In 2024, South Africa ranked first in the crime index among African countries, with a score of **** index points. Nigeria was the second most dangerous country on the continent, obtaining **** points. The index evaluates the overall crime levels in a specific country. Several African countries scored between ** and ** points, indicating high crime levels. Escalating concerns: South Africans worry about crime and violence In 2024, South Africa had one of the highest proportions of respondents expressing concerns about crime and violence compared to other countries participating in an online study. Throughout the period examined, the percentage of participants worried about violence peaked at ** percent in March 2023. The escalating levels of violent crime currently witnessed in the country has caused this significant rise in concerned respondents. South Africa's organized crime landscape In 2023, South Africa ranked the ************* in organized crime compared to its African counterparts. The continent's most prevalent organized criminal activity was **************************************. Moreover, from a regional perspective, Southern African countries had the lowest organized crime rate.

In 2024, Rwanda was the safest country in Africa. It had a score of roughly **** points in the safety index, making it the African nation with the lowest crime incidents and the only country with high safety levels - over 60 index points. In several other countries in Africa, the level of safety was considered moderate (40 to 60 index points).

In 2024, Pietermaritzburg in South Africa ranked first in the crime index among African cities, scoring **** index points. The six most dangerous areas on the continent were South African cities. Furthermore, Pretoria and Johannesburg followed, with a score of **** and **** points, respectively. The index estimates the overall level of crime in a specific territory. According to the score, crime levels are classified as very high (over 80), high (60-80), moderate (40-60), low (20-40), and very low (below 20). Contact crimes are common in South Africa Contact crimes in South Africa include violent crimes such as murder, attempted murder, and sexual offenses, as well as common assault and robbery. In fiscal year 2022/2023, the suburb of Johannesburg Central in the Gauteng province of South Africa had the highest number of contact crime incidents. Common assault was the main contributing type of offense to the overall number of contact crimes. Household robberies peak in certain months In South Africa, June, July, and December experienced the highest number of household robberies in 2023. June and July are the months that provide the most hours of darkness, thus allowing criminals more time to break in and enter homes without being detected easily. In December, most South Africans decide to go away on holiday, leaving their homes at risk for a potential break-in. On the other hand, only around ** percent of households affected by robbery reported it to the police in the fiscal year 2022/2023.

As of 2024, Libya was the North African country with the highest crime index, achieving **** index points. The index measures the level of crime in a given country or city. Algeria followed with a score of **** (moderate level). In contrast, Tunisia registered the lowest crime index in North Africa in that year.

BackgroundEvidence from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding risky behaviors among adolescents remains scarce, despite the large population (approximately 249 million out of 1.2 billion globally in 2019) of adolescents in the region. We aimed to examine the potential influence of depressive symptoms and school-going status on risky behaviors among adolescents in six SSA countries.MethodsWe used individual cross-sectional data from adolescents aged 10–19 based in eight communities across six SSA countries, participating in the ARISE Network Adolescent Health Study (N = 7,661). Outcomes of interest were cigarette or tobacco use, alcohol use, other substance use, getting into a physical fight, no condom use during last sexual intercourse, and suicidal behavior. We examined the proportion of adolescents reporting these behaviors, and examined potential effects of depressive symptoms [tertiles of 6-item Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-6) score] and school-going status on these behaviors using mixed-effects Poisson regression models. We also assessed effect modification of associations by sex, age, and school-going status.ResultsThe proportion of adolescents reporting risky behaviors was varied, from 2.2% for suicidal behaviors to 26.2% for getting into a physical fight. Being in the higher tertiles of KADS-6 score was associated with increased risk of almost all risky behaviors [adjusted risk ratio (RR) for highest KADS-6 tertile for alcohol use: 1.70, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.48–1.95, p < 0.001; for physical fight: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36–1.70, p < 0.001; for suicidal behavior: 7.07, 95% CI: 2.69–18.57, p < 0.001]. Being in school was associated with reduced risk of substance use (RR for alcohol use: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53–1.00, p = 0.047), and not using a condom (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66–0.99, p = 0.040). There was evidence of modification of the effect of school-going status on risky behaviors by age and sex.ConclusionOur findings reinforce the need for a greater focus on risky behaviors among adolescents in SSA. Addressing depressive symptoms among adolescents, facilitating school attendance and using schools as platforms to improve health may help reduce risky behaviors in this population. Further research is also required to better assess the potential bidirectionality of associations.

