In December 2024, 11 percent of survey respondents said that the most important problem facing the United States was the high cost of living and inflation. Another 20percent said that the government and poor leadership was the most serious concern for the nation.

In this 2018 survey, eight percent of respondents stated they think the biggest problem for the United States today is Donald Trump. In fact, most of the important problems mentioned are somehow related to the current POTUS – the most mentioned one being immigration and racism.

A country divided

Since Trump’s inauguration in January 2017, political camps in the United States are deeply divided and global politics is in turmoil; Trump’s job approval ratings are notoriously low, and in fact, they are lower than Reagan’s or Nixon’s averages ever were. Trump’s leadership is controversial at best and his executive orders often cause protests, especially among Democrats and liberals – like the travel ban for Muslims.

On the other side

One of Trump’s main campaign promises was a wall on the border with Mexico in order to keep potential illegal immigrants out and enhance security for American citizens. When he did not get the majority for this plan, he declared a national emergency to force the budget to be allocated, even though the majority of Americans did not support this idea, and it is unclear if the situation at the Mexican border actually warrants it. In fact, the total number of unauthorized immigrants has decreased over the last few years and today, many Americans believe that their country benefits from immigrants and their work .

This poll is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. In this poll, respondents were asked about President Ronald Reagan's performance in office and the government's handling of the economy, with a special focus on United States involvement in Latin America. Demographic information on respondents includes age, sex, race, educational level, employment status, political party affiliation, voting history, and marital status.

This statistic shows the results of a 2012 survey in the United States regarding the most important problems in the current U.S. economy. The respondents were sorted by political party. In 2012, 27 percent of democrats, 38 percent of republicans and 30 percent of independent voters stated that the economy in general was the most crucial problem for the United States.

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. This public opinion study of the United States focused on respondents' opinions of the United States' leadership role in the world and the challenges the country faces domestically and internationally. The survey covered the following international topics: relations with other countries, role in foreign affairs, possible threats to vital interests in the next ten years, foreign policy goals, benefits or drawbacks of globalization, situations that might justify the use of United States troops in other parts of the world, the number and location of United States military bases overseas, respondent feelings toward people of other countries, opinions on the influence of other countries in the world and how much influence those countries should have, whether there should be a global regulating body to prevent economic instability, international trade, United States participation in potential treaties, the United States' role in the United Nations and NATO, respondent opinions on international institutions and regulating bodies such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the World Health Organization, whether the United States will continue to be the world's leading power in the next 50 years, democracy in the Middle East and South Korea, the role of the United Nations Security Council, which side the United States should take in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, what measures should be taken to deal with Iran's nuclear program, the military effort in Afghanistan, opinions on efforts to combat terrorism and the use of torture to extract information from prisoners, whether the respondent favors or opposes the government selling military equipment to other nations and using nuclear weapons in various circumstances, the economic development of China, and the conflict between North and South Korea. Domestic issues included economic prospects for American children when they become adults, funding for government programs, the fairness of the current distribution of income in the United States, the role of government, whether the government can be trusted to do what is right, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, United States' dependence on foreign energy sources, drilling for oil and natural gas off the coast of the United States, and relations with Mexico including such issues as the ongoing drug war, as well as immigration and immigration reform. Demographic and other background information included age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, left-right political self-placement, political affiliation, employment status, highest level of education, and religious preference. Also included are household size and composition, whether the respondent is head of household, household income, housing type, ownership status of living quarters, household Internet access, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status, and region and state of residence.

A survey conducted in February 2025 found that the most important issue for ** percent of Americans was inflation and prices. A further ** percent of respondents were most concerned about jobs and the economy.

According to the data from 2025, some 16 percent of respondents said that rising health care costs were the most important health issue facing the United States. Cancer ranked second on the list with 15 percent. Issues with healthcare costsCurrently, the most urgent problem facing American healthcare is the high costs of care. The high expense of healthcare may deter people from getting the appropriate treatment when they need medical care or cause them to completely forego preventative care visits. Many Americans reported that they may skip prescription doses or refrain from taking medication as prescribed due to financial concerns. Such health-related behavior can result in major health problems, which may raise the long-term cost of care. Inflation, medical debt, and unforeseen medical expenses have all added to the burden that health costs are placing on household income. Gun violence issueThe gun violence epidemic has plagued the United States over the past few years, yet very little has been done to address the issue. In recent years, gun violence has become the leading cause of death among American children and teens. Even though more than half of Americans are in favor of tougher gun control regulations, there is little political will to strongly reform the current gun law. Gun violence has a deep traumatic impact on survivors and society, it is developing into a major public health crisis in the United States.

