a sufficient primary sample to maintain cohesion within panel analysis. A newly completed Population and Housing Census (PHC) in 2012, providing updated population figures along with changes in administrative boundaries, emboldened the opportunity to realign the NPS sample and abate collective bias potentially introduced through attrition.

To maintain the panel concept of the NPS, the sample design for NPS 2014/2015 consisted of a combination of the original NPS sample and a new NPS sample. A nationally representative sub-sample was selected to continue as part of the “Extended Panel” while an entirely new sample, “Refresh Panel”, was selected to represent national and sub-national domains. Similar to the sample in NPS 2008/2009, the sample design for the “Refresh Panel” allows analysis at four primary domains of inference, namely: Dar es Salaam, other urban areas on mainland Tanzania, rural mainland Tanzania, and Zanzibar. This new cohort in NPS 2014/2015 will be maintained and tracked in all future rounds between national censuses.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The format of the NPS-UPD survey instrument is similar to previously disseminated NPS survey instruments. Each module has a questionnaire and clearly identifies if the module collects information at the individual or household level. Within each module-specific questionnaire of the NPS-UPD survey instrument, there are five distinct sections, arranged vertically: (1) the UPD - “U” on the survey instrument, (2) R4, (3), R3, (4) R2, and (5) R1 – the latter 4 sections presenting each questionnaire in its original form at time of its respective dissemination.

The uppermost section of each module’s questionnaire (“U”) represents the model universal panel questionnaire, with questions generated from the comprehensive listing of questions across all four rounds of the NPS and codes generated from the comprehensive collection of codes. The following sections are arranged vertically by round, considering R4 as most recent. While not all rounds will have data reported for each question in the UPD and not each question will have reports for each of the UPD codes listed, the NPS-UPD survey instrument represents the visual, all-inclusive set of information collected by the NPS over time.

The four round-specific sections (R4, R3, R2, R1) are aligned with their UPD-equivalent question, visually presenting their contribution to compatibility with the UPD. Each round-specific section includes the original round-specific variable names, response codes and skip patterns (corresponding to their respective round-specific NPS data sets, and despite their variance from other rounds or from the comprehensive UPD code listing)4.

The European Values Study is a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research program on how Europeans think about family, work, religion, politics, and society. Repeated every nine years in an increasing number of countries, the survey provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe.

As previous waves conducted in 1981, 1990, 1999, 2008, the fifth EVS wave maintains a persistent focus on a broad range of values. Questions are highly comparable across waves and regions, making EVS suitable for research aimed at studying trends over time.

The new wave has seen a strengthening of the methodological standards. The full release of the EVS 2017 includes data and documentation of altogether 37 participating countries. For more information, please go to the EVS website.

Morale, religious, societal, political, work, and family values of Europeans.

Topics: 1. Perceptions of life: importance of work, family, friends and acquaintances, leisure time, politics and religion; happiness; self-assessment of own health; memberships in voluntary organisations (religious or church organisations, cultural activities, trade unions, political parties or groups, environment, ecology, animal rights, professional associations, sports, recreation, or other groups, none); active or inactive membership of humanitarian or charitable organisation, consumer organisation, self-help group or mutual aid; voluntary work in the last six months; tolerance towards minorities (people of a different race, heavy drinkers, immigrants, foreign workers, drug addicts, homosexuals, Christians, Muslims, Jews, and gypsies - social distance); trust in people; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behavior; internal or external control; satisfaction with life; importance of educational goals: desirable qualities of children.

1. Work: attitude towards work (job needed to develop talents, receiving money without working is humiliating, people turn lazy not working, work is a duty towards society, work always comes first); importance of selected aspects of occupational work; give priority to nationals over foreigners as well as men over women in jobs.

2. Religion and morale: religious denomination; current and former religious denomination; current frequency of church attendance and at the age of 12; self-assessment of religiousness; belief in God, life after death, hell, heaven, and re-incarnation; personal god vs. spirit or life force; importance of God in one´s life (10-point-scale); frequency of prayers; morale attitudes (scale: claiming state benefits without entitlement, cheating on taxes, taking soft drugs, accepting a bribe, homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, paying cash to avoid taxes, casual sex, avoiding fare on public transport, prostitution, in-vitro fertilization, political violence, death penalty).

