This dataset was generated by parsing PDFs released by the US Treasury for foreign exchange. An edited version (quarterly-edited.csv) includes fixes for typos in the Treasury data.

Usage caveats from the documentation:

"Exceptions to using the reporting rates as shown in the report are: * collections and refunds to be valued at specified rates set by international agreements, * conversions of one foreign currency into another, * foreign currencies sold for dollars, and * other types of transactions affecting dollar appropriations. (See Volume I Treasury Financial Manual 2-3200 for further details.)

Since the exchange rates in this report are not current rates of exchange, they should not be used to value transactions affecting dollar appropriations."

Additional caveats:

This unified dataset should be used only for reference or ballpark estimation, and not for anything like automated valuation. The reason is because there's still a lot of messiness involving countries and changing units- when in doubt or if required, please do additional research to confirm the historical rates are indeed as stated.

Future plans:

• Clean this up so that it can indeed be used in an automated system for converting currencies
• Fill in the missing entries
• Standardize country names and currency names

Documentation

Source

A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

The DXY exchange rate rose to 97.3823 on July 24, 2025, up 0.17% from the previous session. Over the past month, the United States Dollar has weakened 0.30%, and is down by 6.67% over the last 12 months. United States Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The USD/BRL exchange rate rose to 5.5285 on July 24, 2025, up 0.13% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Brazilian Real has strengthened 0.64%, and is up by 2.06% over the last 12 months. Brazilian Real - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Prices for DXY Dollar Index including live quotes, historical charts and news. DXY Dollar Index was last updated by Trading Economics this July 24 of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Currency Conversions: US Dollar Exchange Rate: Average of Daily Rates: National Currency: USD for India (CCUSMA02INQ618N) from Q1 1957 to Q2 2025 about India, exchange rate, currency, and rate.

The USD/CNY exchange rate fell to 7.1472 on July 24, 2025, down 0.05% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Chinese Yuan has strengthened 0.28%, and is up by 1.28% over the last 12 months. Chinese Yuan - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Number of U.S. Dollars per domestic currency unit for currencies used in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Monthly and yearly values for end-of-period and period-average exchange rates since 1950 are based on data from IMF International Financial Statistics.

Find more Pacific data on PDH.stat.

Snapshot img

Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is forecast to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The Foreign Exchange Market is segmented by type (reporting dealers, financial institutions, non-financial customers), trade finance instruments (currency swaps, outright forward and FX swaps, FX options), trading platforms (electronic trading, over-the-counter (OTC), mobile trading), and geography (North America: US, Canada; Europe: Germany, Switzerland, UK; Middle East and Africa: UAE; APAC: China, India, Japan; South America: Brazil; Rest of World). This segmentation reflects the market's global dynamics, driven by institutional trading, increasing digital adoption through electronic trading and mobile trading, and regional economic activities, with APAC markets like India and China showing significant growth alongside traditional hubs like the US and UK.
The market is experiencing significant shifts driven by the escalating trends of urbanization and digitalization. These forces are creating 24x7 trading opportunities, enabling greater accessibility and convenience for market participants. However, the market's dynamics are not without challenges. The uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a formidable obstacle for businesses and investors alike, necessitating robust risk management strategies. As urbanization continues to expand and digital technologies reshape the trading landscape, market players must adapt to remain competitive. One significant trend is the increasing use of money transfer agencies, venture capital investments, and mutual funds in foreign exchange transactions. Companies seeking to capitalize on these opportunities must navigate the challenges effectively, ensuring they stay abreast of exchange rate fluctuations and implement agile strategies to mitigate risk.
The ability to adapt and respond to these market shifts will be crucial for success in the evolving market.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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In the dynamic and intricate realm of the market, entities such as algorithmic trading, order book, order management systems, and liquidity risk intertwine, shaping the ever-evolving market landscape. The market's continuous unfolding is characterized by the integration of various components, including sentiment analysis, Fibonacci retracement, mobile trading, and good-for-the-day orders. Market activities are influenced by factors like political stability, monetary policy, and market liquidity, which in turn impact economic growth and trade settlement. Technical analysis, with its focus on chart patterns and moving averages, plays a crucial role in informing trading decisions. The market's complexity is further amplified by the presence of entities like credit risk, counterparty risk, and operational risk.

