In 2022, around **** percent of Malaysians had monthly household income between two thousand to five thousand Malaysian ringgit. By comparison, around **** percent of people in Malaysian had more than ****** Malaysian ringgit of monthly household income. The current

Adjusted net national income per capita (current US$) in Malaysia was reported at 7705 USD in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Adjusted net national income per capita - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

In 2022, ethnic Chinese households had the highest mean monthly household income in Malaysia, at around ****** Malaysian ringgit. This was more than ***** ringgit higher than Bumiputera households. Despite the implementation of affirmative action through Article 153 of the Malaysian constitution, the economic position of the Bumiputera vis-à-vis other ethnicities still left much room for improvement. Historical policies, ethnicity, and the urban-rural divide The Bumiputera make up the majority of the Malaysian population, yet have one of the lowest average monthly household incomes in Malaysia. This economic disparity could be explained by the effects of colonial policies that kept the Bumiputera largely in the countryside. This resulted in an urban-rural divide that was characterized by ethnicity, with the immigrant Chinese and Indian laborers concentrated in the urban centers, a demographic pattern that is still evident today. There was a considerable difference in urban and rural household incomes in Malaysia, with urban household income being around ***** ringgit more than rural households. This was largely due to the fact that wages in urban areas had to keep up with the higher cost of living there. This thus impacted the average monthly incomes of the largely rural-based Bumiputera and the largely urban-based ethnic Chinese. This visible wealth inequality has led to racial tensions in Malaysia, and it is still one of the problem in the country amidst a new government led by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, who was elected in 2022.

Adjusted net national income (current US$) in Malaysia was reported at 264144293995 USD in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Adjusted net national income - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Primary income payments (BoP, current US$) in Malaysia was reported at 34295994786 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Income payments (BoP, current US$) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU) in Malaysia was reported at 155609000000 LCU in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

In 2023, Malaysian employees between the ages of 40 and 44 years old earned the highest average monthly salary, at ***** Malaysian ringgit. With a retirement age of just 60 years old, Malaysian workers could look forward to earning more monthly average wage starting from around 40 years old. Economic outlook Malaysia is one of the biggest and strongest economies of South-East Asia, with a relatively low unemployment rate. The average monthly salary steadily increased from ***** Malaysian ringgit in 2014 to ***** Malaysian ringgit in 2023. Employees with a university degree could expect to earn almost twice as much. Can wages keep up with the cost of living? However, when seen in the context of rising living costs, wages in Malaysia have not been able to keep up. Despite having a relatively low inflation rate, prices have still gone up. Malaysians spent more than ** percent of their income on housing and food. In May 2022, the Malaysian government increased the minimum wage to 1,500 Malaysian ringgit monthly, or 7.21 Malaysian ringgit hourly, in the hopes of easing the financial burdens of its citizens.

Primary income receipts (BoP, current US$) in Malaysia was reported at 20749309262 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Income receipts (BoP, current US$) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current LCU) in Malaysia was reported at --61488569000 LCU in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Net income from abroad (current LCU) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Yearly GDP, HIPC and HEPC per capita (All in current MYR).

As of July 2024, **** percent of the Malaysian population were classified as Bumiputera, **** percent were classified as ethnic Chinese, and *** percent as ethnic Indians. Those who do not fall under these three main ethnic groups are classified as ‘Other’. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society with three main ethnicities and language groups. Who are Malaysia’s Bumiputera? Bumiputera, meaning sons of the soil, is a term used to categorize the Malays, as well as the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as orang asli, and the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak. As of July 2023, the Bumiputera share of the population in Sabah was ** percent, while that in Sarawak was **** percent. Thus, the incorporation of the states of Sabah and Sarawak during the formation of Malaysia ensured that the ethnic Malays were able to maintain a majority share of the Malaysian population. Bumiputera privileges and ethnic-based politics The rights and privileges of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak are enshrined in Article 153 of Malaysia’s constitution. This translated, in practice, to a policy of affirmative action to improve the economic situation of this particular group, through the New Economic Policy introduced in 1971. 50 years on, it is questionable whether the policy has achieved its aim. Bumiputeras still lag behind the other ethnic two major groups in terms of monthly household income. However, re-thinking this policy will certainly be met by opposition from those who have benefitted from it.

