This dataset consists of images of records containing meteorological surface observations in both synoptic and monthly formats for over 20 stations in the country of Bolivia. It has a period of record ranging from 1945 to 2010. The observations include (but are not limited to) 6-hourly and daily values of temperature, humidity, cloud coverage, cloud heights, rainfall, and wind speed/direction.

description: N Summaries are means and percentage frequency tabulations for stations around the world. There are approximately 2674 worldwide stations with five or more years data for which the N Summary was prepared. The summaries were calculated using surface weather observations collated by the United States Air Force. The parameters in an N Summary are one or more of the following monthly, seasonal, and annual tabulations: 1. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) by day, hour and month, to 16 points of the compass, 2. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) (seasonal and annual) to 16 points of the compass, 3. Precipitation amounts (in.), 4. Mean frequency of daily maximum temperature (Deg. F), mean maximum, and extreme maximum temperature (Deg. F), 5. Mean frequency of daily minimum temperature (Deg. F), mean minimum and extreme minimum temperature (Deg. F), and mean daily temperature range (Deg. F), 6. Mean number of days favorable for indicated military operations, 7. Miscellaneous data; mean number of days of occurrence of various weather phenomena, 8. Mean number of days with indicated total and low cloud amounts (oktas), 9. Percentage frequency of observations with low clouds (amount in 8ths, height in feet) and visibility (miles) reported, 10. Relative humidity means, 11. Percentage frequency distribution of wind speed (kts) and temperature (Deg. F), 12. Percentage frequency of visibility (miles) and various atmospheric phenomena, 13. Mean number of days with specified phenomena, 14. Mean cloudiness (%), 15. Snow depth (in.), 16. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) to 8 points of the compass (monthly), 17. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) to 8 points of the compass/ seasonal, 18. Sea level pressure (mb), means, and standard deviations. Some of the tabulations are for all hours of the day while others may be for each 3-hourly, 6-hourly, or 12-hourly segment of the day, and in some cases, for only one observation a day.; abstract: N Summaries are means and percentage frequency tabulations for stations around the world. There are approximately 2674 worldwide stations with five or more years data for which the N Summary was prepared. The summaries were calculated using surface weather observations collated by the United States Air Force. The parameters in an N Summary are one or more of the following monthly, seasonal, and annual tabulations: 1. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) by day, hour and month, to 16 points of the compass, 2. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) (seasonal and annual) to 16 points of the compass, 3. Precipitation amounts (in.), 4. Mean frequency of daily maximum temperature (Deg. F), mean maximum, and extreme maximum temperature (Deg. F), 5. Mean frequency of daily minimum temperature (Deg. F), mean minimum and extreme minimum temperature (Deg. F), and mean daily temperature range (Deg. F), 6. Mean number of days favorable for indicated military operations, 7. Miscellaneous data; mean number of days of occurrence of various weather phenomena, 8. Mean number of days with indicated total and low cloud amounts (oktas), 9. Percentage frequency of observations with low clouds (amount in 8ths, height in feet) and visibility (miles) reported, 10. Relative humidity means, 11. Percentage frequency distribution of wind speed (kts) and temperature (Deg. F), 12. Percentage frequency of visibility (miles) and various atmospheric phenomena, 13. Mean number of days with specified phenomena, 14. Mean cloudiness (%), 15. Snow depth (in.), 16. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) to 8 points of the compass (monthly), 17. Percentage frequency of surface winds (kts) to 8 points of the compass/ seasonal, 18. Sea level pressure (mb), means, and standard deviations. Some of the tabulations are for all hours of the day while others may be for each 3-hourly, 6-hourly, or 12-hourly segment of the day, and in some cases, for only one observation a day.

This dataset includes daily summaries of weather, snow, and preferential-flow conditions at the Snow and Ice Research Center, Nagaoka (Japan) -- snow seasons 2006 through 2018.The summary comprises 29 candidate predictors (features) of preferential flow as estimated by a weather-snow station, manual snow pits, and a snow model (SNOWPACK) and four metrics of preferential-flow characteristics measured by a multi-compartment lysimeter made by nine 1-m2 cells (standard deviation of mean snowpack runoff, coefficient of variation of mean snowpack runoff, maximum deviation of mean snowpack runoff, and mean snowpack runoff).This dataset was produced during the preparation of the paper ''Insights into preferential-flow snowpack runoff using Random Forest'' (WRR, doi:10.1029/2019WR024828).More details about this dataset can be found in the above mentioned paper.

Data provided here are obtained from the Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily) database, provided by NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly NCDC). Data are periodically downloaded by CCE LTER Information Management and imported into the local data system for use by the local scientific community as regionally relevant data. The data contained in this dataset are from the SAN DIEGO LINDBERGH FIELD, CA US station (GHCND:USW00023188) at 32.7336°, -117.1831° beginning in July 1, 1939.

The Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily) dataset integrates daily climate observations from approximately 30 different data sources. Version 3 was released in September 2012 with the addition of data from two additional station networks. Changes to the processing system associated with the version 3 release also allowed for updates to occur 7 days a week rather than only on most weekdays. Version 3 contains station-based measurements from well over 90,000 land-based stations worldwide, about two thirds of which are for precipitation measurement only. Other meteorological elements include, but are not limited to, daily maximum and minimum temperature, temperature at the time of observation, snowfall and snow depth. Over 25,000 stations are regularly updated with observations from within roughly the last month. The dataset is also routinely reconstructed (usually every week) from its roughly 30 data sources to ensure that GHCN-Daily is generally in sync with its growing list of constituent sources. During this process, quality assurance checks are applied to the full dataset. Where possible, GHCN-Daily station data are also updated daily from a variety of data streams. Station values for each daily update also undergo a suite of quality checks.

Water Testing and Analysis Market size was valued at USD 4.98 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 8.02 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 6.13% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Water Testing and Analysis Market Drivers

Increasing Awareness of Water Contamination: Growing awareness about water contamination and its health impacts drives the demand for water testing and analysis to ensure water safety and quality.

Stringent Government Regulations: Regulatory bodies worldwide impose stringent water quality standards and regulations, necessitating regular testing and analysis to comply with these mandates.

Industrial Growth: Expansion in industrial activities, which often involve the discharge of wastewater, increases the need for water testing to monitor and control pollution levels and comply with environmental regulations.

Rising Demand for Safe Drinking Water: Increasing demand for safe and clean drinking water, driven by population growth and urbanization, supports the need for regular water testing and analysis.

Environmental Concerns: Growing environmental concerns and the need to protect natural water bodies from pollution drive the adoption of water testing and analysis solutions to monitor and preserve water quality.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in testing and analysis technologies, including automated and real-time monitoring systems, enhance the efficiency and accuracy of water quality assessments, boosting market growth.

Public Health Initiatives: Public health initiatives aimed at preventing waterborne diseases and ensuring community health support the widespread adoption of water testing and analysis services.

Agricultural Sector: The agricultural sector’s need for water quality management to ensure the safety and productivity of crops and livestock drives demand for water testing and analysis.

Growth of the Bottled Water Industry: The bottled water industry requires stringent quality control and testing to ensure product safety and compliance with health standards, driving demand for water testing services.

Wastewater Treatment: Increasing investment in wastewater treatment facilities and the need for effective monitoring and management of treated water quality drive the demand for water testing and analysis.

Explore the Carbon Dioxide Market trends! Covers key players, growth rate 13.4% CAGR, market size $33.05 Billion, and forecasts to 2034. Get insights now!

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Oil Exploration and Production market size is $3,588.98 Million in 2024 and it is forecasted to reach $5,116.57 Billion by 2031. Oil Exploration and Production Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 5.20% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of the Oil Exploration and Production Market

Market Driver for the Oil Exploration and Production Market

The increasing investment in oil sector by several government bodies worldwide elevates the market growth 

Many countries view a stable and secure energy supply as crucial for their economic development and national security. Investing in the oil sector helps ensure a reliable source of energy. Oil exploration and production contribute significantly to the economic growth of a country. Governments often invest in the oil sector to capitalize on the potential for high returns, which can be used to fund public services, infrastructure projects, and other essential programs. Despite efforts to transition to renewable energy sources, the global demand for oil remains high. Governments recognize the need to meet this demand and ensure a stable energy supply to support industrial processes, transportation, and other key sectors. The oil and gas industry encompasses activities linked to exploration, including the search for hydrocarbons, identification of high-potential areas for oil and gas extraction, test drilling, the construction of wells, and initial extraction. According to the Center on Global Energy Policy, data 2023, the 2021–22 period of high oil and gas prices did not lead to a significant increase in capital spending by private companies despite record profits. One exception has been upstream exploration and production (E&P) companies, whose capital spending in 2022 was the highest since 2014.   According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), data 2022, the oil and gas industry makes a significant contribution to the global economy and to its growth and development worldwide. The oil industry alone accounts for almost 3 per cent of global domestic product. The trade in crude oil reached US$640 billion in 2020, making it one of the world’s most traded commodities. Additionally, the industry is highly capital-intensive. Globally investments in oil and gas supply reached more than US$511 billion in 2020. According to the oil and gas industry outlook, data 2023, rapid recovery in demand, and geopolitical developments have driven oil prices to 2014 highs and upstream cash flows to record levels. In 2022, the global upstream industry is projected to generate its highest-ever free cash flows of $1.4 trillion at an assumed average Brent oil price of $106/bbl. Until now, the industry has practiced capital discipline and focused on cash flow generation and pay-out—2022 year-to-date average O&G production is up by 4.5% over the same period last year, while 2022 free cash flows per barrel of production is projected to be higher by nearly 70% over 2021. In addition, high commodity prices and growing concerns over energy security are creating urgency for many to diversify supply and accelerate the energy transition. As a result, clean energy investment by Oil &Gas companies has risen by an average of 12% each year since 2020 and is expected to account for an estimated 5% of total Oil & Gas capex spending in 2022, up from less than 2% in 2020.Therefore, investments made over recent decades enabled the United States to become a world leader in oil and natural gas production. Thus, owing to increased oil production, the demand for oil exploration and production has surged during the past few years.