Central bank intervention, order execution, clearing and settlement, and trade confirmation are essential components of the market's infrastructure, ensuring a seamless exchange of currencies. Geopolitical risk, currency correlation, and inflation rates contribute to currency volatility, necessitating hedging strategies and risk management. Market risk, interest rate differentials, and commodity currencies influence trading strategies, while cross-border payments and brokerage services facilitate international trade. The ongoing evolution of the market is marked by the emergence of advanced trading platforms, automated trading, and real-time data feeds, enabling traders to make informed decisions in an increasingly interconnected and complex global economy.

How is this Foreign Exchange Industry segmented?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is a dynamic and complex ecosystem where various entities interplay to manage currency risks and facilitate international trade. Reporting dealers, as key participants,

One United States dollar was worth over ****** Indonesian rupiah in May 2024, the highest value in a comparison of over 50 different currencies worldwide. All countries and territories shown here are based on the Big Mac Index - a measurement of how much a single Big Mac is worth across different areas in the world. This exchange rate comparison reveals a strong position of the dollar in Asia and Latin America. Note, though, that several of the top currencies shown here do not rank among the most traded. The quarterly U.S. dollar exchange rate against the ten biggest forex currencies only contains the Korean won and the Japanese yen.

Interactive historical chart showing the daily Euro - U.S. Dollar (EURUSD) exchange rate back to 1999.

The H.10 weekly release contains daily rates of exchange of major currencies against the U.S. dollar. The data are noon buying rates in New York for cable transfers payable in the listed currencies. The rates have been certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes as required by section 522 of the amended Tariff Act of 1930.

Graph and download economic data for Trade Weighted U.S. Dollar Index: Other Important Trading Partners, Goods (DISCONTINUED) (TWEXO) from 1995-01-04 to 2020-01-01 about trade-weighted, trade, exchange rate, currency, goods, rate, indexes, and USA.

The EUR/USD exchange rate fell to 1.1735 on July 24, 2025, down 0.33% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD has strengthened 0.44%, and is up by 8.14% over the last 12 months. Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Forex daily volume was nearly *** billion U.S. dollars for the USD currency, an amount ***** times higher than for the euro (EUR). The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance. What figures are available, however, indicate that the USD currency far outweighs that of many other currencies all over the world. What is the forex market? The forex market is based on the fluctuations in the value of currency interest rates. For example, the U.S. dollar performs differently against other major currencies. If one can properly predict these fluctuations, they can buy a weaker currency with a stronger one. After the currencies rebalance, the original currency will be worth more in terms of the exchange rate, giving the investor a profit. There are many foreign exchange trading services, including many multinational banks which already work in multiple currencies. Other currency trading functions Countries and central banks typically hold foreign currencies. These international reserves help facilitate the transactions in international trade, which is one reason China’s foreign reserves are so high. Countries can buy and sell foreign currencies to maintain a particular exchange rate. This is necessary for currencies which are pegged to another currency, such as the U.S. dollar. However, some countries are accused of exchange rate manipulation to make their exports seem more attractive. Finally, certain currencies are considered safer. Citizens and firms in a country with an unstable currency will buy these currencies to avoid volatility, or even hyperinflation, in their home currency.

Graph and download economic data for Currency Conversions: US Dollar Exchange Rate: Average of Daily Rates: National Currency: USD for Mexico (MEXCCUSMA02IXOBQ) from Q1 1960 to Q4 2023 about Mexico, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

The G.5A annual release contains yearly average rates of exchange of major currencies against the U.S. dollar. Averages are based on daily noon buying rates for cable transfers in New York City certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Graph and download economic data for Nominal Emerging Market Economies U.S. Dollar Index (DTWEXEMEGS) from 2006-01-02 to 2025-06-13 about trade-weighted, emerging markets, exchange rate, currency, goods, services, rate, indexes, and USA.

The currency chart for Brazil shows historical data for the Brazilian Reals per USD exchange rate. These are monthly averages and not end-of-month currency values. An increase means depreciation against the USD as one can exchange more Brazilian Reals per USD. Depreciation implies that goods from...

The currency chart for the USA shows historical data for the U.S. Dollars per USD exchange rate. These are monthly averages and not end-of-month currency values. An increase means depreciation against the USD as one can exchange more U.S. Dollars per USD. Depreciation implies that goods from the...