Automated Data Annotation Tool Market Outlook

The global market size for automated data annotation tools was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach around USD 6.8 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 20.2% during the forecast period. This market is witnessing rapid growth primarily driven by the increasing demand for high-quality data sets to train various machine learning and artificial intelligence models.

One of the primary growth factors for this market is the escalating need for automation in data preparation tasks, which occupy a significant amount of time and resources. Automated data annotation tools streamline the labor-intensive process of labeling data, ensuring quicker and more accurate results. The rising adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning across various industries such as healthcare, automotive, and finance is propelling the demand for these tools, as they play a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of AI models.

Another significant factor contributing to the market's growth is the continuous advancements in technology, such as the integration of machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision in data annotation tools. These technological enhancements enable more sophisticated and precise data labeling, which is essential for improving the performance of AI applications. Moreover, the growing availability of large data sets and the need for effective data management solutions are further driving the market forward.

The rise in partnerships and collaborations among key market players to develop innovative data annotation solutions is also a notable growth factor. Companies are increasingly investing in research and development activities to introduce advanced tools that cater to the diverse needs of different industry verticals. This collaborative approach not only helps in expanding the product portfolio but also enhances the overall market presence of the companies involved.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the automated data annotation tool market, driven by the early adoption of cutting-edge technologies and the presence of major tech giants in the region. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, owing to the rapid industrialization, increasing investments in AI infrastructure, and the growing focus on digital transformation initiatives across various sectors.

Component Analysis

The automated data annotation tool market, segmented by component into software and services, reveals distinct trends and preferences in the industry. The software segment is expected to dominate the market due to the increasing adoption of advanced data annotation software solutions that offer robust features, including automated labeling, quality control, and integration capabilities. These software solutions are crucial for organizations looking to enhance their AI and machine learning models' performance by providing accurate and consistent data annotations.

On the other hand, the services segment is also witnessing substantial growth, driven by the rising demand for professional services such as consulting, implementation, and maintenance. Organizations often require expert assistance to effectively deploy and manage data annotation tools, ensuring they derive maximum value from their investments. Service providers offer tailored solutions to meet the specific needs of different industries, thereby driving the growth of this segment.

The continuous innovation and development in software solutions are further propelling the growth of the software segment. Companies are focusing on enhancing the capabilities of their annotation tools by incorporating advanced technologies such as machine learning algorithms and natural language processing. These advancements enable more accurate and efficient data labeling processes, which are essential for training high-performing AI models.

In addition, the integration of data annotation tools with other enterprise systems, such as data management platforms and analytics solutions, is further driving the adoption of software solutions. This integration allows organizations to streamline their data workflows and improve overall productivity. The growing need for scalable and flexible data annotation solutions is also contributing to the dominance of the software segment in the market.

Overall, both software and ser

Data Annotation Tools Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Data Annotation Tools market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024. The market is set to expand at a robust CAGR of 26.7% from 2025 to 2033, projecting a remarkable value of USD 18.1 billion by 2033. The primary growth driver for this market is the escalating adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) across various industries, which necessitates high-quality labeled data for model training and validation.

One of the most significant growth factors propelling the data annotation tools market is the exponential rise in AI-powered applications across sectors such as healthcare, automotive, retail, and BFSI. As organizations increasingly integrate AI and ML into their core operations, the demand for accurately annotated data has surged. Data annotation tools play a crucial role in transforming raw, unstructured data into structured, labeled datasets that can be efficiently used to train sophisticated algorithms. The proliferation of deep learning and natural language processing technologies further amplifies the need for comprehensive data labeling solutions. This trend is particularly evident in industries like healthcare, where annotated medical images are vital for diagnostic algorithms, and in automotive, where labeled sensor data supports the evolution of autonomous vehicles.

Another prominent driver is the shift toward automation and digital transformation, which has accelerated the deployment of data annotation tools. Enterprises are increasingly adopting automated and semi-automated annotation platforms to enhance productivity, reduce manual errors, and streamline the data preparation process. The emergence of cloud-based annotation solutions has also contributed to market growth by enabling remote collaboration, scalability, and integration with advanced AI development pipelines. Furthermore, the growing complexity and variety of data types, including text, audio, image, and video, necessitate versatile annotation tools capable of handling multimodal datasets, thus broadening the market's scope and applications.

