The DXY exchange rate rose to 99.4202 on December 2, 2025, up 0.01% from the previous session. Over the past month, the United States Dollar has weakened 0.45%, and is down by 6.53% over the last 12 months. United States Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

Apportionment file 11473338 retrieved from OMB public records

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Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is valued to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing urbanization and digitalization will drive the foreign exchange market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

Europe dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2023
By Trade Finance Instruments - Currency swaps segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 118.14 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 582.00 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 10.6%

Market Summary

The market, a dynamic and intricate web of financial transactions, plays a pivotal role in facilitating global trade and economic interactions. Its primary function is to enable the conversion of one currency into another, thereby mitigating the risk of currency fluctuations for businesses and investors. Key drivers of this market include growing urbanization and digitalization, which have expanded trading opportunities to a 24x7 global economy. However, the uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a significant challenge, necessitating effective risk management strategies. The market's evolution reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Transactions occur in a decentralized, over-the-counter system, with major trading centers in London, New York, and Tokyo.
Participants include commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and individual investors, all seeking to capitalize on price differences between currencies. Trends shaping the market include the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence to analyze market data and execute trades. Regulatory changes, such as the introduction of stricter capital requirements, also impact the market's functioning. Looking ahead, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global financial landscape, with continued growth driven by increased trade and economic interdependence. However, challenges, such as regulatory changes and geopolitical risks, will necessitate adaptability and innovation from market participants.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free Sample

How is the Foreign Exchange Market Segmented ?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market, a dynamic and ever-evolving financial landscape, is characterized by constant activity and intricate patterns. Participants engage in various trading strategies, employing advanced tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on forex trading platforms. Real-time data feeds and order book dynamics facilitate trade execution speed, while market microstructure and slippage minimization techniques ensure efficient transactions. Currency correlation analysis and transaction cost analysis are integral to informed decision-making, with backtesting methodologies providing valuable insights. Currency forwards contracts, position sizing techniques, and forex derivatives pricing are essential components of risk management systems. Carry trade strategies, hedging strategies, and interest rate parity are popular tactics employed by market participants.

Algorithmic trading strategies, driven by options pricing models and trading algorithms' efficiency, significantly influence price discovery mechanisms. High-frequency trading and volatility modeling contribute to the market's liquidity risk management, while foreign exchange swaps and currency option valuation help manage risk. The market's complexities necessitate sophisticated risk management systems and intricate order routing optimization. Global payments systems facilitate the smooth transfer of funds, and liquidity risk management remains a critical concern for market participants. According to recent studies, The market is estimated to account for approximately USD6 trillion in daily trading volume, und

This dataset contains monthly exchange rate data for four major global currencies: United States Dollar (USD), British Pound (GBP), Canadian Dollar (CAD), and Australian Dollar (AUD). The data spans multiple years, starting from January 1999, and is recorded on a monthly basis. It is structured in CSV format with five columns: Date, USD_Price, GBP_Price, CAD_Price, and AUD_Price. The Date column represents the timestamp of the recorded exchange rate in the YYYY-MM-DD format, while the remaining columns represent the exchange rates for their respective currencies.

This dataset can be used for various financial and economic analyses, including identifying long-term trends, studying fluctuations in exchange rates, and understanding periods of stability and volatility. It is particularly useful for researchers and analysts looking to examine historical currency trends and assess the factors influencing foreign exchange markets.

Financial professionals can leverage this data to build predictive models and apply machine learning techniques to estimate future exchange rates. By analyzing past trends, it is possible to gain insights into potential market movements and develop strategies for risk management and investment decision-making.

Economists can use the dataset to examine the impact of global economic events on currency values and study correlations between exchange rates and macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, interest rates, and trade balances. This can provide a deeper understanding of how economic policies and external shocks affect currency markets over time.

Additionally, the dataset is valuable for comparing currency movements with stock markets, commodity prices, and international trade patterns. It enables researchers to analyze how different currencies react to financial crises, policy changes, and economic shifts. By offering a comprehensive view of historical exchange rate fluctuations, this dataset serves as a foundation for financial forecasting, economic research, and market correlation studies.