This dataset provides values for CORRUPTION RANK reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Several violent extremist organizations are active in West Africa, causing battles, explosions, violence against civilians, and counter-terrorism actions. In this region, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Mali are the most impacted countries by extremist and terror events. Among the deadliest groups, there are Boko Haram, JNIM, ISIS in the Greater Sahara, and ISIS-West Africa. Boko Haram is based in Nigeria, a jihadist terrorist organization. This group is also the most active violent extremist organization in Cameroon. In Mali, the al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM has conducted various deadly attacks. Moreover, an ongoing war started in Mali after a coup d'état in 2012 has caused a thousand fatalities, has displaced people, and caused high levels of chronic malnutrition and poverty.

This paper exploits an unusual transportation setting to generate some of the first revealed preference value of a statistical life (VSL) estimates from a low-income setting. We estimate the trade-offs individuals are willing to make between mortality risk and cost as they travel to and from the international airport in Sierra Leone (which is separated from the capital Freetown by a body of water). We observe travelers choosing among multiple transport options – namely, ferry, helicopter, hovercraft, and water taxi. The setting and original dataset allow us to address some typical omitted variable concerns, and also to compare VSL estimates for travelers from dozens of countries, including both African and non-African countries, all facing the same choice situation. The average VSL estimate for African travelers in the sample is US$577,000 compared to US$924,000 for non-Africans. Individual characteristics, particularly job earnings and fatalistic attitudes, can largely account for this variation in the estimated VSL, but there is little evidence that estimates are driven by individuals’ lack of information or predicted life expectancy. We estimate a large income elasticity of the VSL of +1.77. These VSL estimates begin to fill an important gap in the existing literature, and can be used to inform public policy, including current debates within Sierra Leone regarding the desirability of constructing new transportation infrastructure.

The widespread dissemination of misinformation on social media is a serious threat to global health. To a large extent, it is still unclear who actually shares health-related misinformation deliberately and accidentally. We conducted a large-scale online survey among 5,307 Facebook users in six sub-Saharan African countries, in which we collected information on sharing of fake news and truth discernment. We estimate the magnitude and determinants of deliberate and accidental sharing of misinformation related to three vaccines (HPV, polio, and COVID-19). In an OLS framework we relate the actual sharing of fake news to several socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, employment status, education), social media consumption, personality factors and vaccine-related characteristics while controlling for country and vaccine-specific effects. We first show that actual sharing rates of fake news articles are substantially higher than those reported from developed countries and that most of the sharing occurs accidentally. Second, we reveal that the determinants of deliberate vs. accidental sharing differ. While deliberate sharing is related to being older and risk-loving, accidental sharing is associated with being older, male, and high levels of trust in institutions. Lastly, we demonstrate that the determinants of sharing differ by the adopted measure (intentions vs. actual sharing) which underscores the limitations of commonly used intention-based measures to derive insights about actual fake news sharing behaviour.

The Afrobarometer project assesses attitudes and public opinion toward democracy, markets, and civil society in several sub-Saharan African nations. This dataset was compiled from the studies in Round II of the Afrobarometer conducted from 2002-2004 in 16 countries including Botswana, Cape Verde, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, and South Africa. Certain questions addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. Citizens of the 16 countries were asked their opinions about recent political and economic changes within their country. Respondents were asked about their current satisfaction with economic conditions in their country, how they currently obtained food to eat, what resources they relied on for safety, and how they obtained health care. They were also asked how often in the last 12 months they or their family had gone without food, felt unsafe in terms of crime, had gone without medicine, or had gone without shelter. Their opinions were elicited about who they felt was responsible for providing schools, creating jobs, building houses, and reducing crime. They were asked what came to mind with the word "democracy," as well as their support for democracy, whether they were satisfied with democracy, and whether they had to be careful about what they said. Respondents were also asked how often they got news from such sources as radio, television, or newspapers, and how closely they followed what was going on in government and public affairs. Other questions sought respondents' judgments on overall government performance and social service delivery. Respondents also were asked to evaluate of the trustworthiness of various institutions, who they trusted and to what extent they relied on informal networks and associations. Other questions sought each respondent's view of himself in relation to ethnic and class identities. Demographic information was elicited from respondents including age, language spoken, education, and employment status.

As of the first half of 2024, Sudan, Nigeria, and Cameroon were deemed African countries with extreme levels of ongoing conflcts. The countries obtained indices between **** points and **** points, with Sudan ranking higest on the continent and seventh globally. The indicator measures countries based on the level of conflict deadliness, danger to civilians, geographic diffusion, and armed group fragmentation.