3. Family: trust in family; most important criteria for a successful marriage or partnership (faithfulness, adequate income, good housing, sharing household chores, children, time for friends and personal hobbies); marriage is an outdated institution; attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (gender roles); homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples; duty towards society to have children; responsibility of adult children for their parents when they are in need of long-term care; to make own parents proud is a main goal in life.

4. Politics and society: political interest; political participation; preference for individual freedom or social equality; self-assessment on a left-right continuum (10-point-scale) (left-right self-placement); individual vs. state responsibility for providing; take any job vs. right to refuse job when unemployed; competition good vs. harmful for people; equal incomes vs. incentives for individual effort; private vs. government ownership of business and industry; postmaterialism (scale); most important aims of the country for the next ten years; willingness to fight for the country; expectation of future development (less importance placed on work and greater respect for authority); trust in institutions; essential characteristics of democracy; importance of democracy for the respondent; rating democracy in own country; satisfaction with the political system in the country; preferred type of political system (strong leader, expert decisions, army should ...

Abstract (en): Since 1972, the General Social Survey (GSS) has been monitoring societal change and studying the growing complexity of American society. The GSS aims to gather data on contemporary American society in order to monitor and explain trends and constants in attitudes, behaviors, and attributes; to examine the structure and functioning of society in general as well as the role played by relevant subgroups; to compare the United States to other societies in order to place American society in comparative perspective and develop cross-national models of human society; and to make high-quality data easily accessible to scholars, students, policy makers, and others, with minimal cost and waiting. GSS questions include such items as national spending priorities, marijuana use, crime and punishment, race relations, quality of life, and confidence in institutions. Since 1988, the GSS has also collected data on sexual behavior including number of sex partners, frequency of intercourse, extramarital relationships, and sex with prostitutes. In 1985 the GSS co-founded the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The ISSP has conducted an annual cross-national survey each year since then and has involved 58 countries and interviewed over one million respondents. The ISSP asks an identical battery of questions in all countries; the U.S. version of these questions is incorporated into the GSS. The 2016 GSS added in new variables covering information regarding social media use, suicide, hope and optimism, arts and culture, racial/ethnic identity, flexibility of work, spouses work and occupation, home cohabitation, and health. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All noninstitutionalized, English and Spanish speaking persons 18 years of age or older, living in the United States. Smallest Geographic Unit: census region For sampling information, please see Appendix A of the ICPSR Codebook. computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI), face-to-face interview, telephone interview Please note that NORC may have updated the General Social Survey data files. Additional information regarding the General Social Surveys can be found at the General Social Survey (GSS) Web site.

The data set contains scales (rating items) on the willingness of the Swiss resident population to take risks in connection with touristic travel during the coronavirus pandemic. The data includes a selection of items of the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) (Weber et al., 2002). The data contains measures of the health belief model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1960, see also Champion & Skinner, 2008) that is used both in health research and in tourism research to explain and predict the preventive health behaviour of individuals. Furthermore, the data covers all three elements of the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). This is a representative data set for the Swiss population aged 18 and above. A trilingual and national survey of the Swiss resident population was carried out in the period from March to May 2021. A letter of invitation to participate in the study was sent by post to a total of 4,530 randomly selected persons residing in Switzerland. The address data was provided by the Federal Statistical Office (BfS). Of the total of 4,530 people contacted, 164 were reported as unreachable (no longer at the address, deceased, or due to old age). A total of 1,683 persons participated in the survey. This corresponds to a response rate of 39%. The structure of the respondents corresponds to that of the Swiss resident population 18 years of age and older with regard to gender, age, and language region.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Weber, E., Blais, A.-R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15, 263–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414

Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 45–65). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Rosenstock, I. M. (1960). What research in motivation suggests for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 50(3), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.50.3_Pt_1.295

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2014 GSS. There are a total of 3,842 cases in the data set but their initial sampling years vary because the GSS now contains panel cases. Sampling years can be identified with the variable SAMPTYPE.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the population of National City by gender across 18 age groups. It lists the male and female population in each age group along with the gender ratio for National City. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of National City by gender and age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group for both Men and Women in National City. Additionally, it can be used to see how the gender ratio changes from birth to senior most age group and male to female ratio across each age group for National City.