In a survey conducted in 2022, 64 percent of the opinion leaders and prominent journalists surveyed in Latin America said that job creation and economic growth was the most important problem Latin America would face in the incoming 18 months. The second main issue according to these experts was inflation and economic instability.

According to the data from January 2024, 22 percent of respondents said that rising health care costs were the most important health issue facing the United States. Mental health ranked second on the list with 15 percent. Issues with healthcare costsCurrently, the most urgent problem facing American healthcare is the high costs of care. The high expense of healthcare may deter people from getting the appropriate treatment when they need medical care or cause them to completely forego preventative care visits. Many Americans reported that they may skip prescription doses or refrain from taking medication as prescribed due to financial concerns. Such health-related behavior can result in major health problems, which may raise the long-term cost of care. Inflation, medical debt, and unforeseen medical expenses have all added to the burden that health costs are placing on household income. Gun violence issueThe gun violence epidemic has plagued the United States over the past few years, yet very little has been done to address the issue. In recent years, gun violence has become the leading cause of death among American children and teens. Even though more than half of Americans are in favor of tougher gun control regulations, there is little political will to strongly reform the current gun law. Gun violence has a deep traumatic impact on survivors and society, it is developing into a major public health crisis in the United States.

This map uses an archive of Version 1.0 of the CEJST data as a fully functional GIS layer. See an archive of the latest version of the CEJST tool using Version 2.0 of the data released in December 2024 here.This map shows Census tracts throughout the US based on if they are considered disadvantaged or partially disadvantaged according to Justice40 Initiative criteria. This is overlaid with the most recent American Community Survey (ACS) figures from the U.S. Census Bureau to communicate the predominant race that lives within these disadvantaged or partially disadvantaged tracts. Predominance helps us understand the group of population which has the largest count within an area. Colors are more transparent if the predominant race has a similar count to another race/ethnicity group. The colors on the map help us better understand the predominant race or ethnicity:Hispanic or LatinoWhite Alone, not HispanicBlack or African American Alone, not HispanicAsian Alone, not HispanicAmerican Indian and Alaska Native Alone, not HispanicTwo or more races, not HispanicNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, not HispanicSome other race, not HispanicSearch for any region, city, or neighborhood throughout the US, DC, and Puerto Rico to learn more about the population in the disadvantaged tracts. Click on any tract to learn more. Zoom to your area, filter to your county or state, and save this web map focused on your area to share the pattern with others. You can also use this web map within an ArcGIS app such as a dashboard, instant app, or story. This map uses these hosted feature layers containing the most recent American Community Survey data. These layers are part of the ArcGIS Living Atlas, and are updated every year when the American Community Survey releases new estimates, so values in the map always reflect the newest data available.Note: Justice40 tracts use 2010-based boundaries, while the most recent ACS figures are offered on 2020-based boundaries. When you click on an area, there will be multiple pop-ups returned due to the differences in these boundaries. From Justice40 data source:"Census tract geographical boundaries are determined by the U.S. Census Bureau once every ten years. This tool utilizes the census tract boundaries from 2010 because they match the datasets used in the tool. The U.S. Census Bureau will update these tract boundaries in 2020.Under the current formula, a census tract will be identified as disadvantaged in one or more categories of criteria:IF the tract is above the threshold for one or more environmental or climate indicators AND the tract is above the threshold for the socioeconomic indicatorsCommunities are identified as disadvantaged by the current version of the tool for the purposes of the Justice40 Initiative if they are located in census tracts that are at or above the combined thresholds in one or more of eight categories of criteria.The goal of the Justice40 Initiative is to provide 40 percent of the overall benefits of certain Federal investments in [eight] key areas to disadvantaged communities. These [eight] key areas are: climate change, clean energy and energy efficiency, clean transit, affordable and sustainable housing, training and workforce development, the remediation and reduction of legacy pollution, [health burdens] and the development of critical clean water infrastructure." Source: Climate and Economic Justice Screening toolPurpose"Sec. 219. Policy. To secure an equitable economic future, the United States must ensure that environmental and economic justice are key considerations in how we govern. That means investing and building a clean energy economy that creates well‑paying union jobs, turning disadvantaged communities — historically marginalized and overburdened — into healthy, thriving communities, and undertaking robust actions to mitigate climate change while preparing for the impacts of climate change across rural, urban, and Tribal areas. Agencies shall make achieving environmental justice part of their missions by developing programs, policies, and activities to address the disproportionately high and adverse human health, environmental, climate-related and other cumulative impacts on disadvantaged communities, as well as the accompanying economic challenges of such impacts. It is therefore the policy of my Administration to secure environmental justice and spur economic opportunity for disadvantaged communities that have been historically marginalized and overburdened by pollution and underinvestment in housing, transportation, water and wastewater infrastructure, and health care." Source: Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and AbroadUse of this Data"The pilot identifies 21 priority programs to immediately begin enhancing benefits for disadvantaged communities. These priority programs will provide a blueprint for other agencies to help inform their work to implement the Justice40 Initiative across government." Source: The Path to Achieving Justice 40