The rising demand for oil across both commercial and residential sector is expected to drive the market growth 

Oil remains a primary source of energy for transportation, including cars, trucks, ships, and airplanes. The growing global population, urbanization, and increased industrial activity contribute to a rise in the number of vehicles and the overall demand for transportation fuels derived from oil, such as gasoline and diesel. Many industrial processes rely on oil and its by-products as energy sources and raw materials. Industries such as manufacturing, petrochemicals, and construction utilize oil-based products for various applications, including heating, power generation, and the production of pl...

The Carbon Dioxide Market approximate to surpass USD 17.77 billion, with a forecasted CAGR of 5.2% By 2034

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Oil and Gas Logistics Market Size 2024-2028

The oil and gas logistics market size is estimated to grow by USD 4.56 billion at a CAGR of 5.17% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant expansion driven by key factors. These include the transition of freight from traditional over-the-road methods to more efficient intermodal transportation. Additionally, the surge in offshore oil and gas exploration and production activities necessitates advanced logistics solutions for the transportation of equipment and supplies. Furthermore, the increasing demand for contract logistics services from oil and gas companies to manage their supply chains and optimize operations contributes to market growth. These factors collectively shape the dynamic landscape of the market.

What will be the Size of the Market during the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamics

The market plays a vital role in the efficient functioning of the industry, managing contract logistic services for exploration and production sites, processing plants, and distribution centers. Given the challenges of remote locations and large equipment, logistics providers ensure timely delivery of modular refinery materials and drilling equipment to oil and gas fields. With a focus on safety, they address spill and leakage issues during oil and gas transportation from extraction sites to refineries and gas stations. Furthermore, advancements like blockchain technology enhance transparency in oilfield discoveries and gas shale gas production, ensuring efficient management of petrochemical products and refined products from production to end-users, including homes and transportation vehicles. In the oil and gas industry, contract logistic services are crucial, especially in remote locations such as offshore segments, ensuring efficient operations from extraction sites to Distribution centres, even in the face of global monopolies dominating midstream and downstream sectors.

Key Market Driver

The demand for contract logistics services is the key factor driving market growth. Traditionally, businesses preferred to handle logistics functions in-house to exercise control and minimize risk. However, the business landscape is becoming more complex and competitive, and customers are now focusing on their core businesses. As a result, companies are investing all their resources and capital in improving the efficiency of their core businesses, leading to a shift towards third-party logistics providers. This shift is motivated by the fact that logistics can consume a significant amount of time and resources, which management wants to avoid.

Furthermore, information management has become easier, providing a clear picture of costs and transport status. Consequently, companies are focusing on their core business, leading to an increased demand for outsourcing and contributing significantly to the revenue of the market during the forecast period.

Significant Market Trends

Advances in technology to provide high-end logistics and supply chain solutions is the primary trend shaping market growth. Currently, there are only a few players in the market that offer one-stop solutions. Shippers are increasingly favoring contract logistics providers that provide a comprehensive solution and eliminate the hassle of outsourcing different tasks to multiple players. Companies outsource logistics services to contract logistics providers because they are more specialized in delivering these services. Moreover, outsourcing allows users of contract logistics to serve their customers more efficiently.

Furthermore, the use of advanced technologies in project logistics services is expected to grow. Logistics service providers offer a range of IT-enabled services, such as global positioning system (GPS)-enabled transportation trucks for tracking, radio-frequency identification (RFID) for inventory tracking, bar coding, and information management system-related services. These services are more efficient in scheduling transportation, delivery, and inventory management for complex projects. Thus, such factors, coupled with the increasing demand for streamlined and technologically advanced project logistics solutions, are expected to drive the growth of the project logistics market during the forecast period. As industries worldwide adopt these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs, project logistics providers are poised to play a crucial role in facilitating large-scale infrastructure and industrial projects across various sectors.

Major Market Challenge

Varying transportation costs in various geographies is a challenge that affects market growth. Varied transportation costs pose a challenge to the APAC logistics market, as contract logistics providers face different costs of fuel, taxes, duties, fees, and government policies a

Explore the Oil And Gas Market trends! Covers key players, growth rate 4.9% CAGR, market size $9894.48 Billion, and forecasts to 2034. Get insights now!

Explore the Industrial Burner Global Market Report 2025 Market trends! Covers key players, growth rate 7.6% CAGR, market size $9.14 Billion, and forecasts to 2033. Get insights now!

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