In 2024, South Africa ranked first in the crime index among African countries, with a score of **** index points. Nigeria was the second most dangerous country on the continent, obtaining **** points. The index evaluates the overall crime levels in a specific country. Several African countries scored between ** and ** points, indicating high crime levels. Escalating concerns: South Africans worry about crime and violence In 2024, South Africa had one of the highest proportions of respondents expressing concerns about crime and violence compared to other countries participating in an online study. Throughout the period examined, the percentage of participants worried about violence peaked at ** percent in March 2023. The escalating levels of violent crime currently witnessed in the country has caused this significant rise in concerned respondents. South Africa's organized crime landscape In 2023, South Africa ranked the ************* in organized crime compared to its African counterparts. The continent's most prevalent organized criminal activity was **************************************. Moreover, from a regional perspective, Southern African countries had the lowest organized crime rate.

In 2024, Rwanda was the safest country in Africa. It had a score of roughly **** points in the safety index, making it the African nation with the lowest crime incidents and the only country with high safety levels - over 60 index points. In several other countries in Africa, the level of safety was considered moderate (40 to 60 index points).

As of 2024, Libya was the North African country with the highest crime index, achieving 60.4 index points. The index measures the level of crime in a given country or city. Algeria followed with a score of 52.2 (moderate level). In contrast, Tunisia registered the lowest crime index in North Africa in that year.

As of the first half of 2024, Sudan, Nigeria, and Cameroon were deemed African countries with extreme levels of ongoing conflcts. The countries obtained indices between 0.34 points and 0.67 points, with Sudan ranking higest on the continent and seventh globally. The indicator measures countries based on the level of conflict deadliness, danger to civilians, geographic diffusion, and armed group fragmentation.

This statistic shows the most dangerous destinations worldwide in 2015. During the survey, 15 percent of respondents said they thought Africa was the most dangerous travel destination in the world.

This paper exploits an unusual transportation setting to generate some of the first revealed preference value of a statistical life (VSL) estimates from a low-income setting. We estimate the trade-offs individuals are willing to make between mortality risk and cost as they travel to and from the international airport in Sierra Leone (which is separated from the capital Freetown by a body of water). We observe travelers choosing among multiple transport options – namely, ferry, helicopter, hovercraft, and water taxi. The setting and original dataset allow us to address some typical omitted variable concerns, and also to compare VSL estimates for travelers from dozens of countries, including both African and non-African countries, all facing the same choice situation. The average VSL estimate for African travelers in the sample is US$577,000 compared to US$924,000 for non-Africans. Individual characteristics, particularly job earnings and fatalistic attitudes, can largely account for this variation in the estimated VSL, but there is little evidence that estimates are driven by individuals’ lack of information or predicted life expectancy. We estimate a large income elasticity of the VSL of +1.77. These VSL estimates begin to fill an important gap in the existing literature, and can be used to inform public policy, including current debates within Sierra Leone regarding the desirability of constructing new transportation infrastructure.

Link to this report's codebookExecutive SummaryThe 2020 Africa SDG Index and Dashboards Report provides an assessment of where African countries stand with respect to the SDGs and their progress toward the goals, with the additional lens of “leave no one behind.” The report also includes a preliminary analysis of the impact of COVID‑19 on the SDGs in Africa.The global pandemic is a humanitarian and economic crisis with serious immediate and also potentially long-term impacts, particularly on the social and economic goals. An additional 60 million Africans could be pushed into poverty and food insecurity is expected to nearly double. An estimated 110 million African children and youth are out of school, fragile health care systems are being tested, and women are at risk of being left out even more. Slow economic activity and lockdowns will increase unemployment and debt, while decreasing remittances, development assistance and domestic revenue are added risks to financing for development and SDGs.To rebuild, all countries should adopt the framework of sustainability. African governments are relatively well positioned to do so, as our updated implementation survey reveals. African governments have made significant efforts to endorse the SDGs and incorporate them into national strategies and development plans. The large majority of countries have identified government units to coordinate the implementation and have prioritized specific targets and indicators. Communication and information-sharing for stakeholder engagement is insufficient, but it has improved since the previous survey. All 34 country experts who validated results reported that lack of funding and resources is one of the most important challenges both in terms of SDG implementation and monitoring.The analysis in terms of the current status and trends toward achieving the SDGs is comprehensive and comparableat the continental and subregional levels. Some key findings include:Overall, North Africa is the best-performing region on average, while Central Africa is the worst-performing. Tunisia has replaced Mauritius as the top-ranking country.Serious challenges exist and the majority of countries are currently performing very poorly. As in last year’s report, no country scored green for 13 of the 17 goals. The Leave No One Behind (LNOB) results show that all African countries are currently struggling to tackle all kinds of inequalities.The goals facing the greatest challenges are SDG 3 (good health and wellbeing), SDG 9 (infrastructure), and SDG 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions). The goals where the continent is performing better are SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production).Across all countries and goals, the most frequently-observed trends are stagnation and moderate improvement, which is a positive development as compared to the 2019 analysis which was overwhelmingly stagnant. The only goal for which the majority of African countries are on track is SDG 13 on Climate Action.