Key observations

Largest age group (population): Male # 30-34 years (2,482) | Female # 10-14 years (2,264). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Scope of gender :

Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis.

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group for the National City population analysis. Total expected values are 18 and are define above in the age groups section.
• Population (Male): The male population in the National City is shown in the following column.
• Population (Female): The female population in the National City is shown in the following column.
• Gender Ratio: Also known as the sex ratio, this column displays the number of males per 100 females in National City for each age group.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for National City Population by Gender. You can refer the same here

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the "https://www.norc.org/Pages/default.aspx" Target="_blank">National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. The 2016-2020 GSS consisted of re-interviews of respondents from the 2016 and 2018 Cross-Sectional GSS rounds. All respondents from 2018 were fielded, but a random subsample of the respondents from 2016 were released for the 2020 panel. Cross-sectional responses from 2016 and 2018 are labelled Waves 1A and 1B, respectively, while responses from the 2020 re-interviews are labelled Wave 2.

The 2016-2020 GSS Wave 2 Panel also includes a collaboration between the General Social Survey (GSS) and the "https://electionstudies.org/" Target="_blank">American National Election Studies (ANES). The 2016-2020 GSS Panel Wave 2 contained a module of items proposed by the ANES team, including attitudinal questions, feelings thermometers for presidential candidates, and plans for voting in the 2020 presidential election. These respondents appear in both the ANES post-election study and the 2016-2020 GSS panel, with their 2020 GSS responses serving as their equivalent pre-election data. Researchers can link the relevant GSS Panel Wave 2 data with ANES post-election data using either ANESID (in the GSS Panel Wave 2 datafile) or V200001 in the ANES 2020 post-election datafile.

Immigrants tend to be seen as less deserving of welfare benefits than native-born citizens, but little consensus exists to explain this finding or how to build greater public support for more inclusive policies. Recent work suggests that support for redistribution may be tied to citizens’ perceptions of the “membership commitment” of immigrants. This study provides the first systematic test of this hypothesis in the comparative setting using an original seven country survey conducted in 2021-2022. The survey explored perceptions of immigrants’ membership commitment in the host society in seven liberal democracies and their effect on public support for the extension of social benefits to immigrants. The study shows that immigrants systematically suffer a “membership penalty” within host societies across a wide range of states with different citizenship and welfare regimes, with important consequences for welfare state support.

A growing body of literature suggests that many citizens reject representative politics and demand instead that people or unelected experts direct governmental decision-making. This study contributes to this literature by highlighting how undetected response biases and other sources of measurement error have misled previous inquiries about patterns of support for political processes. Using recent cross-national surveys with innovative measurement proposals, the article finds that theorized dimensions of the political process represent citizens’ views consistently across citizen backgrounds only when measurement errors are corrected. This technical adjustment has substantive theoretical and empirical implications for further explanatory analyses. First, it shows when indicators measuring the political process are comparable across citizens’ groups, sharing understandings about and abilities to identify the dimensions of the political process with low response bias. Second, it finds that uncontrolled measurement errors obscure analyses of who supports political processes. Several patterns in explaining citizens’ preferences turn statistically non-significant, and new predictors emerge –mostly associated with citizens’ conservatism and resource mobilization theory. The findings offer new insights and methodological suggestions for future comparative research on citizens’ preferences for who should govern and how.

The European Values Study (EVS) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research programmes. They include a large number of questions on moral, religious, social, political, occupational and family values which have been replicated since the early eighties.

Both organizations agreed to cooperate in joint data collection from 2017. EVS has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in European countries, using the EVS questionnaire and EVS methodological guidelines. WVSA has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in countries in the world outside Europe, using the WVS questionnaire and WVS methodological guidelines. Both organisations developed their draft master questionnaires independently. The joint items define the Common Core of both questionnaires.

