Abstract

Ethiopia is one of those countries that suffer the hardest hits of poverty. Persistent war and drought and inappropriate policies are presumed to enhance the extent of poverty in the country. According to the report on Poverty Situation in Ethiopia which was based on the 1995/96 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey and the 1996 Welfare Monitoring Survey 45.5 percent of the total population are found to live below the poverty line. The report has also revealed the disparity among urban-rural residents in which 47.5 percent of the urban population. Hence, the issue of poverty reduction would necessarily be an agenda of higher priority for the government and policy markers.

As in the case of a number of Africa countries that undertook the Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) program, the issue of welfare monitoring in Ethiopia arose as part of the Economic Reform Program (ERP) currently being undertaken in the country. The ERP specifically and strongly underlies the effects of the reform program on poverty and the analytical capacity of the government to monitor such effects. To this end, the government has set up a Welfare Monitoring System (WMS) by mid 1994.

In view of the wider context of the problem, the establishment of the WMS is envisaged to consist of the following major elements: - establish an information system that provides a continuous picture of the poverty scenario in the country; - indicate the impact of reform programs on the level of household welfare; - establish follow-up procedures on the various programs and activates targeted towards poverty alleviation; and - conduct regular statistical survey to assess, in particular, the efficiency of targeted programs.

In order to fulfill the data needs to monitor households' socioeconomic welfare and the ongoing economic reforms, the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) has been conducting Welfare Monitoring Surveys starting from 1996. Reports of the 1996 and 1998 Welfare Monitoring Surveys have also been disseminated.

The Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS) 2000, like the previous ones, focuses on wide range of socioeconomic indicators, which are vital inputs in the process of monitoring and evaluation of policies, particularly in poverty reduction strategies. The report is presented in two volumes. Volume I presents results based on individual data base and Volume II presents the findings based on household database. Proxy estimate of households' domestic expenditure obtained by recall interview (with reference periods of 7 days and a month prior to the data of interview) is used to classify households (on quintile basis) for the purpose of tabulating the results.

Objectives of the Welfare Monitoring System The WMS which involves various ministries and the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) is established with the following objectives: - provide baseline data on existing poverty situation and establish a system of information gathering on relevant key indicators; - identify poor and vulnerable group that could be the focus of targeted intervention programs; - undertake periodic surveys and researches to evaluate targeted programs; - assess the short and medium term effects of macroeconomic and sectorial policies and programs on the poor; - produce conclusive reports and suggestions needed for due attention by the government and concerned implementing agencies.

Geographic coverage

The WMS 2000 covered the population in sedentary areas of the country on a sample basis excluding the non-sedentary population in Afar and Somalia Regional States. That is, the survey covered the population in sedentary areas of the nine Regional States and two administrative regions, each of which is composed of rural and urban parts.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individual (including adult women aged 15 and above, children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered households in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The WMS 2000 covered both the urban and the sedentary rural parts of the country. The survey has not covered six zones in Somalia Regional State and two zones in Afar Regional State that are inhabited mainly by nomadic population. For the purpose of the survey, the country was divided into three categories. That is, the rural parts of the country and the urban areas that were divided into two broad categories taking into account sizes of their population.

Category I: Including rural area of 44 zones in 7 regions, 5 special weredas in SNNPR and rural areas of Gambella, Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa regions each of which are survey domains (reporting levels).The regions that constitute the 44 zones are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromiya, Somalia, Benishangul_Gumuz, and SNNPR. All in all 54 basic rural domains including total rural (country level) are defined for the survey.

Category II: Comprises if all regional capitals and five other urban centers. Each urban center in this category is the survey domain (reporting level) for which separate survey results for major survey characteristics are reported.

Category III: Urban centers in the country other than those under category II are grouped to this category. There are four domains (reporting levels) in this category: Tigray other urabn, Amhara other urban, Oromiya other urban and SNNPR other urban. Eleven additional domains other than those reporting levels defined in Category II and Category III, can be constructed by combining basic domains from these two categories. These domains are: 1) Tigray urban, 2) Afar urban, 3) Amhara urban, 4) Oromiya urban, 5) Somalia urban, 6) Beneshangul-Gumuz urban, 7) SNNPR urban, 8) Gambella urban, 9) Harari urban, 10) Addis Ababa urban and 11) Dire Dawa urban

In addition to the above urban and rural domains, survey results can also be reported at regional and country levels by aggregating the corresponding survey results for urban and rural areas.