The market is also benefiting from a surge in government and private investments aimed at fostering AI innovation and digital infrastructure. Several governments across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific have launched initiatives and funding programs to support AI research and development, including the creation of high-quality, annotated datasets. These efforts are complemented by strategic partnerships between technology vendors, research institutions, and enterprises, which are collectively advancing the capabilities of data annotation tools. As regulatory standards for data privacy and security become more stringent, there is an increasing emphasis on secure, compliant annotation solutions, further driving innovation and market demand.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the data annotation tools market, driven by the presence of major technology companies, well-established AI research ecosystems, and significant investments in digital transformation. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rapid industrialization, expanding IT infrastructure, and a burgeoning startup ecosystem focused on AI and data science. Europe also holds a substantial market share, supported by robust regulatory frameworks and active participation in AI research. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, with increasing adoption in sectors such as retail, automotive, and government. The global landscape is characterized by dynamic regional trends, with each market contributing uniquely to the overall growth trajectory.

Component Analysis

The data annotation tools market is segmented by component into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in the market's overall ecosystem. Software solutions form the backbone of the market, providing the technical infrastructure for auto

Data Annotation Service Market Outlook

The global data annotation service market size was valued at approximately USD 1.7 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 8.3 billion by 2032, demonstrating a robust CAGR of 18.4% during the forecast period. The surge in demand for high-quality annotated datasets for machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) applications is one of the primary growth factors driving this market. As the need for precise data labeling escalates, the data annotation service industry is set for significant expansion.

One of the significant growth factors propelling the data annotation service market is the increasing adoption of AI and machine learning technologies across various industries. As organizations strive to automate processes, enhance customer experience, and gain insights from large datasets, the demand for accurately labeled data has skyrocketed. This trend is particularly evident in sectors like healthcare, automotive, and retail, where AI applications such as predictive analytics, autonomous vehicles, and personalized shopping experiences necessitate high-quality annotated data.

Another critical driver for the data annotation service market is the growing complexity and volume of data generated globally. With the proliferation of IoT devices, social media platforms, and other digital ecosystems, the volume of data produced daily has reached unprecedented levels. To harness this data's potential, organizations require sophisticated data annotation services that can handle large-scale, multifaceted datasets. Consequently, the market for data annotation services is witnessing substantial growth as businesses aim to leverage big data effectively.

Furthermore, the rising emphasis on data privacy and security regulations is encouraging organizations to outsource their data annotation needs to specialized service providers. With stringent compliance requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA, companies are increasingly turning to expert data annotation services to ensure data integrity and regulatory adherence. This outsourcing trend is further bolstering the market's growth as it allows businesses to focus on their core competencies while relying on specialized service providers for data annotation tasks.

The evolution of Data Annotation Tool Software has played a pivotal role in the growth of the data annotation service market. These tools provide the necessary infrastructure to streamline the annotation process, ensuring efficiency and accuracy. By leveraging advanced algorithms and user-friendly interfaces, data annotation tool software enables annotators to handle complex datasets with ease. This technological advancement not only reduces the time and cost associated with manual annotation but also enhances the overall quality of the annotated data. As a result, organizations can deploy AI models more effectively, driving innovation across various sectors.

The regional outlook for the data annotation service market reveals a dynamic landscape with significant growth potential across various geographies. North America currently dominates the market, driven by the rapid adoption of AI technologies and a strong presence of key industry players. However, the Asia Pacific region is poised for the fastest growth during the forecast period, attributed to the burgeoning tech industry, increasing investments in AI research, and a growing digital economy. Europe and Latin America are also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by advancements in AI and a rising focus on data-driven decision-making.

Type Analysis

The data annotation service market can be segmented by type into text, image, video, and audio annotation. Text annotation holds a significant share of the market, driven by the increasing use of natural language processing (NLP) applications across various industries. Annotating text data involves labeling entities, sentiments, and other linguistic features essential for training NLP models. As chatbots, virtual assistants, and sentiment analysis tools gain traction, the demand for high-quality text annotation services continues to grow.

Image annotation is another critical segment, driven by the rising adoption of computer vision applications in industries such as automotive, healthcare, and retail. Image annotation involves labeling objects, boundaries, and other visual elements within images, enabling AI systems to recognize

Fire Data Annotations

## Overview

Fire Data Annotations is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Fire annotations for 1,942 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Data Annotation Tools Market size was valued at USD 0.03 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.04 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 25.5% during the forecasted period 2024 to 2030.