The Joint EVS/WVS is constructed from the two EVS and WVS source datasets: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13897). Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno,A., Welzel,C., Kizilova,K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2024. World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Version. 6.0.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24.

The dataset is related to the paper "Explaining Inconsistencies in the Education Distributions of Ten Cross-National Surveys – The Role of Methodological Survey Characteristics" (Ortmanns, 2020). The paper compares the education distributions referring to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED variable) of nine cross-national surveys with the European Union Labour Force Survey, which is used as a benchmark. The paper identifies large inconsistencies in the education distribution across surveys and therefore, it examines how methodological survey characteristics may explain these inconsistencies. The paper refers to the Total Survey Error framework (TSE) and analyses survey characteristics relating to different kinds of errors. This dataset includes the education distribution and 15 survey characteristics of ten cross-national surveys.

A dataset, 1970-2009, containing equivalently defined variables for the British Household Panel Study (BHPS), the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) (new this year), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (new this year), the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The data are designed to allow cross-national researchers not experienced in panel data analysis to access a simplified version of these panels, while providing experienced panel data users with guidelines for formulating equivalent variables across countries. The CNEF permit researchers to track yearly changes in the health and economic well-being of older people relative to younger people in the study countries. The equivalent file provides a set of constructed variables (for example pre- and post-government income and United States and international household equivalence weights) that are not directly available on the original surveys. Since the Cross-National Equivalent File 1970-2009 can be merged with the original surveys, PSID-CNEF users can easily incorporate these constructed variables into current analyses. The most recent release of the Equivalent File includes: * BHPS data from 1991 to 2005 on over 21,000 individuals and approximately 6,000 households. * GSOEP data from 1984 to 2007 on over 20,000 individuals and approximately 6,000 households in Germany. * HILDA data from 2001 to 2006 on over 19,000 individuals and 7,000 households. * PSID data from 1980 to 2005 on over 33,000 individuals and approximately 7,000 households. * SHP data from 1999 to 2006 on 12,900 individuals and 5,000 households. * SLID data from 1993 to 2006 on over 95,000 individuals and approximately 32,000 households. With one exception, the CNEF country data are available on CD-ROM from Cornell University for a fee. The Canadian SLID data are not distributed on the CD but are available to CNEF registered researchers through special arrangements with Statistics Canada. Complete instructions for obtaining CNEF data may be accessed on the project website. * Dates of Study: 1980-2007 * Study Features: International, Longitudinal * Sample Size: ** BHPS: 21,000+ ** PSID: 33,000+ ** SLID: 95,000+ ** GSOEP: 20,000+ ** HILDA: 19,000+ ** SHP: 12,900+ NACDA link: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACDA/studies/00145/detail

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers Hong Kong

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for Hong Kong covers national population, aged 18 years and over, for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1. The sample for the survey was selected from the Frame of Quarters maintained by the Census & Statistics Department. This frame is the most complete and up-to-date register of residential addresses in Hong Kong. It is updated by administrative returns on buildings constructed or demolished, and regularly surveys conducted by the Census & Statistics Department. For practical purposes, addresses in very remote areas will not be sampled.

2. A two-stage stratified sample design was adopted in the survey, with the records in the frame of quarters first stratified by geographical area and type of quarters. Sampling units were selected using systematic replicated sampling technique with fixed sampling intervals and non-repetitive random numbers. The use of replicated sampling is to facilitate the calculation of sampling errors and any subsequent adjustments to the sample size, if required.

3. In the first stage, a random sample of 2,000 living quarters was selected from the Frame of Quarters. For the second stage, a person aged 18 and above was randomly selected from each household in the addresses sampled. To ensure unbiased and random selection, the usual sampling method called birthday method was used. Research conducted in the US shows that the birthday method is better than the Kish grid method in soliciting the cooperation of the respondents, as the method is less intrusive than the Kish grid method.

Remarks about sampling: Birthday method was used to identify a respondent. STRATIFICATION FACTORS USED: By geographical area and type of quarters in Hong Kong.