Definition of the survey domains was based on both technical and resource considerations. More specifically, sample size for the domains were determined to enable provision of major indicators with reasonable precision subject to the resources that were available for the survey.

Selection Scheme and Sample Size in Each Category a) Category I: A stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs. Sample enumeration area (EAs) from each domain were selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to size, size being number of households obtained from 1994 population and housing census. A total of 1450 EAs were selected form the rural parts of the country. Within each sample EA a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's fieldwork and for the administration of the survey questionnaire 12 households per sample EA for rural areas were systematically selected.

b) Category II: In this category also, a stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample. In this category a strata constitutes all the Regional State Capitals and the five Major Urban Centers in the country. The primary sampling units (PSUs) are the EA's in the Regional State Capitals and the five Major Urban Centers and excludes the special EAs (non-conventional households). Sample enumeration areas (EAs) from each strata were selected using systematical sampling that is probability proportional to size, size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. A total of 373 EAs were selected from this domain of study. Within each sample EAs a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and for the administration of the questionnaire 16 households per sample EA were systematically selected.

c) Category III: Three-stage stratified sample design was adopted to select the sample from domains in category III. The PSUs were other urban centers selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to size; size being number if households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. The secondary sampling units (SSUs) were EAs which were selected using systematic sampling that is probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. A total of 169 EA's selected from the sample of other urban centers and was determined by proportional allocation to their size of households from the 1994 census. Ultimately, 16 households within each of the sample EAs were selected systematically from a fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey's fieldwork for the administration of the survey questionnaire.

Note: Distribution of EAs and households covered in the survey by domain (reporting levels) and category are given in Table II.1 and Table II.2 of 2000 Welfare Monitoring Survey report which is provided in this documentation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Basically there were two types of questionnaires; one referring to individual household members and the other pertaining to households in general. 1. Individual level questionnaires were used to collect basic population characteristics, health, education, on nutritional status of the children (anthropometric measurements) and immunization. 2. Household-based questionnaires included modules on housing amenities, accessibility of basic facilities such as food market, post office and telephone, possession of household asset and schedule on living standard indicators with respect to basic

Abstract

The level and distribution of poverty in Ethiopia is extensive. According to the results obtained from the 1995/96 and the 1999/2000 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey and Welfare Monitoring Survey of the Central Statistical Authority (CSA), about 44 percent of the total populations (45 percent in rural areas and 37 percent in urban areas) are found to be below poverty line. The country together with development partners, as a result, has put poverty reduction strategies high on the agenda and working firmly on the implementation program since the beginning of this decade. With firm dedication to reduce poverty, the government has prepared its poverty reduction program entitled “Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program” in 2002. The strategy has been implemented over the past three years.

In light of the plan to reduce poverty over time, strong system of monitoring and evaluation has been put in place. Consequently, the issue of welfare monitoring in Ethiopia arose as part of the Economic Reform Program (ERP). The ERP specifically and strongly underlies to see the effects of the reform program on poverty and building the analytical capacity of the government to monitor and evaluate such effects. To this end, the government has established a Welfare Monitoring System in 1995 to oversight the following major activities: - establish an information system that provides a continuous picture of the poverty scenario in the country; - indicate the impact of reform programs on the level of household welfare; - establish follow-up procedures on the various programs and activities targeted towards poverty reduction; and - conduct regular statistical surveys to assess, in particular, the efficiency of targeted programs.

The CSA and WMU of Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) has been the key actors in the M&E system in place by way of producing, analyzing and disseminating poverty related data and results. The program has been supported by the World Bank IDA Credit and the Norwegian Trust Fund.

In line with strengthening the established M&E system of the government, the CSA and WMU of MoFED had also submitted a financing requirement proposal (entitled: Strengthening Data Collection, Analysis and Dissemination on Poverty Monitoring and the MDGs) to the Development Assistant Group (DAG). Following the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between MoFED, CSA and the donors, various implementation activities have also been carried out.