Journal of Political Economy Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - The Journal of Political Economy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. Established by James Laurence Laughlin in 1892, it covers both theoretical and empirical economics. In the past, the journal published quarterly from its introduction through 1905, ten issues per volume from 1906 through 1921, and bimonthly from 1922 through 2019. The editor-in-chief is Magne Mogstad (University of Chicago). Abstract & Indexing Articles that appear in the Journal of Political Economy are indexed in the following abstracting and indexing services: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory (Print) Ulrichsweb (Online) J-Gate HINARI Association for Asian Studies Bibliography of Asian Studies (Online) Business Index CABI Abstracts on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases (Online) Agricultural Economics Database CAB Abstracts (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux) Dairy Science Abstracts (Online) Environmental Impact Global Health Leisure Tourism Database Nutrition and Food Sciences Database Rural Development Abstracts (Online) Soil Science Database Soils and Fertilizers (Online) Tropical Diseases Bulletin (Online) World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts (Online) Clarivate Analytics Current Contents Social Sciences Citation Index Web of Science De Gruyter Saur Dietrich's Index Philosophicus IBZ - Internationale Bibliographie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Zeitschriftenliteratur Internationale Bibliographie der Rezensionen Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlicher Literatur EBSCOhost America: History and Life ATLA Religion Database (American Theological Library Association) Biography Index: Past and Present (H.W. Wilson) Book Review Digest Plus (H.W. Wilson) Business Source Alumni Edition (Full Text) Business Source Complete (Full Text) Business Source Corporate (Full Text) Business Source Corporate Plus (Full Text) Business Source Elite (Full Text) Business Source Premier (Full Text) Business Source Ultimate (Full Text) Current Abstracts EBSCO MegaFILE (Full Text) EBSCO Periodicals Collection (Full Text) EconLit with Full Text (Full Text) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef Historical Abstracts (Online) Humanities & Social Sciences Index Retrospective: 1907-1984 (H.W. Wilson) Humanities Index Retrospective: 1907-1984 (H.W. Wilson) Humanities Source Humanities Source Ultimate Index to Legal Periodicals Retrospective: 1908-1981 (H.W. Wilson) Legal Source Library & Information Science Source MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson) Poetry & Short Story Reference Center Political Science Complete Public Affairs Index Readers' Guide Retrospective: 1890-1982 (H.W. Wilson) Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies Social Sciences Abstracts Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) Social Sciences Index Retrospective: 1907-1983 (H.W. Wilson) SocINDEX SocINDEX with Full Text TOC Premier Women's Studies International Elsevier BV GEOBASE Scopus ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) Gale Academic ASAP Academic OneFile Advanced Placement Government and Social Studies Book Review Index Plus Business & Company ProFile ASAP Business ASAP Business ASAP International Business Collection Business Insights: Essentials Business Insights: Global Business, Economics and Theory Collection Expanded Academic ASAP General Business File ASAP General OneFile General Reference Center Gold General Reference Centre International InfoTrac Custom InfoTrac Student Edition MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) Popular Magazines US History Collection H.W. Wilson Social Sciences Index National Library of Medicine PubMed OCLC ArticleFirst Periodical Abstracts Sociological Abstracts (Online), Selective Ovid EconLit ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef ProQuest ABI/INFORM Collection ABI/INFORM Global (American Business Information) ABI/INFORM Research (American Business Information) Business Premium Collection EconLit ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) GeoRef Health Management Database Health Research Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Core MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) PAIS Archive Professional ABI/INFORM Complete Professional ProQuest Central ProQuest 5000 ProQuest 5000 International ProQuest Central ProQuest Pharma Collection Research Library Social Science Database Social Science Premium Collection Sociological Abstracts (Online), Selective Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, Selective SCIMP (Selective Cooperative Index of Management Periodicals) Taylor & Francis Educational Research Abstracts Online Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia Asian - Pacific Economic Literature (Online)

List price: $25.00

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From the veteran political journalist and 60 Minutes correspondent, a deep dive into the history, evolution, and current state of the American presidency—and how we can make the job less impossible and more productive.