The sample size for Hong Kong is N=1252 and includes the national population aged 18 years and over for both sexes.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

To test the questionnaire and the fieldwork arrangement, a pilot survey was conducted in around end December 2004 on an effective sample of 16 respondents aged 18 and over. We pre-tested with a more complete version of the 2000 questionnaire. Respondents found the questionnaire rather lengthy and showed depleting motivation to complete the survey. We deleted some questions that were deemed too taxing (e.g. V145A to 145F) and some seen as not quite relevant to the local context (e.g. V177 to V181, V197 to V203). The resultant questionnaire is much based on the earlier versions used in the Mainland China and Taiwan survey, with some additions and variations to suit the Hong Kong context. A multi-wave, multi-contact approach2, which aimed at increasing the proportion of respondents who were willing to co-operate in the survey and the chance of contacting the households, was adopted in data collection. This approach is briefly summarized below: Before data collection:

a) Before the interview took place, a notification letter was sent to the living quarters sampled, about a week before the start of data collection, explaining the purposes of the survey and re-assuring the respondents that data collected in the survey will be kept strictly confidential;

b) An enquiry hotline telephone number and a contact person was also included to enable the respondents to clarify any questions they may have on the survey, or to make appointment on the preferred survey time;

During data collection:

c) To facilitate verification of identity of the interviewers, the interviewers brought along with them their interviewer identity card issued by Policy 21 Ltd. of the University of Hong Kong. If in doubt, the respondents could call Policy 21 hotline to re-confirm the identity of interviewers. If the respondents were not free for an interview, the interviewers would make an appointment to come back at a time convenient to the householders;

d) If the respondents sampled were not present in the household, which was not uncommon, the interviewers would call back at another time. The interviewers were required to make at least 5 call backs, if the first visit was not successful, at different times of the day and different days of the week, to minimize non-contact. Very often, an interviewer had to call 3 4 times in order to complete on successful interview;

e) In case a refusal was encountered, the fieldwork managers would take over the case. The manager usually would re-assign the case to another interviewer. Occasionally, he/she would accompany the interviewer to make a second attempt. Depending on individual circumstances, sometimes the field managers would take over the case. This arrangement had helped for quality control purposes and in minimizing non-response.

Response rate

Response rate: 2000 A Total issued 233 B Not eligible (ill, dead, non-English speaking, not at this address) 1767 C Total eligible 1252 D Total questionnaires received 233 E - non-responses (including non-contact; see note above under sample type) 282 F Refusals (including questionnaires less than half filled in) 0 G Non-contact (included in E) 0 H Other non-response (included in E)

Remarks about non-response: Data collection was carried out during the period from March to May 2005. A total of 1,252 respondents aged 18 and above were successfully interviewed faceto-face, and the response rate in the survey was 71%. The non-contact rate is 13%. The refusal rate is 16%.

The National Indian Education Study, 2005 (NIES 2005), is a study that is part of the National Indian Education Study (NIES), which is a part of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) program; program data is available since 2005 at https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nies/. NIES 2005 (https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nies/) is a cross-sectional survey that is designed to describe the condition of education for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students in the United States. Students in public, private, Department of Defense, and Bureau of Indian Education-funded schools were sampled using paper-and-pencil assessment in April and May of 2005. Overall weighted response rate for 4th grade reading was 83 percent. Overall weighted response rate for 8th grade reading was 85 percent. Overall weighted response rate for 4th grade math was 86 percent. Overall weighted response rate for 8th grade math was 87 percent. Key statistics produced from NIES 2005 provides educators, policymakers, and the public with information about the academic performance in reading and mathematics of AI/AN fourth- and eighth-graders as well as their exposure to Native American culture.

Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the eighth round, the survey covers 23 countries and employs the most rigorous methodologies. From Round 7 it is funded by the Members, Observers and Guests of ESS European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ESS ERIC) who represent national governments. Participating countries directly fund the central coordination costs of the ESS ERIC, as well the costs of fieldwork and national coordination in their own country.

The survey involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes questions on a variety of core topics repeated from previous rounds of the survey and also two modules developed for Round 8 covering Public Attitudes to Climate Change, Energy Security, and Energy Preferences and Welfare Attitudes in a Changing Europe (the latter is a partial repeat of a module from Round 4).