Global Data Annotation Tools Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Data Annotation Tools Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Rapid Growth in AI and Machine Learning: The demand for data annotation tools to label massive datasets for training and validation purposes is driven by the rapid growth of AI and machine learning applications across a variety of industries, including healthcare, automotive, retail, and finance.

Increasing Data Complexity: As data kinds like photos, videos, text, and sensor data become more complex, more sophisticated annotation tools are needed to handle a variety of data formats, annotations, and labeling needs. This will spur market adoption and innovation.

Quality and Accuracy Requirements: Training accurate and dependable AI models requires high-quality annotated data. Organizations can attain enhanced annotation accuracy and consistency by utilizing data annotation technologies that come with sophisticated annotation algorithms, quality control measures, and human-in-the-loop capabilities.

Applications Specific to Industries: The development of specialized annotation tools for particular industries, like autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, satellite imagery analysis, and natural language processing, is prompted by their distinct regulatory standards and data annotation requirements.

Data Annotation Outsourcing Market size was valued at USD 0.8 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 3.6 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 33.2%during the forecasted period 2024 to 2031.

Global Data Annotation Outsourcing Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Data Annotation Outsourcing Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Fast Growth in AI and Machine Learning Applications: The need for data annotation services has increased as a result of the need for huge amounts of labeled data for training AI and machine learning models. Companies can focus on their core skills by outsourcing these processes and yet receive high-quality annotated data.

Growing Need for High-Quality Labeled Data: The efficacy of AI models depends on precise data labeling. In order to achieve accurate and reliable data labeling, businesses are outsourcing their annotation responsibilities to specialist service providers, which is propelling market expansion.

Global Data Annotation Outsourcing Market Restraints

Several factors can act as restraints or challenges for the Data Annotation Outsourcing Market. These may include:

Data Privacy and Security Issues: It can be difficult to guarantee data privacy and security. Strict rules and guidelines must be followed by businesses in order to protect sensitive data, which can be expensive and complicated.

Problems with Quality Control: It can be difficult to maintain consistent and high-quality data annotation when working with numerous vendors. The effectiveness of AI and machine learning models might be impacted by inconsistent or inaccurate data annotations.

TE Data Annotation

## Overview

TE Data Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Objects annotations for 10,876 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Data Annotation Outsourcing Market Outlook

The global data annotation outsourcing market size was valued at approximately USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach an estimated USD 10.3 billion by 2032, growing at an impressive CAGR of 17.1% during the forecast period. This significant growth is driven by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies across various industries, which require large volumes of accurately labeled data to train sophisticated algorithms.

One of the primary growth factors of the data annotation outsourcing market is the exponentially increasing demand for annotated data to develop and enhance AI and ML models. The surge in AI-driven applications in diverse sectors such as healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and BFSI necessitates extensive data labeling efforts. Outsourcing data annotation to specialized firms allows companies to focus on core activities while ensuring high-quality data labeling, thereby accelerating AI model development and deployment. Another key factor is the rising complexity and variety of data that needs annotation. From text to images, videos, and audio, the wide range of data formats requires different annotation techniques and expertise, which specialized outsourcing firms are well-equipped to handle.

Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of outsourcing data annotation services is a significant driver for market growth. Maintaining an in-house data annotation team can be expensive due to the need for specialized skills, software, and infrastructure. Outsourcing helps organizations reduce these overhead costs while gaining access to a skilled workforce capable of providing high-quality annotations. The ease of scalability offered by outsourcing is another appealing factor. As projects expand and the volume of data increases, outsourcing partners can quickly ramp up operations to meet the increased demand without the client needing to invest in additional resources.

Moreover, the increased focus on data privacy and security has led to the emergence of data annotation outsourcing firms that comply with international data protection regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA. This ensures that organizations can leverage outsourced data annotation services without compromising on data security. The need for high-quality annotated data for developing advanced AI models, coupled with the benefits of cost reduction, scalability, and regulatory compliance, is set to propel the market forward in the coming years.

In the realm of Image Tagging and Annotation Services, the demand has surged due to the proliferation of AI applications that require precise image labeling. These services are crucial for training AI models in tasks such as object detection and facial recognition. By outsourcing image tagging and annotation, companies can ensure that their data is accurately labeled by experts who understand the nuances of image data. This not only enhances the performance of AI models but also accelerates the development process by allowing companies to focus on their core competencies. The healthcare sector, in particular, benefits from these services as they are essential for analyzing medical images and improving diagnostic accuracy.