The widespread dissemination of misinformation on social media is a serious threat to global health. To a large extent, it is still unclear who actually shares health-related misinformation deliberately and accidentally. We conducted a large-scale online survey among 5,307 Facebook users in six sub-Saharan African countries, in which we collected information on sharing of fake news and truth discernment. We estimate the magnitude and determinants of deliberate and accidental sharing of misinformation related to three vaccines (HPV, polio, and COVID-19). In an OLS framework we relate the actual sharing of fake news to several socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, employment status, education), social media consumption, personality factors and vaccine-related characteristics while controlling for country and vaccine-specific effects. We first show that actual sharing rates of fake news articles are substantially higher than those reported from developed countries and that most of the sharing occurs accidentally. Second, we reveal that the determinants of deliberate vs. accidental sharing differ. While deliberate sharing is related to being older and risk-loving, accidental sharing is associated with being older, male, and high levels of trust in institutions. Lastly, we demonstrate that the determinants of sharing differ by the adopted measure (intentions vs. actual sharing) which underscores the limitations of commonly used intention-based measures to derive insights about actual fake news sharing behaviour.

Prior to the civil war in the 1990’s ethnic tension caused many rivalries between groups. This was common between the Temne, with their allies the Limba, and the Mende, with their allies the Sherbro, Kissi, and Gola groups. Even with this history of ethnic conflict it does not appear to be a significant factor that contributed to the civil war as the war focused on control of diamond mines. With the civil war over for more than a decade the country is relatively peaceful. There are no serious ethnic conflicts or rivalries. Limba – Limba populations are found in other West African countries although 90% reside in Sierra Leone. The majority are Muslim, having been introduced to Islam in the late nineteenth century. This is much later than their neighbors. To prevent too much Westernization, the Limba often send their children to Islamic schools. Mande – The Mande are a large ethnic group in West Africa that is comprised of many smaller groups. The Mande people speak a variety of Mande languages. Most practice agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade. They practice a patrilineal society having the eldest male serve as lineage head. With so many Mande groups spread over West Africa there is much variation among language and culture. Mel – The Mel within Sierra Leone are comprised of the Gola and the Kissi. Similar to other West Africa groups, the Gola participate in secret societies. The most important occurs around the age of puberty and these societies seek to socialize youth with Gola culture. The Kissi are increasingly becoming culturally influenced by the Mende people. Soso - The Soso were introduced to Islam in the seventeenth century and they are now overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, of the Maliki School. Many still perform ritual ceremonies from indigenous religions. They are often influenced by neighboring groups. Temne – The Temne are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. While the capital of Freetown is home to many groups, the largest number of people belong to the Temne ethnicity. The majority are Muslim, having been introduced to Islam in the seventeenth century. Some Temne still practice indigenous religions or incorporate them into their practice of Islam. Similar to other groups in the country, the Temne also have secret socieites. The Temne use these socieites to learn about the Temne culture. Although many have convertered to Islam or Christianity, it is common to incorporate indigenous religious beliefs. Attribute Table Field DescriptionsISO3-International Organization for Standardization 3-digit country codeADM0_NAME-Administration level zero identification / namePEOPLEGP_1-People Group level 1PEOPLEGP_2-People Group level 2PEOPLEGP_3-People Group level 3PEOPLEGP_4-People Group level 4PEOPLEGP_5-People Group level 5ALT_NAMES-Alternative names or spellings for a people groupCOMMENTS-Comments or notes regarding the people groupSOURCE_DT-Source one creation dateSOURCE-Source oneSOURCE2_DT-Source two creation dateSOURCE2-Source twoCollectionThis feature class was constructed by referencing and combining information from Murdock’s Map of Africa (1959) with other anthropological literature pertaining to Sierra Leone ethnicity. The information was then processed through DigitalGlobe’s AnthropMapper program to generate more accurate ethnic coverage boundaries. Anthromapper uses geographical terrain features, combined with a watershed model, to predict the likely extent of ethnic and linguistic influence.Metadata and data pertaining to the feature class was collected from the review of Murdock’s Map of Africa (1959) in conjunction with information from anthropological research pertaining to ethnicity in northern Africa. While efforts were made to secure the accuracy of the geographic location of existing ethnicities, many are transient in nature and continue to migrate. Further, it should be stressed that ethnic groups listed represent the prominent people groups in Sierra Leone; however, numerous subgroups may exist below this tier. The data included herein have not been derived from a registered survey and should be considered approximate unless otherwise defined. While rigorous steps have been taken to ensure the quality of each dataset, DigitalGlobe is not responsible for the accuracy and completeness of data compiled from outside sources.Sources (HGIS)Anthromapper. DigitalGlobe, September 2014.Gonen, Amiram. The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993.Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1995.Murdock, George Peter. Tribal Map of Africa from Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., January 1959.Olson, James S. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Westport: Greenworod Press, 1996.The Diagram Group. Encyclopedia African Peoples. London: Diagram Visual Information, 2000.Yakan, Mohamad Z. Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1999.Sources (Metadata)Gonen, Amiram. The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993.Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1995.Murdock, George Peter. Tribal Map of Africa from Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., January 1959.Notholt, Stuart A. Fields of Fire: An atlas of ethnic conflict. London: Stuart Notholt Communications Ltd, 2008.Olson, James S. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Westport: Greenworod Press, 1996.The Diagram Group. Encyclopedia African Peoples. London: Diagram Visual Information, 2000.University of Iowa Museum of Art, “Sierra Leone; Gola or Vai peoples, Lansana Ngumoi”. January 2006. Accessed December 2014. http://uima.uiowa.edu.Yakan, Mohamad Z. Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

