Data Annotation Tools Market size was valued at USD 0.03 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 4.04 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 25.5% during the forecasted period 2026 to 2032.Global Data Annotation Tools Market DriversThe market drivers for the Data Annotation Tools Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:Rapid Growth in AI and Machine Learning: The demand for data annotation tools to label massive datasets for training and validation purposes is driven by the rapid growth of AI and machine learning applications across a variety of industries, including healthcare, automotive, retail, and finance.Increasing Data Complexity: As data kinds like photos, videos, text, and sensor data become more complex, more sophisticated annotation tools are needed to handle a variety of data formats, annotations, and labeling needs. This will spur market adoption and innovation.Quality and Accuracy Requirements: Training accurate and dependable AI models requires high-quality annotated data. Organizations can attain enhanced annotation accuracy and consistency by utilizing data annotation technologies that come with sophisticated annotation algorithms, quality control measures, and human-in-the-loop capabilities.Applications Specific to Industries: The development of specialized annotation tools for particular industries, like autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, satellite imagery analysis, and natural language processing, is prompted by their distinct regulatory standards and data annotation requirements.

Car-Highway Data Annotation Project

Introduction

In this project, we aim to annotate car images captured on highways. The annotated data will be used to train machine learning models for various computer vision tasks, such as object detection and classification.

Project Goals

• Collect a diverse dataset of car images from highway scenes.
• Annotate the dataset to identify and label cars within each image.
• Organize and format the annotated data for machine learning model training.

Tools and Technologies

For this project, we will be using Roboflow, a powerful platform for data annotation and preprocessing. Roboflow simplifies the annotation process and provides tools for data augmentation and transformation.

Annotation Process

1. Upload the raw car images to the Roboflow platform.
2. Use the annotation tools in Roboflow to draw bounding boxes around each car in the images.
3. Label each bounding box with the corresponding class (e.g., car).
4. Review and validate the annotations for accuracy.

Data Augmentation

Roboflow offers data augmentation capabilities, such as rotation, flipping, and resizing. These augmentations can help improve the model's robustness.

Data Export

Once the data is annotated and augmented, Roboflow allows us to export the dataset in various formats suitable for training machine learning models, such as YOLO, COCO, or TensorFlow Record.

Milestones

1. Data Collection and Preprocessing
2. Annotation of Car Images
3. Data Augmentation
4. Data Export
5. Model Training

Conclusion

By completing this project, we will have a well-annotated dataset ready for training machine learning models. This dataset can be used for a wide range of applications in computer vision, including car detection and tracking on highways.

1. Overview We provide various types of Annotated Imagery Data annotation services, including:
2. Bounding box
3. Polygon
4. Segmentation
5. Polyline
6. Key points
7. Image classification
8. Image description ...
9. Our Capacity
10. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and Annotated Imagery Data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/computerVisionTraining?source=Datarade

Data Annotation Outsourcing Market size was valued at USD 0.8 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 3.6 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 33.2%during the forecasted period 2024 to 2031.

Global Data Annotation Outsourcing Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Data Annotation Outsourcing Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Fast Growth in AI and Machine Learning Applications: The need for data annotation services has increased as a result of the need for huge amounts of labeled data for training AI and machine learning models. Companies can focus on their core skills by outsourcing these processes and yet receive high-quality annotated data.

Growing Need for High-Quality Labeled Data: The efficacy of AI models depends on precise data labeling. In order to achieve accurate and reliable data labeling, businesses are outsourcing their annotation responsibilities to specialist service providers, which is propelling market expansion.

Global Data Annotation Outsourcing Market Restraints

Several factors can act as restraints or challenges for the Data Annotation Outsourcing Market. These may include:

Data Privacy and Security Issues: It can be difficult to guarantee data privacy and security. Strict rules and guidelines must be followed by businesses in order to protect sensitive data, which can be expensive and complicated.

Problems with Quality Control: It can be difficult to maintain consistent and high-quality data annotation when working with numerous vendors. The effectiveness of AI and machine learning models might be impacted by inconsistent or inaccurate data annotations.

Impact assessment is an evolving area of research that aims at measuring and predicting the potential effects of projects or programs. Measuring the impact of scientific research is a vibrant subdomain, closely intertwined with impact assessment. A recurring obstacle pertains to the absence of an efficient framework which can facilitate the analysis of lengthy reports and text labeling. To address this issue, we propose a framework for automatically assessing the impact of scientific research projects by identifying pertinent sections in project reports that indicate the potential impacts. We leverage a mixed-method approach, combining manual annotations with supervised machine learning, to extract these passages from project reports. This is a repository to save datasets and codes related to this project. Please read and cite the following paper if you would like to use the data: Becker M., Han K., Werthmann A., Rezapour R., Lee H., Diesner J., and Witt A. (2024). Detecting Impact Relevant Sections in Scientific Research. The 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING). This folder contains the following files: evaluation_20220927.ods: Annotated German passages (Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, and Music) - training data annotated_data.big_set.corrected.txt: Annotated German passages (Mobility) - training data incl_translation_all.csv: Annotated English passages (Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, and Music) - training data incl_translation_mobility.csv: Annotated German passages (Mobility) - training data ttparagraph_addmob.txt: German corpus (unannotated passages) model_result_extraction.csv: Extracted impact-relevant passages from the German corpus based on the model we trained rf_model.joblib: The random forest model we trained to extract impact-relevant passages Data processing codes can be found at: https://github.com/khan1792/texttransfer