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom 2) Non-European Union countries: Iceland, Israel, Norway, Russian Federation, Switzerland

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, residing within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 23 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Austria - structured questionnaires in German Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch, French Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian, Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish, Swedish France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Iceland - structured questionnaires in Icelandic Ireland - structured questionnaires in English (we had produced a localised Polish language survey, but all Polish households participated using English) Israel - structured questionnaires in Hebrew, Arabic and Russian Italy - structured questionnaires in Italian Lithuania - structured questionnaires in Lithuanian and Russian Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Russian Federation - structured questionnaires in Russian Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Switzerland - structured questionnaires in German/Swiss-German, French, Italian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 23 countries.

Abstract

The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project’s goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed.

The project’s overall aim is to analyze people’s values, beliefs and norms in a comparative cross-national and over-time perspective. To reach this aim, project covers a broad scope of topics from the field of Sociology, Political Science, International Relations, Economics, Public Health, Demography, Anthropology, Social Psychology and etc. In addition, WVS is the only academic study which covers the whole scope of global variations, from very poor to very rich societies in all world’s main cultural zones.

The WVS combines two institutional components. From one side, WVS is a scientific program and social research infrastructure that explores people’s values and beliefs. At the same time, WVS comprises an international network of social scientists and researchers from 120 world countries and societies. All national teams and individual researchers involved into the implementation of the WVS constitute the community of Principal Investigators (PIs). All PIs are members of the WVS.

The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. The WVS findings have proved to be valuable for policy makers seeking to build civil society and stable political institutions in developing countries. The WVS data is also frequently used by governments around the world, scholars, students, journalists and international organizations such as the World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Headquarters in New York (USA). The WVS data has been used in thousands of scholarly publications and the findings have been reported in leading media such as Time, Newsweek, The New York Times, The Economist, the World Development Report, the World Happiness Report and the UN Human Development Report.

The World Values Survey Association is governed by the Executive Committee, the Scientific Advisory Committee, and the General Assembly, under the terms of the Constitution.

Strategic goals for the 7th wave included:

Expansion of territorial coverage from 60 countries in WVS-6 to 80 in WVS-7; Deepening collaboration within the international development community; Deepening collaboration within NGOs, academic institutions and research foundations; Updating the WVS-7 questionnaire with new topics & items covering new social phenomena and emerging processes of value change; Expanding the 7th wave WVS with data useful for monitoring the SDGs; Expanding capacity and resources for survey fieldwork in developing countries. The 7th wave continued monitoring cultural values, attitudes and beliefs towards gender, family, and religion; attitudes and experience of poverty; education, health, and security; social tolerance and trust; attitudes towards multilateral institutions; cultural differences and similarities between regions and societies. In addition, the WVS-7 questionnaire has been elaborated with the inclusion of such new topics as the issues of justice, moral principles, corruption, accountability and risk, migration, national security and global governance.

For more information on the history of the WVSA, visit https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp ›Who we are › History of the WVSA.

Geographic coverage

United States.

The WVS has just completed wave 7 data that comprises 64 surveys conducted in 2017-2022. With 64 countries and societies around the world and more than 80,000 respondents, this is the latest resource made available for the research community.

The WVS-7 survey was launched in January 2017 with Bolivia becoming the first country to conduct WVS-7. In the course of 2017 and 2018, WVS-7 has been conducted in the USA, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Andorra, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Turkey, Russia, Germany, Thailand, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Pakistan, Egypt, Jordan, Nigeria, Iraq and over dozen of other world countries. Geographic coverage has also been expanded to several new countries included into the WVS for the first time, such as Bolivia, Greece, Macao SAR, Maldives, Myanmar, Nicaragua, and Tajikistan.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Sampling procedure

The sample type preferable for using in the World Values Survey is a full probability sample of the population aged 18 years and older. A detailed description of the sampling methodology is provided in the country specific sample design documentation available for download from WVS.

A detailed description of the sampling methodology is provided in the United States 2017 sample design documentation available for download from WVS and also from the Downloads section of the metadata.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

Research instrument

The survey was fielded in the following language(s): English. The questionnaire is available for download from the WVS website.