Historical USD/TRY Exchange Rate and Periodic Changes

This dataset provides historical exchange rate data for the United States Dollar (USD) to Turkish Lira (TRY) currency pair, covering the period from 2000. The dataset includes weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual percentage changes in the USD/TRY exchange rate.

Key Features:

• date: The dataset covers the years 2020 to 2023, providing a comprehensive view of the USD/TRY exchange rate dynamics during this period.

• Exchange Rate Data: The dataset includes the USD/TRY exchange rate for each data point.

• Percentage Changes: The dataset offers various time intervals for percentage change calculations, including weekly, monthly, quarterly (3 months), semi-annual (6 months), and annual (12 months) periods. These percentage changes help analyze the rate of currency fluctuation over different time spans.

This dataset is valuable for conducting in-depth analyses of USD/TRY exchange rate trends, identifying patterns, and understanding the currency pair's volatility across various time intervals.

The USD/EGP exchange rate fell to 47.5100 on December 2, 2025, down 0.02% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Egyptian Pound has weakened 0.66%, but it's up by 4.41% over the last 12 months. Egyptian Pound - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The USD/BRL exchange rate fell to 5.3270 on December 2, 2025, down 0.55% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Brazilian Real has strengthened 0.57%, and is up by 11.87% over the last 12 months. Brazilian Real - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

Introduction:

This dataset contains historical daily exchange rates for the US Dollar (USD) against three major currencies: Pakistani Rupee (PKR), Indian Rupee (INR), and Chinese Yuan (CNY). The data covers the period from January 2004 to June 2024, providing a comprehensive view of currency fluctuations over time.

About the Dataset

This dataset contain daily exchange rate from (2004 - 2024) of Dollar to PKR, Dollar to INR, Dollar to Chinese Yuan and contains 9 columns.

Columns:

• Date: The date of the exchange rate.
• Open_pkr, High_pkr, Low_pkr, Close_pkr, Adj Close_pkr: Exchange rate details from USD to PKR.
• Open_inr, High_inr, Low_inr, Close_inr, Adj Close_inr: Exchange rate details from USD to INR.
• Open, High, Low, Close, Adj Close: Exchange rate details from USD to CNY.
• PKR_pct_change: Daily percentage change in the exchange rate from USD to PKR.
• INR_pct_change: Daily percentage change in the exchange rate from USD to INR.
• CNY_pct_change: Daily percentage change in the exchange rate from USD to CNY.

Source:

The data has been compiled from various reliable financial sources to ensure accuracy and consistency.

Usage:

This dataset is valuable for financial analysts, economists, and researchers interested in studying currency trends, economic events, and their impacts on exchange rates. It can also be used for machine learning projects involving time series analysis, forecasting, and financial modeling.

Acknowledgements:

We acknowledge the data sources for providing the necessary exchange rate information.

The EUR/USD exchange rate rose to 1.1619 on December 2, 2025, up 0.08% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD has strengthened 0.86%, and is up by 10.57% over the last 12 months. Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

One United States dollar was worth over ********* Indonesian rupiah in September 2025, the highest value in a comparison of over 50 different currencies worldwide. All countries and territories shown here are based on the Big Mac Index - a measurement of how much a single Big Mac is worth across different areas in the world. This exchange rate comparison reveals a strong position of the dollar in Asia and Latin America. Note, though, that several of the top currencies shown here do not rank among the most traded. The quarterly U.S. dollar exchange rate against the ten biggest forex currencies only contains the Korean won and the Japanese yen.

Title: Currency Exchange Rate Prediction: INR to USD (August 2019 - February 2023)

Abstract:

This comprehensive dataset, named "historical_data.csv," presents a meticulous record of the Indian Rupee (INR) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rates over a significant timeframe spanning from August 3rd, 2019, to February 3rd, 2023. With a meticulous collection of data encompassing various financial metrics, including Date, Close/Last, Volume, Open, High, and Low prices, this dataset offers a valuable resource for researchers, analysts, and machine learning enthusiasts aiming to predict and understand currency fluctuations between these two major global currencies.