BackgroundLimited access to water caused by its scarcity is becoming one of the most serious problems facing several developing countries including East Africa. For this, understanding the spatial distribution of limited access to water source service is more pertinent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of limited access to water source services in East Africa countries and seeks to inform the development and implementation of targeted interventions and policies in East Africa.MethodsThis study analyzed data from recent demographic and health surveys conducted in 12 East African nations between 2012 and 2023. Data were gathered from 206,748 households. Global spatial autocorrelation was performed to analyze whether the pattern of limited access to drinking water service is clustered, dispersed, or random across the study areas. Once a positive global autocorrelation was confirmed, a local spatial autocorrelation analysis (Getis-OrdGi* statistics) was employed to detect local clusters. ArcGIS Pro 2.8.0 was used to map the clusters and Kulldorff SaTScan version 10.0.2 software using Bernoulli model were used for spatial scan statistical tests. The geostatistical ordinary kriging spatial interpolation technique was used to predict for unsampled areas based on sampled clusters.ResultLimited access to drinking water service were spatially clustered in the study area (Moran’s I: 0.16) (p 

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection characterized by profuse watery diarrhea. Over 30 species of Cryptosporidium are recognized, some host specific whereas others infect a broader host range. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the species most commonly associated with human infection; C. hominis is largely associated only with human infections, but C. parvum is also associated with infection in animals, especially young ruminants. In some regions, cryptosporidiosis is a serious veterinary problem, particularly for calves, and lambs. Many outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis have been associated with zoonotic transmission following contact with infected animals. In Africa, where cryptosporidiosis is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, evidence suggests transmission is principally anthroponotic. Given the frequent close contact between humans and animals in Africa, the apparent predominance of human-to-human transmission is both interesting and puzzling. In this article, after a brief “text book” introduction to the parasite, we consider in separate sections the different aspects of relevance to Cryptosporidium transmission in African countries, describing different aspects of the various species and subtypes in human and animal infections, considering livestock management practices in different African countries, and looking for any characteristic “hot spots” where zoonotic transmission has apparently occurred. Studies where transmission networks have been investigated are particularly relevant. Finally, in a separate section, we try to gather these different strands of evidence together in order to assess the reasons behind the apparent predominance of anthroponotic transmission in Africa. Reviewing the available evidence provides an opportunity to re-think transmission pathways, not only in Africa but also elsewhere, and also to pose questions. Does the predominance of human-to-human transmission in Africa reflect a relative absence of zoonotic C. parvum in African livestock? Are Africans less susceptible to zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, perhaps resulting from early immunostimulation by C. hominis or due to inherent genetic traits? Is the African environment—in all its variety—simply more detrimental to oocyst survival? Will the so-called hypertransmissible subtypes, currently relatively rare in Africa, be introduced from Europe or elsewhere, and, if so, will they fade out or establish and spread? Our intention with this manuscript is not only to summarize and consolidate diverse data, thereby providing an overview of data gaps, but also to provide food for thought regarding transmission of a parasite that continues to have a considerable impact on both human and animal health.

Central African Republic CF: Mammal Species: Threatened data was reported at 16.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Mammal Species: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 16.000 Unit from Dec 2018 (Median) to 2018, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.000 Unit in 2018 and a record low of 16.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Mammal Species: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Central African Republic – Table CF.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.;United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.;Sum;

This statistic shows the most dangerous destinations worldwide in 2015. During the survey, 15 percent of respondents said they thought Africa was the most dangerous travel destination in the world.

Summary of the 10 countries pooled sample characteristics of DHS data.