In order to meet the data needs of the Welfare Monitoring System, the CSA has been conducting the two surveys that provide poverty related data: Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HICES) and Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS) since 1995/96. The HICE and WMS surveys provide crucially useful information for the designing and monitoring and evaluation of the country’s poverty reduction strategy: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), the various socioeconomic policies and programs and hence monitor the progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The two surveys are inseparable and provide basic data that reflect the standard of living of households, individuals and the society as a whole.

The WMS focuses on wider range of socioeconomic indicators that reflect the nonincome dimensions of poverty. The 2004 survey have been improved to accommodate users needs as much as possible. New features in the current survey include shocks and coping mechanisms, HIV/AIDS related information, estimates of orphan and foster children, major prevailing diseases, plot size and other additional variables.

The main objectives of the WMS are to provide data that enable understand the nonincome aspects of poverty and has the following objectives: - to assess the level, extent and distribution of non-income poverty; - helps assess the quality of life of households/individuals; - to provide basic data that enables design, monitor and evaluate the impact of socioeconomic policies and programs on households/individuals living standard; - provide basic indicators on households’ and individuals’ living standard with respect to basic needs including: -> Education, Health, Child nutrition and care, Access to and utilization of basic facilities, Housing and housing amenities (drinking water, sanitation, energy, etc.), Household assets, Selected indicators of living standard, Vulnerability (Shocks and coping mechanisms, Food security, etc.), and HIV/AIDS and basic population characteristics.

Geographic coverage

The year 2004 Welfare Monitoring Survey covered all rural and urban area of the country except the non-sedentary areas in Afar and Somali Regional States. Excluded are three zones of Afar Region, six zones of Somali Region and all zones of Gambella Region.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals (including adult women aged 15 and above, children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered households in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame The list of all households obtained from the 2001/02 Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration (EASE) is used as a frame to select the sample EAs in the rural areas of the country. In urban areas, on the other hand, the frame, consisting of households by EA obtained from the 2004 Ethiopian Urban Economic Establishment Census (EUEEC), is used to select sample sites for the 2004 welfare monitoring survey. The frame from which sample households were selected was based on a fresh list of households taken at the beginning of the survey period in each of the selected urban and rural EAs.

Sample Design For the purpose of the survey the country was divided into three broad categories including rural category, major urban centers category and other urban centers category.

Category I - Rural: This category consists of the rural areas of 58 zones and special Weredas, which are considered as zones, in 7 regions of the country. Harari region and Addis Ababa City Counsil and Dire Dawa City council were treated independently. Each zone/special Wereda of a region was considered to be a survey domain (i.e. reporting level) for which the major findings of the survey are reported. Rural Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa each were considered as separate reporting levels.

Category I totally comprises 61 reporting levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sample design in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were EAs was used to select samples. Twelve households per sample EA were selected as a second Stage Sampling Unit (SSU) to which survey questionnaire finally were administered to the members of sample households.

Category II - Major urban centers: In this category all regional capitals (except Gambella region) and four other major urban centers that have relatively larger population sizes were included. Each of the 14 urban center in this category is taken us a reporting level. Since there is a high variation in the standards of living of the residents of these urban centers (that may have a significant impact on the final results of the survey), each urban center was further stratified into the following three sub-strata.

Sub-stratum 1: Households having a relatively high standard of living Sub-stratum 2: Households having a relatively medium standard of living Sub-stratum 3: Households having a relatively low standard of living

In this category too, a stratified two-stage cluster sample design was adopted to select the primary sampling units (the EAs) and the Second Stage Unit. Allocation of sample EAs to a reporting level among the above mentioned strata were accomplished in proportion to the number of EAs in each stratum. Sixteen households from each of the primary sampling units (EAs) in each reporting level were then selected as a Second Stage Unit (SSU).

Category III - Other urban centers: Urban centers in the country other than those under category II were grouped under this category. A domain of other urban centers is formed for each region (excluding Gambella region) and seven reporting levels were formed in this category. However, there is no domain in category III for Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa as they do not have urban centers other than those grouped under category II.