Regionally, North America holds a dominant position in the data annotation outsourcing market, driven by the high adoption rate of AI and ML technologies in the United States and Canada. The presence of major tech companies and a robust ecosystem for AI development also contribute to the region's leadership. Europe follows closely, with significant investments in AI research and development, particularly in countries like Germany, the UK, and France. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth, fueled by rapid technological advancements and increasing AI adoption in countries like China, India, and Japan. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing gradual growth, supported by emerging AI initiatives and government support.

Annotation Type Analysis

The data annotation outsourcing market is segmented based on annotation type into text, image, video, and audio. Each annotation type requires specific techniques and expertise, making it essential for outsourcing partners to offer comprehensive services across these categories. Text annotation is one of the most fundamental types, involving the labeling of textual content to facilitate natural language processing (

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Data Annotation and Labeling Market size is USD 2.2 billion in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27.4% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of Data Annotation and Labeling Market

Key Drivers for Data Annotation and Labeling Market

Rising Demand for High-Quality Labeled Data- The demand for high-quality labeled data is a crucial driver of the data annotation and labeling market. Industries such as healthcare, automotive, and finance require precise annotations to train AI models effectively. Accurate data labeling is essential for tasks like object detection, sentiment analysis, and natural language processing. As businesses seek to enhance their AI capabilities, the importance of reliable, labeled datasets continues to grow. This demand is pushing companies to invest in advanced annotation tools and services, driving innovation and expansion in the market.
Continuous advancements in AI and ML technologies are driving the adoption of data annotation and labeling solutions to improve automation and efficiency in data processing.

Key Restraints for Data Annotation and Labeling Market

Complexity in maintaining data quality and consistency across diverse annotation types and data formats.
Concerns regarding data privacy and security, especially with the increasing volume and sensitivity of labeled data.

Introduction of the Data Annotation and Labeling Market

Data annotation and labeling involve the process of labeling data for machine learning models, ensuring accurate analysis and training. The market is driven by the increasing adoption of AI and machine learning across various sectors, necessitating high-quality labeled data. The demand for annotated data is growing due to advancements in deep learning and computer vision technologies. The market is expected to expand rapidly, driven by applications in autonomous vehicles, healthcare diagnostics, and natural language processing. As companies strive to enhance data quality, the data annotation and labeling market is poised for significant growth in the coming years.

TE Data Annotation Trucks Only

## Overview

TE Data Annotation Trucks Only is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Objects SpdP annotations for 5,946 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

The global data annotation tools market size was worth around USD 1.58 billion in 2024 and is set to register a CAGR of more than 26.2%, exceeding USD 32.54 billion revenue by 2037. Text segment is estimated to secure 70% share by 2037, driven by increasing use of text-based annotations in chatbots and NLP tools.

This dataset contains 35 of 39 taxonomies that were the result of a systematic review. The systematic review was conducted with the goal of identifying taxonomies suitable for semantically annotating research data. A special focus was set on research data from the hybrid societies domain.

The following taxonomies were identified as part of the systematic review:

Filename

Taxonomy Title

acm_ccs

ACM Computing Classification System [1]

amec

A Taxonomy of Evaluation Towards Standards [2]

bibo

A BIBO Ontology Extension for Evaluation of Scientific Research Results [3]

cdt

Cross-Device Taxonomy [4]

cso

Computer Science Ontology [5]

ddbm

What Makes a Data-driven Business Model? A Consolidated Taxonomy [6]

ddi_am

DDI Aggregation Method [7]

ddi_moc

DDI Mode of Collection [8]

n/a

DemoVoc [9]

discretization

Building a New Taxonomy for Data Discretization Techniques [10]

dp

Demopaedia [11]

dsg

Data Science Glossary [12]

ease

A Taxonomy of Evaluation Approaches in Software Engineering [13]

eco

Evidence & Conclusion Ontology [14]

edam

EDAM: The Bioscientific Data Analysis Ontology [15]

n/a

European Language Social Science Thesaurus [16]

et

Evaluation Thesaurus [17]

glos_hci

The Glossary of Human Computer Interaction [18]

n/a

Humanities and Social Science Electronic Thesaurus [19]