Abstract

Background: Unsafe abortion remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in many African countries, including Kenya. In Kenya, abortion is legally restricted except when the life or health of a pregnant woman is in danger and in cases of rape or incest. The restrictions around abortion, pervasive stigma and negative attitudes of healthcare providers often increase the risks of unsafe abortion. Ten years ago, a study by the Ministry of Health, the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), and the Guttmacher Institute reported close to 464,690 induced abortions in 2012. Given the time that has passed since that study, and changes in the landscape of abortion in Kenya (e.g., the availability of medication abortion drugs, enactment of the 2017 Health Act that defined "trained providers" to include nurses and midwives, and the 2019 High Court ruling that reinstated the withdrawn Standards and guidelines for reduction of maternal mortality from unsafe abortion), policymakers and advocates in Kenya have raised the need for another national abortion incidence study. Objectives: To determine the incidence of induced abortions and the severity of abortion-related complications in Kenya. Methods: The proposed study will employ a quantitative cross-sectional design. The study will have four separate surveys: i) a nationally representative Health Facility Survey (HFS) to estimate the number of women who receive post-abortion care (PAC) following abortion complications, ii) a Knowledgeable Informants Survey (KIS) to collect information on the proportion of all women having abortions who receive facility-based treatment for abortion-related complications, iii) a Respondent-Driven Sampling survey (RDS) of women who have had an abortion to understand abortion incidence and safety, and iv) a Prospective Morbidity Survey (PMS) to provide the data necessary to describe characteristics of women receiving treatment for abortion complications, the severity of complications, the type of treatment received, and the delays in access to PAC. The PMS will also include a limited component involving clinical data abstraction from the medical charts/records of PAC clients. Utility of study: Evidence generated will contribute to a greater understanding of the incidence of induced abortions and the magnitude and severity of abortion-related complications. The evidence will support investment and decision-making toward addressing the contributors of unsafe abortions and unintended pregnancies, improving access to quality PAC services, and ultimately improving adolescent and maternal health in Kenya.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

knowledgeable healthcare providers

Universe

Senior health provider, who is knowledgeable about the provision of PAC

Sampling procedure

The study population for the HFS is facilities that should theoretically offer PAC services based on the structure and functional operation of health facilities in Kenya. Health facility levels designated for PAC, according to the Kenya Essential Package of Health (KEPH), range from levels II to VI. These are also the facilities capable of offering normal delivery services to women. As of July 25, 2022, there were 13,931 operational and functional health facilities across Kenya from levels II to VI (capable of providing). Overall, there are six Level VI facilities and 47 Level 5 and county referral hospitals (these include 23 level V and 24 county referral hospitals) (We will include all Level V and VI facilities in the sample), 891 Level IV, 2225 Level III), and 10786 Level II (we will draw a proportionate sample of facilities within Levels II, III and IV). Altogether, we aim for a sample of 750 health facilities for the HFS component. We will divide Kenya into five regions for sampling purposes, following a previously used approach [50][51]. The emerging regions are 1) Coast and North Eastern, 2) Eastern, 3) Nairobi and Central, 4) Nyanza and Western, and 5) Rift Valley. Within selected facilities, respondents will be those most qualified to answer questions about PAC caseloads and the types of cases seen at the facility. Depending on the facility, these might be senior administrators, heads of the OBGYN ward, or heads of private clinics, including medical doctors, nurses, and midwives.

Sampling deviation

The initial sample was 766 facilities for the survey. There were several deviations from the sample,these included facilities that were not sampled but data was collected from them and others were sampled but data was not collected. we also had other facilities that were nonresponce due to the following reasons:facility closed down, facility does not exist, facility is non operational, facility does not offer post abortion care, insecurities reason and facility does not offer sexual reproductive health services.After all the adjustment the remaning sample that was used was 694

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was written in english with a primary purpose of the HFS is to estimate the number of women who receive treatment in facilities for abortion-related complications. The HFS will be a statistically representative survey of all health facilities in Kenya classified as having the capacity to provide PAC services. In each selected health facility, a senior health provider, who is knowledgeable about the provision of PAC, is interviewed. Participants are asked whether their facility provides treatment for complications following induced or spontaneous abortions. If the facility provides treatment, they are asked the number of abortion patients (induced and spontaneous abortions (miscarriages), combined) treated in an average month and in the past month. Specifying these two periods aims to increase the likelihood of accurate recall and accounting for month-to-month variation, as there is seasonality to abortions. To produce an estimate for the year, these two numbers are averaged and multiplied by 12.

Cleaning operations

The software used was survey CTO for data collection which the datasets were directly downloaded from the surver itself to STATA and R Software

Response rate

The response rate was calculated in all the 5 regions against facility characteristics which included the facility ownership and facility level. The distribution was as follows: For Nairobi and Central we had 91.11, 81.82,80.00 for public, private for profit and private not for profit on the ownership side, for the Level of facility they had 84.62,91.30, 83.13, 83.33 and 66.67 for level 2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively. For Coast & North Eastern we had 100, 97.30 and 100 for public, private for profit and private not for profit on the ownership side, for the Level of facility they had 100,100, 97.78,100 for level 2,3,4 and 5 respectively. For Eastern we had 95.16, 94.74, 93.33 for public, private for profit and private not for profit on the ownership side, for the Level of facility they had 92.59, 100, 93.10,100 for level 2,3,4 and 5 respectively. For Nyanza & Western we had 100, 96.08,100 for public, private for profit and private not for profit on the ownership side, for the Level of facility they had 96, 100, 99.07, 100 for level 2,3,4 and 5 respectively. For Rift Valley we had 97.94, 95.83, 89.47 for public, private for profit and private not for profit on the ownership side, for the Level of facility they had 97.44, 93.55, 97.44, 93.33, 100 for level 2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The entries are pecentages.