Unlike the above two categories, a stratified three stage cluster sample design was adopted to select samples from this category. The primary sampling units were urban centers and the second stage sampling units were EAs. Sixteen households from each of the selected EAs were finally selected as a third stage sampling unit.

Sample Size and Selection Scheme Category I: A totally of 2,016 EAs and 24,192 households were selected from this category. Sample EAs of each reporting level were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) with systematic sampling techniques; size being number of household obtained from the 2001/2 Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration. Twelve households per EA were systematically selected from the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey.

Category II: In this category 485 EAs and 7,760 households were selected. Sample EAs from each reporting level in this category were also selected using probability proportional to size systematic sampling; size being number of households obtained from the 2004 EUEEC. Sixteen households in each of the selected EAs were systematically selected from the fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the survey.

Category III: One hundred twenty-seven urban centers, 275 EAs and 4,400 households were selected in this category. Urban

Abstract

The Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology.

The specific objectives of the ERSS are: - Development of an innovative model for collecting agricultural data in conjunction with household data; - Strengthening the capacity to generate a sustainable system for producing accurate and timely information on agricultural households in Ethiopia; - Development of a model of inter-institutional collaboration between the CSA and relevant federal and local government agencies as well as national and international research and development partners; and - Comprehensive analysis of household income, well-being, and socio-economic characteristics of households in rural areas and small towns.

Geographic coverage

Rural and small towns

Analysis unit

• Household
• Person/ individual
• Community

Sampling procedure

The ERSS sample is designed to be representative of rural and small town areas of Ethiopia. The ERSS rural sample is a sub-sample of the AgSS while the small town sample comes from the universe of small town EAs. The ERSS sample size provides estimates at the national level for rural and small town households. At the regional level, it provides estimates for four regions including Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray.

The sample is a two-stage probability sample. The first stage of sampling entailed selecting primary sampling units , which are a sample of the CSA enumeration areas (EAs). For the rural sample, 290 EAs were selected from the AgSS EAs. The AgSS EAs were selected based on probability proportional to size of the total EAs in each region. For small town EAs, a total of 43 EAs were selected. In order to ensure sufficient sample in the most populous regions (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray), quotas were set for the number of EAs in each region. The sample is not representative for each of the small regions including Afar, Benshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa, Gambella, Harari, and Somalie regions. However, estimates can be produced for a combination of all smaller regions as one "other region" category.

The second stage of sampling was the selection of households to be interviewed in each EA. For rural EAs, a total of 12 households are sampled in each EA. Of these, 10 households were randomly selected from the sample of 30 AgSS households. The AgSS households are households which are involved in farming or livestock activities. Another 2 households were randomly selected from all other households in the rural EA (those not involved in agriculture or livestock). In some EAs, there is only one or no such households, in which case, less than two non-agricultural households were surveyed and more agricultural households were interviewed instead so that the total number of households per EA remains the same.

In the small town EAs, 12 households are selected randomly from the listing of each EA, with no stratification as to whether the household is engaged in agriculture/livestock. Households were not selected using replacement. Thus, the final number of household interviewed was slightly less than the 3,996 as planned in the design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey was administered using five questionnaires: household, community, post-planting agriculture, ost-harvest agriculture and livestock questionnaires.

The household questionnaire collects information on basic demographics; education; health (including anthropometric measurement for children); labor and time use; partial food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm income-generating activities; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; credit; and other sources of household income. The household questionnaire, when relevant, is comparable to the Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS).

The community questionnaire gathered information on access to infrastructure; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions and achievements; and local retail price information.

Post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires were completed in those households with at least one member of the household engaged in crop farming using owned or rented land The post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires focused on farming activities and solicit information on land ownership and use; farm labor; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household fields; agriculture capital; irrigation; and crop harvest and utilization.

The livestock questionnaire interviews were implemented in households where at least one member was engaged in livestock rearing. The livestock questionnaire collected information on animal holdings and costs; and production, cost and sales of livestock byproducts.