In 2024, Colima in Mexico ranked as the world's most dangerous city with a homicide rate of 140 per 100,000 inhabitants. Seven of the 10 cities with the highest murder rates worldwide are found in Mexico. The list does not include countries where war and conflict exist. Latin America dominates murder statistics Except for Mandela Bay, all the cities on the list are found in Latin America. Latin America also dominate the list of the world's most dangerous countries. Violence in Latin America is caused in great part by drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, and gang wars. Crime in South Africa Mandela Bay in South Africa is the only city outside Latin America among the 10 most dangerous cities worldwide. The country is struggling with extremely high levels of inequality, and is struggling with high levels of crime and power outages, harming the country's economy and driving more people into unemployment and poverty.

Central African Republic CF: Bird Species: Threatened data was reported at 16.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Bird Species: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 16.000 Unit from Dec 2018 (Median) to 2018, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.000 Unit in 2018 and a record low of 16.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Bird Species: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Central African Republic – Table CF.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.;United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.;Sum;

The Afrobarometer project assesses attitudes and public opinion toward democracy, markets, and civil society in several sub-Saharan African nations. This dataset was compiled from the studies in Round II of the Afrobarometer conducted from 2002-2004 in 16 countries including Botswana, Cape Verde, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, and South Africa. Certain questions addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. Citizens of the 16 countries were asked their opinions about recent political and economic changes within their country. Respondents were asked about their current satisfaction with economic conditions in their country, how they currently obtained food to eat, what resources they relied on for safety, and how they obtained health care. They were also asked how often in the last 12 months they or their family had gone without food, felt unsafe in terms of crime, had gone without medicine, or had gone without shelter. Their opinions were elicited about who they felt was responsible for providing schools, creating jobs, building houses, and reducing crime. They were asked what came to mind with the word "democracy," as well as their support for democracy, whether they were satisfied with democracy, and whether they had to be careful about what they said. Respondents were also asked how often they got news from such sources as radio, television, or newspapers, and how closely they followed what was going on in government and public affairs. Other questions sought respondents' judgments on overall government performance and social service delivery. Respondents also were asked to evaluate of the trustworthiness of various institutions, who they trusted and to what extent they relied on informal networks and associations. Other questions sought each respondent's view of himself in relation to ethnic and class identities. Demographic information was elicited from respondents including age, language spoken, education, and employment status.

