Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

This Dataset contains election year and lok sabha term-wise election expenditure amount, female electors, male electors, polling days, polling stations, total candidates, total electors, total Polled Votes, total Seats, total voters

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

This poll, fielded April 22-25, 2010 is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Barack Obama and his handling of the presidency, the federal budget deficit, health care, the situation in Afghanistan, regulation in the financial industry, nuclear weapons policy, the economy, and whether the Obama Administration or the Republicans in Congress could be trusted to do a better job handling these issues. Respondents were also asked their opinions on whether the Bush Administration or the Obama Administration were to blame for the current economic situation and federal budget deficit. Respondents were asked whether they supported or opposed stricter federal regulations on the way banks, other financial institutions, and Wall Street firms conducted their businesses, having the federal government regulate derivatives, and increasing federal oversight of the way banks and other financial companies make consumer loans. Opinions were collected on whether factors such as gender, sexuality, religious beliefs, race and professional experience would be in favor or against a Supreme Court nominee, whether respondents supported the Tea Party political movement, and whether the Tea Party, Democratic Party, or the Republican Party best represented their personal values, the needs of people like them, and best understood the economic problems of people in the country. Respondents were also asked whether they believed the support for the Tea Party movement was based on concern, dissatisfaction with the Republican Party, opposition to Obama and the Democratic Party's policies, based on distrust of government, or racial prejudice against Obama. Other topics covered included the national economy, the war in Afghanistan, the Supreme Court case Roe versus Wade, voter behavior for the United States House of Representatives election, and opinions of President Obama's birth place. Several questions addressed federal spending, the respondent's personal economic situation, and opinions on the war in Afghanistan. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, political philosophy, party affiliation, education level, religious preference, household income, and whether respondents considered themselves to be a born-again Christian.

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

This poll, fielded July 20-23, 2000, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they intended to vote in the November 7, 2000, presidential election and for whom they would vote if the election were held that day, given a choice between Vice President Al Gore (Democratic Party), Texas governor George W. Bush (Republican Party), conservative commentator Pat Buchanan (Reform Party), and consumer advocate Ralph Nader (Green Party). Respondents were asked to assess the importance of the following issues in their electoral decision-making and to specify which candidate they most trusted to do a better job addressing them: holding taxes down, protecting the Social Security system, improving education, improving the health care system, handling the economy, handling gun control, handling foreign affairs, encouraging high moral standards and values, handling the death penalty issue, protecting people's privacy on the Internet, handling the federal budget surplus, managing the federal budget, handling crime, protecting the environment, addressing women's issues, and appointing justices to the Supreme Court. Views were sought on whether presidential debates should be held, which candidates should be invited to participate, and whether respondents were satisfied with the presidential candidates. In addition, respondents were asked which candidate understood the problems of the American people, was a strong leader, would bring needed change to Washington, had the knowledge of world affairs it takes to serve effectively as president, could keep the economy strong, would say or do anything to get elected, had new ideas, said what he really thought, was honest and trustworthy, had an appealing personality, and had the right kind of experience to be president. Those queried were asked whether a difference existed between Gore and Bush on the issues about which the respondent cared and their personal qualities. Opinions were elicited on whether the top priority for the federal budget surplus should be cutting federal taxes, reducing the national debt, strengthening Social Security, or increasing spending on domestic programs. Additional questions covered abortion and the impact of Bush's naming a running mate who supported legalized abortion, Bush's handling of the death penalty while governor of Texas, voter intentions regarding the 2000 Congressional elections, whether a smaller government with fewer services is preferred to a larger government with many services, whether the country should continue to move in the direction that Clinton established, and whether it mattered who was elected president. Background information on respondents includes age, gender, political party, political orientation, voter registration and participation history, education, religion, labor union membership, Hispanic origin, household income, and neighborhood characteristics.

Restrictive voting laws are an increasingly salient and contested feature of American politics. Yet estimating their unbiased and direct impact on voter turnout is challenging, given the strategic and often simultaneous actions of political actors who can both impose and mitigate the costs of these laws. Using individual-level data from Davidson County, Tennessee, we leverage variation induced by an early-morning tornado on Super Tuesday 2020 to estimate the direct causal effect of polling-site closures and consolidations on voter turnout. We find that moving to a new polling station decreases in-person turnout by 5.65 percentage points, on average, and that the variable cost of moving --- proxied by change in travel distance --- drives almost all of this decrease. Additionally, voting at a consolidated site only decreases turnout when the number of individuals assigned to a given station increases by more than 100\%. This finding suggests prolonged wait times and overcrowding may also dampen in-person turnout

Does government spending on public goods affect the vote choice of citizens? On the one hand, voters have been characterized as ``fiscal conservatives'' who may turn toward conservative parties when government spending goes up. On the other hand, increased spending may signal that the economy is doing well, which makes progressive parties a more viable option. To adjudicate between both hypotheses, this paper draws on a natural experiment, which created exogenous variation in government spending. A discontinuity in the 2011 German census meant that some municipalities saw an unforeseen increase in budgets. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that the increase in budgets and subsequent spending on public goods benefited left-leaning parties, but had no effect on incumbent support. To parse out the causal channel, we rely on panel evidence and demonstrate that treated residents viewed their economic situation more favorably, which led them to espouse progressive parties.