Cleaning operations

Most of the interviews were carried out using paper and pen interviewing method. The completed paper questionnaires were sent to the CSA headquarters in Addis Ababa. The questionnaires were first checked by editors for completeness and consistency. The editors checked completeness (taking inventory) and cross-checked the questionnaires with the EA codebook. Questionnaires with inconsistent responses or with errors were corrected by contacting the branch offices or, in some cases, by sending the questionnaires back to the field. Checked questionnaires were keyed by data entry clerks at the head office using CSPro data entry application software.

Computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) was implemented, as a pilot, in 33 of the 333 EAs using SurveyBe data collection software.

The data cleaning process was done in two stages. The first step was at the CSA head office using the CSA's data cleaning staff. The CSA data cleaning staff used the CSpro data cleaning application to capture out of range values, outliers, and skip inconsistencies from the batch error reports. Once the errors were flagged in the batch error report the hard copy of the original questionnaire was retrieved and checked if the errors were at the data collection, editing, or entry level. Editing and entry level errors were corrected at the head office. Field level errors were communicated with the branch offices in the regions. The second level of data cleaning was done using Stata program to check for inconsistencies.

Response rate

A total of 3,969 households were interviewed with a response rate of 99.3 percent.

Abstract

Poverty is a major concern and an important issue in Ethiopia. It is a chronic problem exacerbated by war, draught and inappropriate policies. According to analyze of the combined 1995-1996 Household Budget Survey and the 1996 Welfare Monitoring Survey 45.5 percent of the population were falling the poverty line. About 47.5 percent of the rural population fell below the poverty line while the corresponding figure for the urban population was 33.2 percent.

As in the case of a number of African countries which undertook the Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) program, the issue of welfare monitoring in Ethiopia arose as part of the Economic Reform Program (ERP) currently being undertaken in the country. The ERP specifically and strongly underlies the effects of the reform program on poverty and the analytical capacity of the government to monitor such effects. To this end, a Welfare Monitoring System (WMS) was set up by the government by mid 1994.

In view of the wider context of the problem, the establishment of the WMS, as justified above, is envisaged to consist major elements such as establishing an information system that provides a continuous picture of the poverty scenario in the country, indicate the impact of reform programs on the level of household welfare, establish follow-up procedures on the various programs and activities targeted towards poverty alleviation and conduct regular statistical surveys to assess in particular the efficiency of targeted programs.

The WMS places emphasis on six basic needs indicators. These are health, education, anthropometry, access to selected facilities/services, amenities and assets. However, the distribution of household domestic expenditure was obtained by recall interview with reference periods of the last month previous the day of the interview. These WMS data were classified by expenditure quintile and used as back ground variable for tabulation.

Objectives of the Welfare Monitoring System The WMS which involves various ministries and the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) is established with the following objectives a) Provide baseline data on existing poverty situation and establish a system of information gathering on relevant key indicators; b) Identify poor and vulnerable groups that could be the focus of targeted intervention programs; c) Undertake periodic surveys and researches to evaluate targeted programs; d) Assess the short and medium term effects of macroeconomics and sectional policies and programs on the poor; e) Produce conclusive reports and suggestions needed for due attention by the government and concerned implementing agencies.

Geographic coverage

The 1998 (1990 E.C.) Welfare Monitoring Survey covered the population in sedentary areas of the country on a sample basis excluding the non-sedentary population in Afar and Somali Regions. That is the survey covered the population on sedentary areas of all regions that included the rural and selected urban areas.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individual (including adult women aged 15 and above, children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered all population in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN The 1998 (1990 E.C) Welfare Monitoring Survey covered both urban and rural areas of the country, except six zones in Somali region and two zones in Afar region. For the purpose of the survey, the country was divided into three categories. Urban areas were divided into two broad categories taking into account sizes of their population. Rural areas were also grouped into one category.

Category I: All region capitals and five urban centers with a population of 100,000 and over were grouped in this category. Each urban center in this category was the survey domain (reporting level) for which separate survey results for major survey characteristics were reported.