hcio

A Core Ontology on the Human-Computer Interaction Phenomenon [20]

hft

Human-Factors Taxonomy [21]

hri

A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction [22]

iim

A Taxonomy of Interaction for Instructional Multimedia [23]

interrogation

A Taxonomy of Interrogation Methods [24]

iot

Design Vocabulary for Human–IoT Systems Communication [25]

kinect

Understanding Movement and Interaction: An Ontology for Kinect-Based 3D Depth Sensors [26]

maco

Thesaurus Mass Communication [27]

n/a

Thesaurus Cognitive Psychology of Human Memory [28]

mixed_initiative

Mixed-Initiative Human-Robot Interaction: Definition, Taxonomy, and Survey [29]

qos_qoe

A Taxonomy of Quality of Service and Quality of Experience of Multimodal Human-Machine Interaction [30]

ro

The Research Object Ontology [31]

senses_sensors

A Human-Centered Taxonomy of Interaction Modalities and Devices [32]

sipat

A Taxonomy of Spatial Interaction Patterns and Techniques [33]

social_errors

A Taxonomy of Social Errors in Human-Robot Interaction [34]

sosa

Semantic Sensor Network Ontology [35]

swo

The Software Ontology [36]

tadirah

Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities [37]

vrs

Virtual Reality and the CAVE: Taxonomy, Interaction Challenges and Research Directions [38]

xdi

Cross-Device Interaction [39]

We converted the taxonomies into SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System) representation. The following 4 taxonomies were not converted as they were already available in SKOS and were for this reason excluded from this dataset:

1) DemoVoc, cf. http://thesaurus.web.ined.fr/navigateur/ available at https://thesaurus.web.ined.fr/exports/demovoc/demovoc.rdf

2) European Language Social Science Thesaurus, cf. https://thesauri.cessda.eu/elsst/en/ available at https://zenodo.org/record/5506929

3) Humanities and Social Science Electronic Thesaurus, cf. https://hasset.ukdataservice.ac.uk/hasset/en/ available at https://zenodo.org/record/7568355

4) Thesaurus Cognitive Psychology of Human Memory, cf. https://www.loterre.fr/presentation/ available at https://skosmos.loterre.fr/P66/en/

References

[1] “The 2012 ACM Computing Classification System,” ACM Digital Library, 2012. https://dl.acm.org/ccs (accessed May 08, 2023).

[2] AMEC, “A Taxonomy of Evaluation Towards Standards.” Aug. 31, 2016. Accessed: May 08, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://amecorg.com/amecframework/home/supporting-material/taxonomy/

[3] B. Dimić Surla, M. Segedinac, and D. Ivanović, “A BIBO ontology extension for evaluation of scientific research results,” in Proceedings of the Fifth Balkan Conference in Informatics, in BCI ’12. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2012, pp. 275–278. doi: 10.1145/2371316.2371376.

[4] F. Brudy et al., “Cross-Device Taxonomy: Survey, Opportunities and Challenges of Interactions Spanning Across Multiple Devices,” in Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, in CHI ’19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Mai 2019, pp. 1–28. doi: 10.1145/3290605.3300792.

[5] A. A. Salatino, T. Thanapalasingam, A. Mannocci, F. Osborne, and E. Motta, “The Computer Science Ontology: A Large-Scale Taxonomy of Research Areas,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1137, D. Vrandečić, K. Bontcheva, M. C. Suárez-Figueroa, V. Presutti, I. Celino, M. Sabou, L.-A. Kaffee, and E. Simperl, Eds., Monterey, California, USA: Springer, Oct. 2018, pp. 187–205. Accessed: May 08, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://oro.open.ac.uk/55484/

[6] M. Dehnert, A. Gleiss, and F. Reiss, “What makes a data-driven business model? A consolidated taxonomy,” presented at the European Conference on Information Systems, 2021.

[7] DDI Alliance, “DDI Controlled Vocabulary for Aggregation Method,” 2014. https://ddialliance.org/Specification/DDI-CV/AggregationMethod_1.0.html (accessed May 08, 2023).

[8] DDI Alliance, “DDI Controlled Vocabulary for Mode Of Collection,” 2015. https://ddialliance.org/Specification/DDI-CV/ModeOfCollection_2.0.html (accessed May 08, 2023).