Article abstract: How do politicians allocate public resources? Despite the extensive literature on distributive politics, we have limited micro-level evidence for why and under what circumstances politicians choose various allocation strategies. India's discretionary constituency development scheme (MPLADS) provides an excellent opportunity to study the spending choices of individual politicians. Drawing on an original dataset linking voting patterns across 227,507 villages in the 2009 general elections to MPLADS allocations 2009-2014, we find that politicians generally channel more projects and resources to villages that vote for them in higher numbers. We then leverage a natural experiment created by the delimitation (redistricting) of electoral boundaries in 2008 to provide causal evidence that spending choices are driven by short-term electoral incentives. Finally, we show that allocation patterns differ by the type of party that has brought a politician to power. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on heterogeneity in politicians' distributional choices.

The online polling software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient and cost-effective data collection across diverse sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors. Businesses are leveraging online polling tools for market research, customer feedback gathering, and employee surveys, enhancing decision-making processes. Educational institutions utilize these platforms for interactive learning, assessment, and gauging student understanding. Furthermore, the rise of virtual meetings and remote work has significantly increased the demand for seamless, real-time polling solutions integrated into online collaboration platforms. The adoption of various polling methodologies, including browser, app, and scan-based polling, caters to diverse user preferences and technological capabilities, further boosting market penetration. While the market is fragmented, with numerous players offering specialized solutions, the continuous innovation in features like advanced analytics, data visualization, and personalized reporting contributes to the market's dynamic nature. Despite the positive trends, the market faces certain restraints. Concerns regarding data privacy and security are paramount, requiring robust security measures and transparent data handling practices. The cost of implementation and training can pose a barrier for small businesses or organizations with limited budgets. However, the availability of various pricing models and free versions caters to a wider range of users. Competition is fierce, with established players and emerging startups continually vying for market share. The future growth will likely depend on the ability of vendors to deliver innovative features, improve user experience, and build trust through enhanced data security protocols. We project a substantial increase in market size over the forecast period, driven by technological advancements and expanding adoption across multiple sectors. The market is expected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), reflecting continuous innovation and the growing demand for efficient data collection and analysis solutions.

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

This poll, conducted October 6-9, 2000, is part of a continuing series of surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. The study was conducted to assess respondents' interest in and opinions about the 2000 presidential election. Respondents were asked whether they intended to vote in the upcoming presidential election on November 7, 2000, and for whom they would vote if the election were held on the day of the survey, given a choice between Vice President Al Gore and Connecticut senator Joe Lieberman (Democratic Party) and Texas governor George W. Bush and former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney (Republican Party). Respondents gave their opinions of both presidential and vice presidential candidates. They defined what they considered as the most important problem facing the country and rated various characteristics of the presidential candidates, including their trustworthiness, leadership ability, diligence, and preparedness. Views were elicited on the presidential and vice presidential debates, on George W. Bush and Al Gore's ability to debate, whether the debates had influenced respondents' choice for president, and if there was a possibility of their watching the second presidential debate. The survey also polled respondents on some major topics of the presidential campaign, such as a future budget surplus solution and the Social Security and Medicare programs. Respondents discussed the likelihood of George W. Bush or Al Gore, if elected, reducing taxes, improving education, reducing the cost of prescription drugs for the elderly, and making the tax system more fair. On other matters, respondents gave their opinions regarding abortion and whether they were in favor of the FDA's decision to allow the use of RU-486, the abortion pill. Background information on respondents includes the most recent year they voted in any kind of election, the year they last registered to vote, voter participation history, marital status, access to a computer and the Internet, the importance placed on religion and which religion, and the number of children in the household. Additional background information was elicited on education level, age, race, number of years at the current address, income level, and whether there were multiple phone lines in the house.

In French parliamentary and local elections, candidates ranked first and second in the first round automatically qualify for the second round, while a third candidate qualifies only when selected by more than 12.5 percent of registered citizens. Using a fuzzy RDD around this threshold, we find that the third candidate’s presence substantially increases the share of registered citizens who vote for any candidate and reduces the vote share of the top two candidates. It disproportionately harms the candidate ideologically closest to the third and causes her defeat in one fifth of the races. Additional evidence suggests that these results are driven by voters who value voting expressively over voting strategically for the top-two candidate they dislike the least to ensure her victory; and by third candidates who, absent party-level agreements leading to their dropping out, value the benefits associated with competing in the second round more than influencing its outcome.