Category II: Urban centers in the country other than the fifteen urban centers in category I were grouped in this category. There were four domains (reporting levels) in this category, namely; a) Other urban Amhara (excluding Gondar, Bahr Dar, Dessie) b) Other urban Oromiya (excluding Jima, Nazreth, Debre Zeit) c) Other urban SNNP (excluding Awasa) d) Other urban (excluding all urban centers in Category I and those in a, b and c in Category II)

Other than the nineteen domains (reporting levels) defined in Category I and Category II, three additional domains can be constructed by combining basic domains form the first two categories. These domains are: i) Urban Amhara ii) Urban Oromiya iii) Urban SNNP

Category III: Rural areas of 44 zones and 5 special weredas in seven regions and rural areas of Gambella, Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa regions were grouped in this category each of which were the survey domains (reporting levels). The seven regions are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromiya, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP.

All in all 54 basic rural domains (reporting levels) including total rural (country level) were defined for the survey. In addition to the above urban and rural domains, survey results can be reported at regional and country levels by aggregating the survey results for corresponding urban and rural areas.

Definition of the survey domains was based on both technical and resource considerations. More specifically, sample size for the domains were determined to enable provision of major indicators with reasonable precision subject to the resources that were available for the survey.

SELECTION SCHEME AND SAMPLE SIZS Category I: Stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were enumeration areas (EAs). Sample EAs from each domain were selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. In this category, a total pf 325 urban EAs werw selected. Within each sample EA, fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and the survey questionnaire was administered to 25 systematically selected households within each of the sample EAs.

Category II: Three-stage stratified sample design was adopted to select the sample from the domains in category II. The PSUs were urban centers selected using Systematic Probability Proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. The secondary sampling units (SSUs) were EAs which were selected using Systematic Probability Proportional to Size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. In this category, a total of 122 EAs were selected. Number of sample SSUs selected form each of the sample urban centers was determined by proportional allocation to their household population form the 1994 Population and Housing Census. Ultimately, 25 households within each of the sample EAs were selected systematically from a fresh list of household prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work for the administration of the survey questionnaire.

Category III: A stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the PSus were EAs. Sample from each domain was selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A total of 1380 rural EAs were selected from category III. Within each sample EA a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's fieldwork and the survey questionnaire was administered to 25 systematically selected household per sample EA.

Note: The distribution of the sample units by domain (reporting levels) and category is given in the 1998 Welfare Monitoring Survey report in Summary Tables 2A and 2B.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Basically there are two types of questionnaires; one referring to individual household members and the other pertaining to households in general. 1. Schedules on individual basis are questionnaires on basic population characteristics, health, education, on nutritional status of the children (anthropometric measurements) and immunization. 2. Household-based questionnaires include modules on housing amenities, accessibility of basic facilities such as food market, post office and telephone, possession of household asset and schedule on living standard indicators with respect to basic necessities (food, clothing and shelter). Proxy measure of household expenditure is also included in WMS questionnaires to hint at the economic situation of households

Here are list of forms of the questionnaires: Form 1: Economic and Demographic Characteristics of the Households Form 2A: Health Form 2B: Education Form 3A: Housing Amenities Form 3B: Access to Facilities Form 4A: Property and Land Form 4B: Household Assets Form 5A: Household Expenditure Form 5B: Household Income

Cleaning operations

After the completion of the fieldwork the filled-in questionnaires were retrieved from the branch statistical offices for data processing. The first stage of data processing activity was begun by training data editors and coders at the head office by subject matter department professional staffs. About 55 editors-coders and 8 verifiers took part in the manual editing, coding and verification activities, which lasted for about a month. Edited and coded questionnaires then captured into computer using data entry program which was develop by data processing department. The data entry activities

Abstract

The Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey (ESPS) is a collaborative project between the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic, household-level panel data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and generating a clearer understanding of the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology. ESPS is a long-term project to collect panel data. The project responds to the data needs of the country, given the dependence of a high percentage of households on agriculture activities in the country. The ESPS collects information on household agricultural activities along with other information on the households like human capital, other economic activities, and access to services and resources. The ability to follow the same households over time makes the ESPS a new and powerful tool for studying and understanding the role of agriculture in household welfare over time as it allows analyses of how households add to their human and physical capital, how education affects earnings, and the role of government policies and programs on poverty, inter alia. The ESPS is the first-panel survey to be carried out by the Ethiopian Statistical Service that links a multi-topic household questionnaire with detailed data on agriculture.