Dataset Description:

The "historical_data.csv" dataset offers a wide array of financial metrics for each trading day, enabling researchers to delve into the intricate dynamics of the INR to USD exchange rate. The dataset features the following columns:

Date: The date of the trading day, spanning from August 3rd, 2019, to February 3rd, 2023. Close/Last: The closing or last recorded exchange rate for the given trading day. Volume: The trading volume for the given day, providing insights into market activity. Open: The opening exchange rate at the start of the trading day. High: The highest exchange rate recorded during the trading day. Low: The lowest exchange rate recorded during the trading day.

Potential Applications:

This dataset holds substantial potential for various applications and research endeavours, including but not limited to:

Currency Forecasting: Researchers and analysts can leverage historical data to develop and test predictive models for forecasting INR to USD exchange rates, contributing to enhanced decision-making in financial markets. Market Analysis: The dataset can be used to conduct in-depth analyses of market trends, patterns, and volatility, aiding traders and investors in making informed trading strategies. Risk Assessment: Financial institutions can use the data to assess and manage currency-related risks, optimizing their exposure to INR to USD fluctuations. Algorithmic Trading: Developers can utilize this dataset to design and evaluate algorithmic trading strategies based on historical exchange rate movements. Economic Research: Economists and researchers can explore the dataset to uncover insights into the broader economic factors influencing currency exchange rates. Citation: If you find this dataset useful for your research or analysis, we kindly request that you acknowledge its source by providing a citation. You can use the following citation format:

Author(s), "Currency Exchange Rate Prediction: INR to USD (August 2019 - February 2023)," Dataset, Year, [URL].

Note: While this dataset offers a wealth of information, users are advised to exercise due diligence and apply appropriate data preprocessing techniques before conducting analysis or developing predictive models.

Explore the intricate world of currency exchange rates with our meticulously curated "historical_data.csv" dataset. Uncover valuable insights, make informed decisions, and contribute to the advancement of financial research and analysis.

ABSTRACT This short article shows that since 1999 the interest rate has been correlated to exchange rate volatility in Brazil. Therefore, it would be one of the reasons for not reducing the interest rate in Brazil.

Key information about Germany Exchange Rate against USD

• Germany Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.859 (USD/EUR) in Oct 2025, compared with 0.852 USD/EUR in the previous month.
• Germany Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Oct 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 2.147 in Feb 1961 and a record low of 0.635 in Jul 2008.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Germany joined the Euro zone on January 1st, 1999 with fixed conversion rate of 1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1999 is re-calculated using the fixed conversion rate. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1971 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Germany Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Germany Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.573 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Germany: ECB Harmonised ) was reported at 2.620 % pa in Oct 2025.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.150 % pa in Nov 2025.

The USD to GBP exchange rate history reveals a notably strong dollar against the pound in 2022, with values being higher than during COVID-19 or Brexit. In January 2021, for example, one U.S. dollar could buy less than 0.80 British pounds. This had changed to a value of 0.76 British pounds by November 14, 2025. Before that time, the exchange rate grew especially during the summer of 2022 - following the war in Ukraine as well as uncertainty surrounding the UK government's inflation response - as exchange rates reached the highest value since 2012.

Introduction: A Comprehensive Historical Tracking of PKR, INR, and USD Exchange Rates from 1947 to 2024. Delve into Pakistan and India's economic narratives in reference to the US Dollar, witnessing the fluctuations, trends, and pivotal moments that shaped their currencies over eight decades. Gain insights into geopolitical shifts, economic policies, and global events, understanding the intricate dynamics of these currencies in the ever-changing financial landscape.

Background: I'm teaching my students about the difference between the Pakistani Rupee and the Indian Rupee since 1947. We're using the US Dollar as a standard for comparison. I gathered this dataset from various internet sources.

About the data: The dataset is tabular and contains three columns: 1. Year: Ranging from 1947 to 2024. 2. INR (Rs): Indian Rupee value equivalent to 1 US Dollar. 3. PKR (Rs): Pakistani Rupee value equivalent to 1 US Dollar.

Use Cases: here are some use cases for this dataset.