We study a unique quasi-experiment in Austria, where compulsory voting laws are changed across Austria’s nine states at different times. Analyzing state and national elections from 1949-2010, we show that compulsory voting laws with weakly enforced fines increase turnout by roughly 10 percentage points. However, we find no evidence that this change in turnout affected government spending patterns (in levels or composition) or electoral outcomes. Individual-level data on turnout and political preferences suggest these results occur because the impacts of compulsory voting on turnout are larger among those who are non-partisan, who have low interest in politics, and who are uninformed.

Consumer Confidence in the United States increased to 60.70 points in June from 52.20 points in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Consumer Sentiment - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This is replication data and associated R code for the article "Reducing the Cost of Voting: An Evaluation of Internet Voting's Effect on Turnout"

This dataset covers ballots 322-26, spanning January, March, June, September, November 1967. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 322 - January This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to government, and to the people of the country as a whole. The questions are mainly political, asking about preferred political leaders, parties, and issues. The subjects of the questions include taxation, Canada's centennial, prices, and labour unions. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: Armed forces unification; Canada's centennial; Expo '67 interest; federal elections; high prices; the importance of good job security compared to higher wages for Canadians; mandatory retirement at age 65; performance of Pearson's government; political party word association; preferred political parties; whether the prestige of the United States is declining; major problems facing labour unions; treatment of the French in business and civil service; union membership; unnecessary spending of tax dollars; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 323 - March This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians, on topics currently of interest to them, and the government. While there are some questions directly about politics and political leaders, the majority of the variables deal with current events topics, and subjects of political importance. Other subjects include birth control, development of the country, unions, and lotteries. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: American investment in Canada; birth control pills; whether Canada is becoming socialistic; changes in the cost of living; the development of Canada as a nation; federal elections; John Diefenbaker's performance as leader of the opposition; L.B. Johnson's performance as the President of the United States; labour union politics; Lester Pearson's performance as Prime Minister; a lottery to help pay for health and welfare; Tommy Douglas' performance as leader of the NDP; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 324 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians on topics of interest to the country and government. Most of the questions are related to current events concerning the Canadians, and some are political. Some of the subjects include Canada's centennial, faith healing, and the development of the country. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: whether Canada will soon experience a large period of development; the creation of a government Consumer Affairs Department; whether farm or city people are better off financially; federal elections; the federal government's performance; funerals becoming too elaborate; interest in Canada's centennial; laws regulating faith healers; the likelihood of another world war; major worries of Canadians; new Conservative Party leadership; problems facing Canada; success of family life; union membership; United Nations' performance; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 325 - September This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians. The questions are typically political in nature, asking for opinions about political leaders, parties, and policies. There are also questions asked on subjects of interest to the government. Some of the issues raised in the questions are English-French relations in Canada, labour leaders, and elections. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: whether Catholic priests should be permitted to marry; English/French relations in Canada; federal elections; whether labour leaders take orders from outside of Canada; Lester Pearson's performance as Prime Minister of Canada; prices rising; whether Robert Stanfield is a good choice as the leader of the Conservative party; the "two-nation policy" for Canada; union membership; the United States and the war in Vietnam; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included. 326 - November This Gallup poll gathers the opinions of Canadians on issues of political interest to Canadians and government. Most of the questions fall into the category of current events, with such subjects as drinking and driving, the American presence in Viet Nam, predictions for the economic future of the country, and elections. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. The topics of interest include: the country that poses the greatest threat to world peace; the favoured political parties; the opinion of increasing taxes for Medicare; the opinion of Judy LaMarsh; the opinion of M. Sharpe; the predictions for 1968; whether Diefenbaker should be appointed to the Senate; whether President Johnson should be re-elected; the strength of Quebec separatism; union power in the future; current voting behaviour; who should succeed Prime Minister Pearson; and who the USSR will side with. Basic demographics variables are also included.The codebook for this dataset is available through the UBC Library catalogue, with call number HN110.Z9 P84.

This Gallup poll aims to collect the opinions of Canadians on issues mostly of a political nature, of interest to the country and government. Included are questions about preferred political parties and leaders, the national budget, and voting habits and standards of living. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: British Royalty; budget cutbacks; the budget deficit; the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC); car ownership; federal elections; immigration; a lottery to raise money for healthcare and welfare; major problems facing the government; the national budget; political party word association; preferred political parties; standard of living changes; union membership; opinions towards the United States; voting behaviour; and what it means to be Canadian. Basic demographics variables are also included.

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians on issues of importance to the government and to the country. Included are questions regarding voting patterns and elections, America's influence over Canada, and travelling habits of Canadians. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the 35 hour work week; America's influence over Canada; the church's refusal to wed divorcees; the cost of taking a trip; the federal election; foreign policy; preferred political parties; the purpose of taking a trip; tax cuts; union membership; transportation used to take a trip; and voting behaviour. Basic demographics variables are also included.