Geographic coverage

National Regional Urban and Rural

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the second phase ESPS panel survey is based on the updated 2018 pre-census cartographic database of enumeration areas by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS). The sample is a two-stage stratified probability sample. The ESPS EAs in rural areas are the subsample of the AgSS EA sample. That means the first stage of sampling in the rural areas entailed selecting enumeration areas (i.e., the primary sampling units) using simple random sampling (SRS) from the sample of the 2018 AgSS enumeration areas (EAs). The first stage of sampling for urban areas is selecting EAs directly from the urban frame of EAs within each region using systematic PPS. This is designed to automatically result in a proportional allocation of the urban sample by zone within each region. Following the selection of sample EAs, they are allocated by urban rural strata using power allocation which is happened to be closer to proportional allocation.

The second stage of sampling is the selection of households to be surveyed in each sampled EA using systematic random sampling. From the rural EAs, 10 agricultural households are selected as a subsample of the households selected for the AgSS, and 2 non-agricultural households are selected from the non-agriculture households list in that specific EA. The non-agriculture household selection follows the same sampling method i.e., systematic random sampling. One important issue to note in ESPS sampling is that the total number of agriculture households per EA remains at 10 even though there are less than 2 or no non-agriculture households are listed and sampled in that EA. For urban areas, a total of 15 households are selected per EA regardless of the households’ economic activity. The households are selected using systematic random sampling from the total households listed in that specific EA.

The ESPS-5 kept all the ESPS-4 samples except for those in the Tigray region and a few other places. A more detailed description of the sample design is provided in Section 3 of the Basic Information Document provided under the Related Materials tab.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The ESPS-5 survey consisted of four questionnaires (household, community, post-planting, and post-harvest questionnaires), similar to those used in previous waves but revised based on the results of those waves and on the need for new data they revealed. The following new topics are included in ESPS-5:

a. Dietary Quality: This module collected information on the household’s consumption of specified food items.

b. Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES): In this round the survey has implemented FIES. The scale is based on the eight food insecurity experience questions on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale | Voices of the Hungry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org).

c. Basic Agriculture Information: This module is designed to collect minimal agriculture information from households. It is primarily for urban households. However, it was also used for a few rural households where it was not possible to implement the full agriculture module due to security reasons and administered for urban households. It asked whether they had undertaken any agricultural activity, such as crop farming and tending livestock) in the last 12 months. For crop farming, the questions were on land tenure, crop type, input use, and production. For livestock there were also questions on their size and type, livestock products, and income from sales of livestock or livestock products.

d. Climate Risk Perception: This module was intended to elicit both rural and urban households perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about different climate-related risks. It also asked where and how households were obtaining information on climate and weather-related events.

e. Agriculture Mechanization and Video-Based Agricultural Extension: The rural area community questionnaire covered these areas rural areas. On mechanization the questions related to the penetration, availability and accessibility of agricultural machinery. Communities were also asked if they had received video-based extension services.

Cleaning operations

Final data cleaning was carried out on all data files. Only errors that could be clearly and confidently fixed by the team were corrected; errors that had no clear fix were left in the datasets. Cleaning methods for these errors are left up to the data user.

Response rate

ESPS-5 planned to interview 7,527 households from 565 enumeration areas (EAs) (Rural 316 EAs and Urban 249 EAs). However, due to the security situation in northern Ethiopia and to a lesser extent in the western part of the country, only a total of 4999 households from 438 EAs were interviewed for both the agriculture and household modules. The security situation in northern parts of Ethiopia meant that, in Tigray, ESPS-5 did not cover any of the EAs and households previously sampled. In Afar, while 275 households in 44 EAs had been covered by both the ESPS-4 agriculture and household modules, in ESPS-5 only 252 households in 22 EAs were covered by both modules. During the fifth wave, security was also a problem in both the Amhara and Oromia regions, so there was a comparable reduction in the number of households and EAs covered there.

More detailed information is available in the BID.