“This is a great gift to our sense of the actual presidency, a primer on leadership.”—Ken Burns

Imagine you have just been elected president. You are now commander-in-chief, chief executive, chief diplomat, chief legislator, chief of party, chief voice of the people, first responder, chief priest, and world leader. You’re expected to fulfill your campaign promises, but you’re also expected to solve the urgent crises of the day. What’s on your to-do list? Where would you even start? What shocks aren’t you thinking about?

The American presidency is in trouble. It has become overburdened, misunderstood, almost impossible to do. “The problems in the job unfolded before Donald Trump was elected, and the challenges of governing today will confront his successors,” writes John Dickerson. After all, the founders never intended for our system of checks and balances to have one superior Chief Magistrate, with Congress demoted to “the little brother who can’t keep up.”

In this eye-opening book, John Dickerson writes about presidents in history such a Washington, Lincoln, FDR, and Eisenhower, and and in contemporary times, from LBJ and Reagan and Bush, Obama, and Trump, to show how a complex job has been done, and why we need to reevaluate how we view the presidency, how we choose our presidents, and what we expect from them once they are in office. Think of the presidential campaign as a job interview. Are we asking the right questions? Are we looking for good campaigners, or good presidents? Once a candidate gets the job, what can they do to thrive? Drawing on research and interviews with current and former White House staffers, Dickerson defines what the job of president actually entails, identifies the things that only the president can do, and analyzes how presidents in history have managed the burden. What qualities make for a good president? Who did it well? Why did Bill Clinton call the White House “the crown jewel in the American penal system”? The presidency is a job of surprises with high stakes, requiring vision, management skill, and an even temperament. Ultimately, in order to evaluate candidates properly for the job, we need to adjust our expectations, and be more realistic about the goals, the requirements, and the limitations of the office.

As Dickerson writes, “Americans need their president to succeed, but the presidency is set up for failure. It doesn’t have to be.”

PRAISE

“Dickerson has a gift for effectively mixing anecdote and history, as he did so well in Whistlestop: My Favorite Stories from Presidential Campaign History, and he does it again in his rich chronicle of the American presidency. The qualities required of a good candidate differ from that of a great president, and Dickerson makes a convincing case for reforming the job, which is radically different from how it was conceived by the founders.” —The National Book Review

“You should read [The Hardest Job in the World] if you want to understand what the presidency should and should not be. Dickerson . . . brilliantly explains how the presidency grew and evolved and accumulated power, how Trump has warped it, and how it can be fixed.” —Business Insider

“Brilliantly chronicles what the American presidency has meant, what it could mean . . . With wit, sweep, and unfailing generosity, The Hardest Job in the World is a book for our times, informed and delightful and definitely not to be missed.” —Brenda Wineapple, author of The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation

“Superb . . . a captivating read . . . I found myself sometimes nodding in agreement so vigorously that I worried about hurting my neck. . . . A wonderful contribution to understanding what is, for sure, the hardest job in the world.”—Robert Gates, former United States Secretary of Defense

“This is a wonderful ‘inside’ look at the difficult act of being the president of the United States. It is told with grace and insight by a man who not only knows his subject—he understands it. This is a great gift to our sense of the actual presidency, a primer on leadership, and, of course, of necessity, a reflection on failure.”—Ken Burns, award-winning filmmaker

“From one of our closest students of the presidency, John Dickerson’s thoughtful, learned, original, shrewd, comprehensive, up-to-the-minute book, full of wisdom and personal observations, could not be more needed than at this moment in American history.” —Michael Beschloss, bestselling author of Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How They Changed America 1789–1989

“Evenhanded and insightful . . . Drawing on illuminating interviews with former White House officials and presidential historians, Dickerson packs the book with intriguing arcana and colorful quotes. . . . This entertaining history rises above the political fray to cast even the most maligned chief executives in a new light.”—Publishers Weekly

About the author: John Dickerson is 60 Minutes correspondent. Prior to that, he was a co-host of CBS This Morning, the anchor of Face the Nation, and CBS News’s chief Washington correspondent. Dickerson is also a contributing writer to The Atlantic, co-host of Slate‘s Political Gabfest podcast, and host of the Whistlestop podcast. Dickerson won the Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency as Slate‘s chief political correspondent. Dickerson covered the White House for Time during his twelve years at the magazine. The 2020 presidential campaign is the seventh he has covered.