The relationships between cigarette affordability, consumer income levels and distribution, and tax increases are complex and underexplored. This study investigates different ways of calculating the Relative Income Price (RIP) measure of affordability using Malaysia as a case study. We calculate cigarette affordability in Malaysia between 2009–2019 using government data, and multiple RIP variants. The conventional RIP calculation relies on 2,000 sticks and GDP (henceforth standard RIP). We explore that and other variants that use annual cigarette consumption estimates and/or proportions of various financial measures of wealth in both rural and urban areas. Our findings indicate broadly consistent trends in cigarette affordability across all methods. From 2009 to 2012, there was a slight decrease in the percentage of wealth required to purchase cigarettes, followed by an increase in 2015 and 2016, and then another decline, suggesting a recent trend toward increased affordability. Using the standard RIP method, 0.9 percentage points(pp) more of per capita GDP was required between 2009 and 2016, but, by 2019 it was 0.1pp less than in 2016. However, Household Income Per Capita (HIPC) and Household Expenditure Per Capita (HEPC) provide a more nuanced perspective on cigarette affordability compared to GDP per capita, as they reveal larger shifts in affordability. The conventional 2,000 sticks method using HIPC from 2009 to 2016 indicated 0.3pp more of income was required to purchase cigarettes, but by 2019, it was 1.0pp less than in 2016. Using HIPC with actual consumption estimates, smokers required approximately 0.9pp more of average income to purchase cigarettes between 2014 and 2016, but 2.5pp less from 2016 to 2019. Actual consumption estimates offer insight into smokers’ ability to offset higher purchase costs by adjusting consumption patterns without quitting. We conclude that to address issues related to cigarette affordability, the Malaysian government should consider increasing tobacco tax vis-à-vis income growth.

Net primary income (BoP, current US$) in Malaysia was reported at --13546685524 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Net income (BoP, current US$) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Malaysia was 12,540 U.S. dollars in 2024. Between 1980 and 2024, the GDP per capita rose by 10,610 U.S. dollars, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend. The GDP per capita will steadily rise by 4,280 U.S. dollars over the period from 2024 to 2030, reflecting a clear upward trend.This indicator describes the gross domestic product per capita at current prices. Thereby, the gross domestic product was first converted from national currency to U.S. dollars at current exchange rates and then divided by the total population. The gross domestic product is a measure of a country's productivity. It refers to the total value of goods and service produced during a given time period (here a year).

Key information about Malaysia Household Debt: % of GDP

• Malaysia household debt accounted for 84.2 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Dec 2023, compared with the ratio of 80.9 % in the previous year.
• Malaysia household debt to GDP ratio is updated yearly, available from Dec 2002 to Dec 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 93.1 % in Dec 2020 and a record low of 60.4 % in Dec 2008.

CEIC calculates annual Household Debt as % of Nominal GDP from annual Household Debt and annual Nominal GDP. Bank Negara Malaysia provides Household Debt in local currency. The Department of Statistics provides Nominal GDP in local currency based on SNA 2008 with benchmark year 2015. Nominal GDP prior to 2015 is based on SNA 2008 with benchmark year 2010, prior to 2010 is based on SNA 1993 with benchmark year 2005 and prior to 2005 with benchmark year 2000.


Related information about Malaysia Household Debt: % of GDP

• In the latest reports, Malaysia Household Debt reached 334.3 USD bn in Dec 2023.
• Money Supply M2 in Malaysia increased 4.2 % YoY in Sep 2024.
• Malaysia Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 107.1 USD bn in Oct 2024.
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 6.3 Months of Import in May 2023.
• Malaysia Domestic Credit reached 670.8 USD bn in Sep 2024, representing an increased of 5.4 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.6 % in Aug 2024, compared with the ratio of 1.6 % in the previous month.

Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) in Malaysia was reported at 322537949513 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Exports of goods, services and income (BoP, current US$) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Percentage of reported problems among younger and older groups in EQ-5D.

Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current US$) in Malaysia was reported at --13435933535 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malaysia - Net income from abroad - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

In 2024, the real gross domestic product (GDP) in Vietnam grew by approximately **** percent, marking the highest growth rate in Southeast Asia. In comparison, Myanmar's real GDP growth rate dropped by **** percent. Southeast Asia, a tapestry of economic and cultural complexity Historically a critical component of global trade, Southeast Asia is a diverse region with heterogeneous economies. The region comprises ** countries in total. While Singapore is a highly developed country economy and Brunei has a relatively high GDP per capita, the rest of the Southeast Asian countries are characterized by lower GDPs per capita and have yet to overcome the middle-income trap. Malaysia is one of these countries, having reached the middle-income level for many decades but yet to grow incomes proportionally to its economic development. Nevertheless, Southeast Asia’s young population will further drive economic growth across the region’s markets. ASEAN’s economic significance Aiming to promote economic growth, social progress, cultural development, and regional stability, all Southeast Asian countries except for Timor-Leste are part of the political and economic union Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Even though many concerns surround the union, ASEAN has avoided trade conflicts and is one of the largest and most dynamic trade zones globally. Factors such as the growing young population, high GDP growth, a largely positive trade balance, and exemplary regional integration hold great potential for future economic development in Southeast Asia.

Abstract (en): The First Malaysian Family Life Survey, 1976-1977 (MFLS-1), was conducted in Peninsular Malaysia as a retrospective life history survey of 1,262 households containing an ever-married woman aged 50 or younger. Full life histories were collected through personal interviews with these women and their husbands regarding fertility-related events, marriage, employment, migration, income and wealth, attitudes and expectations with respect to family size and composition, community characteristics, time allocation, and transfers of goods, help, and money between the respondents and others. The survey collected data in three separate rounds held at four-month intervals. The majority of the survey was administered in Round 1, while the second and third rounds collected data on new questions not asked in Round 1 and also updated some of the Round 1 data, most notably the work and pregnancy histories. In October 1981, the individual-level dataset (Part 142) was created, consisting of one fixed-length record per individual per household. Variables included at both the individual and household levels provide information on demographics, time allocation, and income and wealth. Due to processing constraints, most of the retrospective data have been omitted from the individual-level dataset. Ever-married women aged 50 or younger and their current spouses living in Peninsular Malaysia. The sample consisted of 1,262 households in 52 areas in Peninsular Malaysia containing an ever-married woman (one who had been married at least once) aged 50 or younger. Forty-nine of the areas were selected by area probability methods and three were purposively selected to give additional representation to Indian families and to families living in fishing communities. 1998-12-23 The data have been reformatted by ICPSR and the parts have been reordered. Also, value labels were added to the SAS and SPSS data definition statements, and the documentation has been converted to PDF. Funding insitution(s): United States Agency for International Development (PHA-1057). (1) This data collection was created by the principal investigators to replace their hierarchical version, which is not distributed by ICPSR. This multifile version also contains four files not included in the hierarchical version: Parts 93 and 94, Female and Male Recall Test Data, and Parts 92 and 141, Infant Feeding/Amenorrhea Update Data. In addition, Part 136, Round 3: MF10MIG1--Male Migration Card 1, Part 137, Round 3: Repunched MF10 Data, and Part 138, Round 3: MF10REV--Revised MF10 Data, contain updated data not in the hierarchical version. (2) This data collection can be combined with SECOND MALAYSIAN FAMILY LIFE SURVEY: 1988 INTERVIEWS (ICPSR 9805) to provide a retrospective history of the respondents from the 1940s to 1988. (3) At the request of the principal investigators, it should be noted that variables V1416R3, V1417R3, V1418R3, and V1419R3 in Part 142, Individual-Level Data, are not reliable and should be ignored.