[9] INED - French Institute for Demographic Studies, “Thésaurus DemoVoc,” Feb. 26, 2020. https://thesaurus.web.ined.fr/navigateur/en/about (accessed May 08, 2023).

[10] A. A. Bakar, Z. A. Othman, and N. L. M. Shuib, “Building a new taxonomy for data discretization techniques,” in 2009 2nd Conference on Data Mining and Optimization, Oct. 2009, pp. 132–140. doi: 10.1109/DMO.2009.5341896.

[11] N. Brouard and C. Giudici, “Unified second edition of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary (Demopaedia.org project),” presented at the 2017 International Population Conference, IUSSP, Oct. 2017. Accessed: May 08, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://iussp.confex.com/iussp/ipc2017/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/5713

[12] DuCharme, Bob, “Data Science Glossary.” https://www.datascienceglossary.org/ (accessed May 08, 2023).

[13] A. Chatzigeorgiou, T. Chaikalis, G. Paschalidou, N. Vesyropoulos, C. K. Georgiadis, and E. Stiakakis, “A Taxonomy of Evaluation Approaches in Software Engineering,” in Proceedings of the 7th Balkan Conference on Informatics Conference, in BCI ’15. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1145/2801081.2801084.

[14] M. C. Chibucos, D. A. Siegele, J. C. Hu, and M. Giglio, “The Evidence and Conclusion Ontology (ECO): Supporting GO Annotations,” in The Gene Ontology Handbook, C. Dessimoz and N. Škunca, Eds., in Methods in Molecular Biology. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 245–259. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3743-1_18.

[15] M. Black et al., “EDAM: the bioscientific data analysis ontology,” F1000Research, vol. 11, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.7490/f1000research.1118900.1.

[16] Council of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA), “European Language Social Science Thesaurus ELSST,” 2021. https://thesauri.cessda.eu/en/ (accessed May 08, 2023).

[17] M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus, 3rd Edition. Edgepress, 1981. Accessed: May 08, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/evaluation-thesaurus/book3562

[18] Papantoniou, Bill et al., The Glossary of Human Computer Interaction. Interaction Design Foundation. Accessed: May 08, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-glossary-of-human-computer-interaction

[19] “UK Data Service Vocabularies: HASSET Thesaurus.” https://hasset.ukdataservice.ac.uk/hasset/en/ (accessed May 08, 2023).

[20] S. D. Costa, M. P. Barcellos, R. de A. Falbo, T. Conte, and K. M. de Oliveira, “A core ontology on the Human–Computer Interaction phenomenon,” Data Knowl. Eng., vol. 138, p. 101977, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2021.101977.

[21] V. J. Gawron et al., “Human Factors Taxonomy,” Proc. Hum. Factors Soc. Annu. Meet., vol. 35, no. 18, pp. 1284–1287, Sep. 1991, doi: 10.1177/154193129103501807.

[22] L. Onnasch and E. Roesler, “A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction,” Int. J. Soc. Robot., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 833–849, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12369-020-00666-5.

[23] R. A. Schwier, “A Taxonomy of Interaction for Instructional Multimedia.” Sep. 28, 1992. Accessed: May 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED352044

[24] C. Kelly, J. Miller, A. Redlich, and S. Kleinman, “A Taxonomy of Interrogation Methods,”