Narrated By: John Dickerson ISBN: 9781984883933 Published: Random House Audio June 16, 2020 Length: 944 Minutes

©2020 John Dickerson (P)2020 Random House Audio

In a survey conducted between 2022 and 2023, stark divisions between Democrats and Republicans emerged on a number political issues. One of the most pronounced disparities was in regards to government responsibility for ensuring universal healthcare access, with less than one-third of Republicans in favor compared to 85 percent of Democrats. Furthermore, environmental protection emerged as another polarizing topic, with just 26 percent of Republicans prioritizing it over energy development, in contrast to the 81 percent of Democrats who regarded it as a top priority.

The Politbarometer has been conducted since 1977 on an almost monthly basis by the Research Group for Elections (Forschungsgruppe Wahlen) for the Second German Television (ZDF). Since 1990, this database has also been available for the new German states. The survey focuses on the opinions and attitudes of the voting population in the Federal Republic on current political topics, parties, politicians, and voting behavior. From 1990 to 1995 and from 1999 onward, the Politbarometer surveys were conducted separately in the eastern and western federal states (Politbarometer East and Politbarometer West). The separate monthly surveys of a year are integrated into a cumulative data set that includes all surveys of a year and all variables of the respective year. The Politbarometer short surveys, collected with varying frequency throughout the year, are integrated into the annual cumulation starting from 2003.

This resource is a member of a series. The TIGER/Line shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line shapefile is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. The American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian (AIANNH) Areas Shapefile includes the following legal entities: federally recognized American Indian reservations and off-reservation trust land areas, state-recognized American Indian reservations, and Hawaiian home lands (HHLs). The statistical entities included are Alaska Native village statistical areas (ANVSAs), Oklahoma tribal statistical areas (OTSAs), tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs), and state designated tribal statistical areas (SDTSAs). Joint use areas are also included in this shapefile refer to areas that are administered jointly and/or claimed by two or more American Indian tribes. The Census Bureau designates both legal and statistical joint use areas as unique geographic entities for the purpose of presenting statistical data. Note that tribal subdivisions and Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANRCs) are additional types of American Indian/Alaska Native areas stored by the Census Bureau, but are displayed in separate shapefiles because of how they fall within the Census Bureau's geographic hierarchy. The State of Hawaii's Office of Hawaiian Home Lands provides the legal boundaries for the HHLs. The boundaries for ANVSAs, OTSAs, and TDSAs were delineated for the 2020 Census through the Participant Statistical Areas Program (PSAP) by participants from the federally recognized tribal governments. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) within the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) provides the list of federally recognized tribes and only provides legal boundary information when the tribes need supporting records, if a boundary is based on treaty or another document that is historical or open to legal interpretation, or when another tribal, state, or local government challenges the depiction of a reservation or off-reservation trust land. The boundaries for federally recognized American Indian reservations and off-reservation trust lands are as of January 1, 2023, as reported by the federally recognized tribal governments through the Census Bureau's Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS). The boundaries for state-recognized American Indian reservations and for SDTSAs were delineated by a state governor-appointed liaisons for the 2020 Census through the State American Indian Reservation Program and PSAP respectively.

Judgement on American and Soviet foreign policy. Attitude to selected countries and NATO.