Sampling error estimates

N/A

Socio-demographic profile of female sex workers in Mbeya City Jul- Nov 2022.

Land use and climate changes predicted for the 21rst century pose high risks for ecosystems and the services they provide. They represent also serious hazards for plant biodiversity. The rural population is especially vulnerable as their livelihoods depend extremely on natural products derived from plant species. In West Africa a gradient of plant diversity is found which is mainly determined by the bioclimatic gradient (Linder 2001). Plant species diversity increases gradually from the southern parts of the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea. Future changes in temperature and precipitation amounts as well as the increase of extreme weather events are expected to impact plant diversity considerably. Besides climate human activities in form of agriculture, grazing, fire and harvesting of plant parts have an important effect on plant diversity. The traditional shifting cultivation system (slash and burn) is more and more replaced by clearing and pesticide-intensive cash-crop cultivation (Augusseau et al. 2006) leading to still indeterminable impacts for plant biodiversity. Annual population growth in West African countries is around 3%. Some authors even consider land use change as more threatening to plant diversity than climate change (Sala et al. 2000). Up to now there are just very few studies investigating the impact of future climate on plant diversity in Afrika (Da 2010) and even less that take into account the risks that land use imply (Luoto et al. 2007; de Chazal & Rounsevell 2009). The main problems are missing reliable land use simulations for the future. Heubes et al. (2013) took climate and land use changes into account to predict plant diversity in Burkina Faso. They found that plant diversity will be impacted mainly negatively by future land use and climate changes. This study aims to undertake a profound assessment of the risks that land use and climate change pose to plant diversity of species that are used by the local population for nutrition purposes. Considered are highly valued nutrition species under the impact of climate and land use changes by 2050.

Abstract

Africa's enduring food crisis has been a source of serious concern to government and non-governmental organizations at both national and international levels. In 2002 a Swedish team from Lund University drew inspiration from progress being made on the Asian continent in what was described as a state-driven, market-mediated and farmer-based process of increasing yields in food grains and staples. The team sought to replicate the same in Africa through capturing the dynamism in African agriculture, and illuminating questions about its driving forces, especially the role of the state and the market in influencing African farmer's production behavior. The Household and Village Level Data was carried out in two phases namely: - AFRINT I (2001-2005) The African Food Crisis - the relevance of Asian experiences - AFRINT II (2007-2010) The Millennium Development Goals and the African Food Crisis.

The project primarily concentrated on features affecting maize production and productivity. Maize is the largest food crop in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and with seed, fertilizer and technology, commercialization and impacts of government policies. The official starting date for the African sub-projects was June 1st 2002, the collaboration researchers worked for 60 days.

Geographic coverage

Sub-Saharan Africa: - Ethiopia - Kenya - Uganda - Tanzania - Ghana - Nigeria - Malawi - Zambia

Analysis unit

• Household
• Village

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Data collection for the first round of the AFRINT project was made in 2002. The collection of this data was part of the second round and was referred to as 2008 data, although in some cases it was collected in late 2007. The five case study countries were: Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. These five countries were ideally suited in the researcher's view, to charting progress in intensification, induced by farmers themselves, or state induced, as in the Asian Green Revolution. The AFRINT sample was drawn in four stages: - Country selection - Regions within countries - Selection of villages within regions - Selection of farm households

All stages except the final one were based on purposive sampling. Data collection was sought to be made at all four levels. The households sampled within these countries were selected with respect to the agricultural potential of the areas in which they resided. The intention was to capture the dynamism in the areas that were "above average" in terms of ecological and market (infrastructure) endowments but excluding the most extreme cases in this regard. The study aimed for a sample which was an illustrative of conditions in the maize-cassava belt, excluding both low potential dry and remote areas and extreme outliers at the other end of the scale.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The study was comprised of a set of survey instruments. These were the following questionnaires: 1. AFRINT I Farm Household Questionnaire 2. AFRINT II Micro Level Households Questionnaire 3. AFRINT I Village Diagnostics Questionnaire 4. AFRINT II Village Diagnostics Questionnaire

Response rate

79.4%