Burkina Faso is one of the countries with the highest terrorism threat levels in the world. In 2023, the terrorism index in this West-African country stood at around 8.6, the highest in Africa. Furthermore, it recorded the largest number of deaths related to terrorism worldwide, followed by Mali, Somalia, and Pakistan, with some of the highest terrorism threat indexes in the world. Jihadist fundamentalism in Africa In Africa, several militant groups are active, leading to attacks on both civilian and military targets. In West Africa, among the deadliest groups, there are Boko Haram, JNIM, ISIS in the Greater Sahara, and ISIS-West Africa. The militant group of Al-Shabaab, a jihadist fundamentalist group as well, was responsible for 89 percent of all terror-related deaths in Somalia in 2021. Somalia has the third-highest number of terror-related deaths in the world and ranked second in Africa regarding threat level. Boko Haram Boko Haram, an affiliate of the Islamic State, has been responsible for thousands of deaths in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. Nigeria is the country most affected by the terrorist group's attacks. The terrorist groups aim to establish the Islamic State in Nigeria and to cancel Western education and influence in the country. Among the news on attacks mostly present in the media, the kidnapping of 276 female students from a secondary school in Borno in 2014 received a global response. As of January 2021, 112 girls were still missing, and six students were believed to have died. However, every month dozens of deaths are attributed to the brutality of Boko Haram.

Determinants of deliberate and accidental fake news sharing.

The lack of medical services in West Africa represents a serious issue in sanitary emergency. As of April 2020, different West African countries counted less than a doctor every 10,000 inhabitants. Especially, Sierra Leone had three physicians per 100,000 individuals, the lowest density of medical doctors in West Africa. Moreover, Burkina Faso was estimated to have only 11 ventilators in the whole country for a population of almost 20 million people.

The average number of doctors across the OECD countries in 2019 equaled to 35 per 10,000 inhabitants. The member countries of OECD are mostly high-income countries, whereas Nigeria is an emerging economy and it belongs to countries with lower middle-incomes.

Central African Republic CF: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data was reported at 26.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 26.000 Unit from Dec 2018 (Median) to 2018, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.000 Unit in 2018 and a record low of 26.000 Unit in 2018. Central African Republic CF: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Central African Republic – Table CF.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.;United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.;Sum;

As of 2024, Eritrea and Egypt had the least freedom of the press in Africa, with 16.64 and 25.1 points in the press freedom index, respectively. On the other hand, Mauritania and Namibia obtained the highest scores on the continent, showing a satisfactory situation. The press freedom index determines the levels of media freedom in each country, evaluating the political, economic, and sociocultural context, as well as legal framework and safety of journalists. The index ranks from zero, a very serious situation, to 100, a good situation regarding press freedom. Low levels of press freedom on the continent As the index shows, some African countries lack press freedom. For instance, Eritrea and Djibouti do not have any privately-owned media, which is why they obtained the least-performing index scores on the continent. According to the index, Egypt ranked second in Africa for having the least press freedom and presented the most critical situation in North Africa. On the other hand, Tunisia had by far the highest levels of press freedom in the northern region. A survey conducted in 2020 showed that almost half of Tunisia’s population believed that the media should be free from government control. Limited safety of journalists in Africa Especially in the world regions with poor press freedom, journalists are often in danger due to their work. Worldwide, the number of imprisoned journalists has generally risen in recent years, growing from 145 in 2010 to over 360 in 2022. Egypt ranked among the countries with the most journalists in jail. Moreover, cases of murdered journalists are also reported every year in different parts of the world.

This paper exploits an unusual transportation setting to generate some of the first revealed preference value of a statistical life (VSL) estimates from a low-income setting. We estimate the trade-offs individuals are willing to make between mortality risk and cost as they travel to and from the international airport in Sierra Leone. The setting and original dataset allow us to address some typical omitted variable concerns, and also to compare VSL estimates for travelers from different countries, all facing the same choice situation. The average VSL estimate for African travelers in the sample is US$577,000 compared to US$924,000 for non-Africans.

Community level characteristics of the respondent in East African countries (n = 44,837).

Individual characteristics of deliberate and accidental fake news distributors.