Topics: Most important problems of the country; attitude to France, Germany, Great Britain, the USSR and the USA as well as perceived changes in the last few years; assumed reputation of one´s own country abroad; trust in the USA and the USSR to solve world problems; judgement on the agreement of words and deeds in foreign policy as well as the seriousness of the peace efforts of the two great powers; the USSR or the USA as current and as future world power in the military and scientific area as well as in space research; benefit of space travel; attitude to a strengthening of space flight efforts; knowledge about the landing on the moon; necessity of NATO; trust in NATO; judgement on the contribution of one´s own country to NATO; preference for acceptance of political functions by NATO; attitude to a reduction in US soldiers stationed in Western Europe; expected reductions of American obligations in Europe; probability of European unification; desired activities of government in the direction of European unification; preference for a European nuclear force; judgement on the disarmament negotiations between the USA and the USSR; expected benefit of such negotiations for one´s own country and expected consideration of European interests; increased danger of war from the new missile defense systems; prospects of the so-called Budapest recommendation; attitude to the American Vietnam policy; negotiating party that can be held responsible for the failure of the Paris talks; sympathy for Arabs or Israelis in the Middle East Conflict; preference for withdrawal of the Israelis from the occupied territories; attitude to an increase in the total population in one´s country and in the whole world; attitude to birth control in one´s country; attitude to economic aid for lesser developed countries; judgement on the influence and advantageousness of American investments as well as American way of life for one´s own country; autostereotype and description of the American character by means of the same list of characteristics (stereotype); general attitude to American culture; perceived increase in American prosperity; trust in the ability of American politics to solve their own economic and social problems; judgement on the treatment of blacks in the USA and determined changes; proportion of poor in the USA; comparison of proportion of violence or crime in the USA with one´s own country; general judgement on the youth in one´s country in comparison to the USA; assessment of the persuasiveness of the American or Soviet view; religiousness; city size.

Also encoded was: length of interview; number of contact attempts; presence of other persons during the interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate; understanding difficulties of respondent.

Attitude to questions of international policy and the competition of the great powers.

Topics: The split questionnaire consists of a common part (A/B) and a part (A and B) differing according to survey group.

On part A/B: attitude to selected European countries and the USA as well as the USSR; preferred orientation of one´s country towards the USA or the USSR; seriousness of the disarmament efforts of the great powers; agreement of interests between one´s country and the USA or the USSR; USA or USSR as leading current and future economic power as well as in space research; interest in international political questions; party preference.

Form A: judgement on Soviet and American foreign policy; assessment of the outcome of the conference between Kennedy and Khruschev; expected superiority of the Soviet Union or America in peaceful competition of the next few years; comparison of the capability of the USA and the Soviet Union in the areas science, space research, welfare, education, culture, medicine, astronomy, atomic energy and mathematics; general comparison of science regarding its freedoms, capability and extent in the two great powers; judgement on the success of manned space travel in the Soviet Union and the USA; attitude to disarmament and the prohibition of nuclear weapons; attitude to a resumption of American nuclear weapons tests in case of failure of the Geneva conference or in case of underground tests in the Soviet Union; trust in NATO and the allies; knowledge about the disarmament proposals of the USA and the Soviet Union; attitude to foreign aid; judgement on the extent of foreign aid from Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and America; judgement on the extent of American military aid; attitude to use of force by the Western Powers in case of increased pressure by the Soviet Union on West Berlin; attitude to the conduct of the Americans in Laos; judgement on the situation of blacks in the USA and perceived development on equal rights with whites.

Form B: Stereotype of the USA and the USSR; danger of war; seriousness of American and Soviet foreign policy; judgement on the conference between de Gaulle and Kennedy; assessment of the current and future western or eastern superiority in the military area, regarding the standard of living, scientific development as well as industrial and agricultural production; comparison of the success of the two great powers in the area of space travel; achievement and significance of science in the USSR in comparison to that in the USA in the areas meteorology, deep sea research, psychology and electronic research; most successful nation in manned space flight; attitude to a disarmament treaty and assignment of blame in the case of failure; preference for an immediate prohibition of production of nuclear weapons even without enforcement measures; judgement on the Peace Corps Program and the striving for independence by third world countries; trust in the allies in case of a national conflict; trust in the leadership ability of the USA to solve world problems; Cuba Crisis; personal opinion leadership in political questions.