Leaves from genetically unique Juglans regia plants were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA). Soil samples were collected in Fall of 2017 from the riparian oak forest located at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Institute at the University of California Davis. The soil was sieved through a 2 mm mesh and was air dried before imaging. A single soil aggregate was scanned at 23 keV using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS. Additionally, a drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunus dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned using a 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS Raw tomographic image data was reconstructed using TomoPy. Reconstructions were converted to 8-bit tif or png format using ImageJ or the PIL package in Python before further processing. Images were annotated using Intel’s Computer Vision Annotation Tool (CVAT) and ImageJ. Both CVAT and ImageJ are free to use and open source. Leaf images were annotated in following Théroux-Rancourt et al. (2020). Specifically, Hand labeling was done directly in ImageJ by drawing around each tissue; with 5 images annotated per leaf. Care was taken to cover a range of anatomical variation to help improve the generalizability of the models to other leaves. All slices were labeled by Dr. Mina Momayyezi and Fiona Duong.To annotate the flower bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into CVAT. The exterior border of the bud (i.e. bud scales) and flower were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. Similarly, the exterior of the soil aggregate and particulate organic matter identified by eye were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. To annotate air spaces in both the bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into ImageJ. A gaussian blur was applied to the image to decrease noise and then the air space was segmented using thresholding. After applying the threshold, the selected air space region was converted to a binary image with white representing the air space and black representing everything else. This binary image was overlaid upon the original image and the air space within the flower bud and aggregate was selected using the “free hand” tool. Air space outside of the region of interest for both image sets was eliminated. The quality of the air space annotation was then visually inspected for accuracy against the underlying original image; incomplete annotations were corrected using the brush or pencil tool to paint missing air space white and incorrectly identified air space black. Once the annotation was satisfactorily corrected, the binary image of the air space was saved. Finally, the annotations of the bud and flower or aggregate and organic matter were opened in ImageJ and the associated air space mask was overlaid on top of them forming a three-layer mask suitable for training the fully convolutional network. All labeling of the soil aggregate and soil aggregate images was done by Dr. Devin Rippner. These images and annotations are for training deep learning models to identify different constituents in leaves, almond buds, and soil aggregates Limitations: For the walnut leaves, some tissues (stomata, etc.) are not labeled and only represent a small portion of a full leaf. Similarly, both the almond bud and the aggregate represent just one single sample of each. The bud tissues are only divided up into buds scales, flower, and air space. Many other tissues remain unlabeled. For the soil aggregate annotated labels are done by eye with no actual chemical information. Therefore particulate organic matter identification may be incorrect. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of a Forest Soil Aggregate. File Name: forest_soil_images_masks_for_testing_training.zipResource Description: This aggregate was collected from the riparian oak forest at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Facility. The aggreagate was scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; pores spaces have a value of 250,250, 250; mineral solids have a value= 128,0,0; and particulate organic matter has a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the forest soil aggregate and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of an Almond bud (P. Dulcis). File Name: Almond_bud_tube_D_P6_training_testing_images_and_masks.zipResource Description: Drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunis dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm using. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; air spaces have a value of 255,255, 255; bud scales have a value= 128,0,0; and flower tissues have a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the almond bud and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of Walnut leaves (J. Regia) . File Name: 6_leaf_training_testing_images_and_masks_for_paper.zipResource Description: Stems were collected from genetically unique J. regia accessions at the 117 USDA-ARS-NCGR in Wolfskill Experimental Orchard, Winters, California USA to use as scion, and were grafted by Sierra Gold Nursery onto a commonly used commercial rootstock, RX1 (J. microcarpa × J. regia). We used a common rootstock to eliminate any own-root effects and to simulate conditions for a commercial walnut orchard setting, where rootstocks are commonly used. The grafted saplings were repotted and transferred to the Armstrong lathe house facility at the University of California, Davis in June 2019, and kept under natural light and temperature. Leaves from each accession and treatment were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 170,170,170; Epidermis value= 85,85,85; Mesophyll value= 0,0,0; Bundle Sheath Extension value= 152,152,152; Vein value= 220,220,220; Air value = 255,255,255.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented September 15, 2017.A virtual database of annotations between databases.

The names of the annotation files reflect the region and signer pair number (e.g. ber_01 corresponds to signer pair 1 from the region Berlin) to mirror the names used on ling.meine-dgs.de. Since there may sometimes be multiple videos available for one and the same signer pair, I added an additional seven-number code which corresponds to the code displayed on the transcript page when hovering over the transcript names shown in the leftmost column. The procedure for the data annotations created for this project is described in detail in Chapter 2 of my dissertation entitled "Iconicity as a mediator between verb semantics and morphosyntactic structure: A corpus-based study on verbs in German Sign Language", to be made publicly available at the beginning of 2020.