1. Historical Analysis: Researchers or economists could use the dataset to analyze the historical trends and fluctuations in exchange rates between PKR, INR, and USD over the years. This analysis could provide insights into the economic performance and stability of Pakistan and India in relation to the US.

2. Educational Purposes: As you're using it for teaching, the dataset can serve as a valuable educational resource for students to understand the economic differences between Pakistan and India since their independence, using the USD as a benchmark.

3. Investment Analysis: Investors and financial analysts could use the dataset to analyze the historical performance of the currencies and make informed decisions about investments or currency trading in the Pakistan and India markets.

4. Policy Making: Government policymakers could utilize the dataset to understand the impact of various economic policies on currency exchange rates and formulate effective strategies for maintaining stability and growth.

5. Cross-Border Transactions: Businesses engaged in cross-border trade between Pakistan, India, and the US could use the dataset to forecast currency exchange rates and mitigate risks associated with fluctuations in currency values.

6. Comparative Studies: Scholars or analysts interested in comparative studies between Pakistan and India could use the dataset to explore the differences and similarities in their economic development trajectories over time.

7. Forecasting: Economists or analysts could develop models to forecast future exchange rates based on historical trends and factors affecting the economies of Pakistan, India, and the US.

This dataset provides a comprehensive record of the exchange rate between the United States Dollar (USD) and the Iranian Rial (IRR) spanning from November 26, 2011 (Jalali date: 1390/09/05) to March 19, 2024 (Jalali date: 1402/12/29). The data is recorded on a daily timeframe, offering insights into the fluctuations and trends in the exchange rate over this period.

Key Features:

• Temporal Coverage: The dataset covers a significant time span, enabling researchers and analysts to observe long-term trends, seasonal variations, and historical patterns in the USD to IRR exchange rate.
• Granularity: Data is provided at a daily frequency, offering fine-grained insights into the currency pair's performance.
• Jalali Calendar Dates: In addition to Gregorian calendar dates, Jalali calendar dates are included, catering to users familiar with the Persian calendar system.
• Currency Pair: Focus is specifically on the exchange rate between the USD and the Iranian Rial, facilitating analyses and predictions related to these currencies.

Potential Applications:

• Financial Analysis: Traders, economists, and financial analysts can utilize this dataset to conduct in-depth analyses of the USD-IRR exchange rate, identify patterns, and make informed decisions.
• Economic Research: Researchers studying the Iranian economy, monetary policy, and international trade can leverage this dataset to explore the impact of currency fluctuations on various economic indicators.
• Forecasting Models: The dataset can serve as a valuable resource for developing predictive models aimed at forecasting future movements in the USD to IRR exchange rate, aiding businesses and policymakers in risk management and strategic planning.

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View market daily updates and historical trends for US Dollar to Brazilian Real Exchange Rate. Source: European Central Bank. Track economic data with YCh…

The USD/TRY exchange rate rose to 42.4368 on December 2, 2025, up 0.12% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Turkish Lira has weakened 0.91%, and is down by 22.27% over the last 12 months. Turkish Lira - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The euro-to-dollar exchange rate fluctuated significantly in 2022, reaching its lowest recorded value since 2008 during that time. Figures were different later in the year, however, with a rate of 1.16 USD recorded at the end of November 14, 2025. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point, which reflects concrete values as of end of the year.EstablishmentThe euro, which was established in 1992, introduced in non-physical form in 1999 and finally rolled out in 2002, is used by 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of countries is otherwise known as the eurozone or euro area. By 2018, the total value of euro currency in circulation was almost 1.2 trillion euros, or over 3.4 thousand euros per capita.Euro to USDBetween 2001 and 2008, the average annual exchange rate of the euro to the U.S. dollar noted a steep increase. In 2008, the euro to U.S. dollar annual average exchange rate was equal to 1.47, which meant that one euro could buy 1.47 U.S. dollars. By 2019, this value had decreased overall, to a value of 1.12 which meant that one euro could buy 1.12 U.S. dollars. Similar dynamics in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate were also reflected in the monthly exchange rate recently.