Judgement on questions of foreign policy and security policy. Topics: judgement on the current economic situation as well as the change of the situation since reunification for the part of the country in which the respondent lives (East or West); expected economic situation for one´s part of the country; satisfaction with democracy in the Federal Republic; party preference (Sunday question); certainty of one´s voting decision; most important political controversies for the voting decision; judgement on one´s own current economic situation and change since reunification; expected development of one´s own economic situation; attitude to selected statements on world security, stationing nuclear weapons, American culture influence on German culture, armament, national consciousness and NATO (scale); sympathy scale for the French, Persians, Turks, English, Chinese, Americans, Israelis, Poles, Swiss, Russians and Japanese; importance of good relations of the Federal Republic with selected European neighbors and some non-European countries; sympathy scale for leading politicians such as Yeltsin, Hussein, Kohl, Walesa, Major, Havel, Genscher, Mitterand, Gorbachev and Bush; countries presenting the greatest threat to Germany and assessment of the size of this threat; difference in interests in foreign policy of the USA and the Federal Republic; trust in the USA in coping with problems in world politics; attitude to security policy, armament, NATO, jeopardy to peace, weapons purchase, coping with conflict and soldiers as potential murderers (scale); attitude to the Federal German Armed Forces in the current form as mixture of persons liable for military service or as a professional army; preferred number of soldiers in the Federal German Armed Forces; assessment of the probability of war in Germany in the next ten years; attitude to current defense expenditures in the Federal Republic; most reliable partner of Germany in case of a military conflict; preference for leadership powers or equal rights of all nations to protect world peace; most impressive events in world politics of late; assessment of the threat potential from immigration, military conflicts in the East, business competition, drug trade, terrorism, third world conflicts, spread of nuclear weapons, religious fanaticism, communism, environmental catastrophes, armament, world economic crisis or Russian troops in Germany; country one feels is capable of a nuclear first strike; sympathy scale for the CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, the Greens, the Republican and the PDS; self-classification on a left-right continuum; attitude to questions of military policy and security policy such as necessity of a country´s own military forces for sovereignty of the country, including British and French nuclear weapons in disarmament, necessity of the NATO and modern fighter planes such as ´Jaeger 90´, non-involvement in other countries, conflict-free solution of disputes between countries, protection of German culture from foreign influences and justification of the war against Iraq (scale); judgement on the care of the government for the citizens; preferred areas for reductions in the Federal Budget; attitude to financial sacrifices by Germans to improve living conditions in Eastern Europe; attitude to European unification, world-wide deployment of the Federal German Armed Forces and renunciation of claims to territory regarding Eastern European countries; attitude to reduction in nuclear weapons; comparison of civil rights and liberties in the Federal Republic with other countries; stress from maneuvers and low-flying aircraft; necessity of defense preparedness of the Federal German Armed Forces; damage to German standing from arms exports; NATO as provider of peace; judgement on the recognition of the independence of Croatia and Slovenia by the Federal Government; election participation as citizen duty; inevitability of wars; citizen orientation of the politicians; most important future tasks of NATO; NATO relationship with the former East Bloc; general sense of security; comprehensibility of the world; postmaterialism (Inglehart index); dogmatism and rigidity (scale) by means of pairs of terms; attitude to reduction of military disarmament and current withdrawal of American troops from the Federal Republic; judgement on the troop strength of the Federal German Armed Forces after the planned troop reduction; expected increase in security in the world; attitude to military aid for other countries; judgement on American influence on the Federal Republic; judgement on the ability of German foreign policy to achieve; attitude to deployment of NATO outside of the NATO area; attitude to a strong Federal German Armed Forces without specific military danger from outside; perceived personal influence on foreign and defense policy; personal readiness for risk; attitude to intervention by Germany in affairs of world politics; war as necessary means to protect national...