Waterloo Data Annotation

## Overview

Waterloo Data Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Traffic annotations for 370 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Data sets used for experimental evaluation in the related publication:Matching Web Tables with Knowledge Base Entities: From Entity Lookups to Entity EmbeddingsInternational Semantic Web Conference (1) 2017: 260-277Vasilis Efthymiou Oktie Hassanzadeh Mariano Rodríguez-Muro Vassilis ChristophidesThe gold standard data sets are collections of web tables:T2D (v1) consists of a schema-level gold standard of 1,748 Web tables, manually annotated with class- and property-mappings, as well as an entity-level gold standard of 233 Web tables.Limaye consists of 400 manually annotated Web tables with entity-, class-, and property-level correspondences, where single cells (not rows) are mapped to entities. The corrected version of this gold standard is adapted to annotate rows with entities, from the annotations of the label column cells.WikipediaGS is an instance-level gold standard developed from 485K Wikipedia tables, in which links in the label column are used to infer the annotation of a row to a DBpedia entity. Note on license: please refer to the README.txt. Data is derived from Wikipedia and other sources may have different licenses.Wikipedia contents can be shared under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licenseas outlined on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_contentThe correspondences of the T2D Gold standard is provided under the terms of the Apache license. The Web tables are provided according the same terms of use, disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liabilities that apply to the Common Crawl corpus. The DBpedia subset is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and the GNU Free Documentation License that applies to DBpedia.Limaye gold standard is downloaded from: http://websail-fe.cs.northwestern.edu/TabEL/ (download date: August 25, 2016). Please refer to the original website and the following paper for more details and citation information:G. Limaye, S. Sarawagi, and S. Chakrabarti. Annotating and Searching Web Tables Using Entities, Types and Relationships. PVLDB, 3(1):1338–1347, 2010.THIS DATA IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Included here are a coding manual and supplementary examples of gesture forms (in still images and video recordings) that informed the coding of the first author (Kate Mesh) and four project reliability coders.

1. Overview We provide various types of Annotated Imagery Data annotation services, including:
2. Video classification
3. Timestamps
4. Video tracking
5. Video detection ...
6. Our Capacity
7. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and Annotated Imagery Data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/datasets/computervision?source=Datarade

Data Annotation Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global data annotation market size reached USD 2.15 billion in 2024, fueled by the rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications across industries. The market is witnessing a robust growth trajectory, registering a CAGR of 26.3% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the data annotation market is projected to attain a valuation of USD 19.14 billion. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for high-quality annotated datasets to train sophisticated AI models, the expansion of automation in various sectors, and the escalating adoption of advanced technologies in emerging economies.

The primary growth factor propelling the data annotation market is the surging adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning across diverse sectors such as healthcare, automotive, retail, and IT & telecommunications. Organizations are increasingly leveraging AI-driven solutions for predictive analytics, automation, and enhanced decision-making, all of which require meticulously labeled datasets for optimal performance. The proliferation of computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition technologies has further intensified the need for accurate data annotation, as these applications rely heavily on annotated images, videos, text, and audio to function effectively. As businesses strive for digital transformation and increased operational efficiency, the demand for comprehensive data annotation services and software continues to escalate, thereby driving market expansion.

Another significant driver for the data annotation market is the growing complexity and diversity of data types being utilized in AI projects. Modern AI systems require vast amounts of annotated data spanning multiple formats, including text, images, videos, and audio. This complexity has led to the emergence of specialized data annotation tools and services capable of handling intricate annotation tasks, such as semantic segmentation, entity recognition, and sentiment analysis. Moreover, the integration of data annotation platforms with cloud-based solutions and workflow automation tools has streamlined the annotation process, enabling organizations to scale their AI initiatives efficiently. As a result, both large enterprises and small-to-medium businesses are increasingly investing in advanced annotation solutions to maintain a competitive edge in their respective industries.

Furthermore, the rise of data-centric AI development methodologies has placed greater emphasis on the quality and diversity of training datasets, further fueling the demand for professional data annotation services. Companies are recognizing that the success of AI models is heavily dependent on the accuracy and representativeness of the annotated data used during training. This realization has spurred investments in annotation technologies that offer features such as quality control, real-time collaboration, and integration with machine learning pipelines. Additionally, the growing trend of outsourcing annotation tasks to specialized service providers in regions with cost-effective labor markets has contributed to the market's rapid growth. As AI continues to permeate new domains, the need for scalable, high-quality data annotation solutions is expected to remain a key growth driver for the foreseeable future.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the data annotation market, accounting for the largest share due to the presence of major technology companies, robust research and development activities, and early adoption of AI technologies. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by increasing investments in AI infrastructure, the expansion of IT and telecommunication networks, and the availability of a large, skilled workforce for annotation tasks. Europe also represents a significant market, characterized by stringent data privacy regulations and growing demand for AI-driven automation in industries such as automotive and healthcare. As global enterprises continue to prioritize AI initiatives, the data annotation market is poised for substantial growth across all major regions.