This layer presents the best-known point and perimeter locations of wildfire occurrences within the United States over the past 7 days. Points mark a location within the wildfire area and provide current information about that wildfire. Perimeters are the line surrounding land that has been impacted by a wildfire.Consumption Best Practices:As a service that is subject to Viral loads (very high usage), avoid adding Filters that use a Date/Time type field. These queries are not cacheable and WILL be subject to Rate Limiting by ArcGIS Online. To accommodate filtering events by Date/Time, we encourage using the included "Age" fields that maintain the number of Days or Hours since a record was created or last modified compared to the last service update. These queries fully support the ability to cache a response, allowing common query results to be supplied to many users without adding load on the service.When ingesting this service in your applications, avoid using POST requests, these requests are not cacheable and will also be subject to Rate Limiting measures.Source:  Wildfire points are sourced from Integrated Reporting of Wildland-Fire Information (IRWIN) and perimeters from National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC). Current Incidents: This layer provides a near real-time view of the data being shared through the Integrated Reporting of Wildland-Fire Information (IRWIN) service. IRWIN provides data exchange capabilities between participating wildfire systems, including federal, state and local agencies. Data is synchronized across participating organizations to make sure the most current information is available. The display of the points are based on the NWCG Fire Size Classification applied to the daily acres attribute.Current Perimeters: This layer displays fire perimeters posted to the National Incident Feature Service. It is updated from operational data and may not reflect current conditions on the ground. For a better understanding of the workflows involved in mapping and sharing fire perimeter data, see the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Standards for Geospatial Operations.Update Frequency:  Every 15 minutes using the Aggregated Live Feed Methodology based on the following filters:Events modified in the last 7 daysEvents that are not given a Fire Out DateIncident Type Kind: FiresIncident Type Category: Prescribed Fire, Wildfire, and Incident ComplexArea Covered: United StatesWhat can I do with this layer? The data includes basic wildfire information, such as location, size, environmental conditions, and resource summaries. Features can be filtered by incident name, size, or date keeping in mind that not all perimeters are fully attributed.Attribute InformationThis is a list of attributes that benefit from additional explanation. Not all attributes are listed.Incident Type Category: This is a breakdown of events into more specific categories.Wildfire (WF) -A wildland fire originating from an unplanned ignition, such as lightning, volcanos, unauthorized and accidental human caused fires, and prescribed fires that are declared wildfires.Prescribed Fire (RX) - A wildland fire originating from a planned ignition in accordance with applicable laws, policies, and regulations to meet specific objectives.Incident Complex (CX) - An incident complex is two or more individual incidents in the same general proximity that are managed together under one Incident Management Team. This allows resources to be used across the complex rather than on individual incidents uniting operational activities.IrwinID: Unique identifier assigned to each incident record in both point and perimeter layers.Acres: these typically refer to the number of acres within the current perimeter of a specific, individual incident, including unburned and unburnable islands.Discovery: An estimate of acres burning upon the discovery of the fire.Calculated or GIS:  A measure of acres calculated (i.e., infrared) from a geospatial perimeter of a fire.Daily: A measure of acres reported for a fire.Final: The measure of acres within the final perimeter of a fire. More specifically, the number of acres within the final fire perimeter of a specific, individual incident, including unburned and unburnable islands.Dates: the various systems contribute date information differently so not all fields will be populated for every fire.FireDiscovery: The date and time a fire was reported as discovered or confirmed to exist. May also be the start date for reporting purposes. Containment: The date and time a wildfire was declared contained. Control: The date and time a wildfire was declared under control.ICS209Report: The date and time of the latest approved ICS-209 report.Current: The date and time a perimeter is last known to be updated.FireOut: The date and time when a fire is declared out.ModifiedOnAge: (Integer) Computed days since event last modified.DiscoveryAge: (Integer) Computed days since event's fire discovery date.CurrentDateAge: (Integer) Computed days since perimeter last modified.CreateDateAge: (Integer) Computed days since perimeter entry created.GACC: A code that identifies one of the wildland fire geographic area coordination centers. A geographic area coordination center is a facility that is used for the coordination of agency or jurisdictional resources in support of one or more incidents within a geographic coordination area.Fire Mgmt Complexity: The highest management level utilized to manage a wildland fire event.Incident Management Organization: The incident management organization for the incident, which may be a Type 1, 2, or 3 Incident Management Team (IMT), a Unified Command, a Unified Command with an IMT, National Incident Management Organization (NIMO), etc. This field is null if no team is assigned.Unique Fire Identifier: Unique identifier assigned to each wildland fire. yyyy = calendar year, SSUUUU = Point Of Origin (POO) protecting unit identifier (5 or 6 characters), xxxxxx = local incident identifier (6 to 10 characters)RevisionsJan 4, 2021: Added Integer fields 'Days Since...' to Current_Incidents point layer and Current_Perimeters polygon layer. These fields are computed when the data is updated, reflecting the current number of days since each record was last updated. This will aid in making 'age' related, cache friendly queries.Mar 12, 2021: Added second set of 'Age' fields for Event and Perimeter record creation, reflecting age in Days since service data update.Apr 21, 2021: Current_Perimeters polygon layer is now being populated by NIFC's newest data source. A new field was added, 'IncidentTypeCategory' to better distinguish Incident types for Perimeters and now includes type 'CX' or Complex Fires. Five fields were not transferrable, and as a result 'Comments', 'Label', 'ComplexName', 'ComplexID', and 'IMTName' fields will be Null moving forward.Apr 26, 2021: Updated Incident Layer Symbology to better clarify events, reduce download size and overhead of symbols. Updated Perimeter Layer Symbology to better distingish between Wildfires and Prescribed Fires.May 5, 2021: Slight modification to Arcade logic for Symbology, refining Age comparison to Zero for fires in past 24-hours.Aug 16, 2021: Enabled Time Series capability on Layers (off by default) using 'Fire Discovery Date' for Incidents and 'Creation Date' for Perimeters.This layer is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency.If you would like to be alerted to potential issues or simply see when this Service will update next, please visit our Live Feed Status Page!

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