Reflect Data Annotation

## Overview

Reflect Data Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Objects annotations for 200 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Leaves from genetically unique Juglans regia plants were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA). Soil samples were collected in Fall of 2017 from the riparian oak forest located at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Institute at the University of California Davis. The soil was sieved through a 2 mm mesh and was air dried before imaging. A single soil aggregate was scanned at 23 keV using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS. Additionally, a drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunus dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned using a 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm on beamline 8.3.2 at the ALS Raw tomographic image data was reconstructed using TomoPy. Reconstructions were converted to 8-bit tif or png format using ImageJ or the PIL package in Python before further processing. Images were annotated using Intel’s Computer Vision Annotation Tool (CVAT) and ImageJ. Both CVAT and ImageJ are free to use and open source. Leaf images were annotated in following Théroux-Rancourt et al. (2020). Specifically, Hand labeling was done directly in ImageJ by drawing around each tissue; with 5 images annotated per leaf. Care was taken to cover a range of anatomical variation to help improve the generalizability of the models to other leaves. All slices were labeled by Dr. Mina Momayyezi and Fiona Duong.To annotate the flower bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into CVAT. The exterior border of the bud (i.e. bud scales) and flower were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. Similarly, the exterior of the soil aggregate and particulate organic matter identified by eye were annotated in CVAT and exported as masks. To annotate air spaces in both the bud and soil aggregate, images were imported into ImageJ. A gaussian blur was applied to the image to decrease noise and then the air space was segmented using thresholding. After applying the threshold, the selected air space region was converted to a binary image with white representing the air space and black representing everything else. This binary image was overlaid upon the original image and the air space within the flower bud and aggregate was selected using the “free hand” tool. Air space outside of the region of interest for both image sets was eliminated. The quality of the air space annotation was then visually inspected for accuracy against the underlying original image; incomplete annotations were corrected using the brush or pencil tool to paint missing air space white and incorrectly identified air space black. Once the annotation was satisfactorily corrected, the binary image of the air space was saved. Finally, the annotations of the bud and flower or aggregate and organic matter were opened in ImageJ and the associated air space mask was overlaid on top of them forming a three-layer mask suitable for training the fully convolutional network. All labeling of the soil aggregate and soil aggregate images was done by Dr. Devin Rippner. These images and annotations are for training deep learning models to identify different constituents in leaves, almond buds, and soil aggregates Limitations: For the walnut leaves, some tissues (stomata, etc.) are not labeled and only represent a small portion of a full leaf. Similarly, both the almond bud and the aggregate represent just one single sample of each. The bud tissues are only divided up into buds scales, flower, and air space. Many other tissues remain unlabeled. For the soil aggregate annotated labels are done by eye with no actual chemical information. Therefore particulate organic matter identification may be incorrect. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of a Forest Soil Aggregate. File Name: forest_soil_images_masks_for_testing_training.zipResource Description: This aggregate was collected from the riparian oak forest at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agricultural Facility. The aggreagate was scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; pores spaces have a value of 250,250, 250; mineral solids have a value= 128,0,0; and particulate organic matter has a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the forest soil aggregate and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of an Almond bud (P. Dulcis). File Name: Almond_bud_tube_D_P6_training_testing_images_and_masks.zipResource Description: Drought stressed almond flower bud (Prunis dulcis) from a plant housed at the University of California, Davis, was scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 4x lens with a pixel resolution of 1.72 µm using. For masks, the background has a value of 0,0,0; air spaces have a value of 255,255, 255; bud scales have a value= 128,0,0; and flower tissues have a value of = 000,128,000. These files were used for training a model to segment the almond bud and for testing the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score of the model.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads Resource Title: Annotated X-ray CT images and masks of Walnut leaves (J. Regia) . File Name: 6_leaf_training_testing_images_and_masks_for_paper.zipResource Description: Stems were collected from genetically unique J. regia accessions at the 117 USDA-ARS-NCGR in Wolfskill Experimental Orchard, Winters, California USA to use as scion, and were grafted by Sierra Gold Nursery onto a commonly used commercial rootstock, RX1 (J. microcarpa × J. regia). We used a common rootstock to eliminate any own-root effects and to simulate conditions for a commercial walnut orchard setting, where rootstocks are commonly used. The grafted saplings were repotted and transferred to the Armstrong lathe house facility at the University of California, Davis in June 2019, and kept under natural light and temperature. Leaves from each accession and treatment were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) on the X-ray μCT beamline (8.3.2) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA USA) using the 10x objective lens with a pixel resolution of 650 nanometers. For masks, the background has a value of 170,170,170; Epidermis value= 85,85,85; Mesophyll value= 0,0,0; Bundle Sheath Extension value= 152,152,152; Vein value= 220,220,220; Air value = 255,255,255.Resource Software Recommended: Fiji (ImageJ),url: https://imagej.net/software/fiji/downloads

The names of the annotation files reflect the region and signer pair number (e.g. ber_01 corresponds to signer pair 1 from the region Berlin) to mirror the names used on ling.meine-dgs.de. Since there may sometimes be multiple videos available for one and the same signer pair, I added an additional seven-number code which corresponds to the code displayed on the transcript page when hovering over the transcript names shown in the leftmost column. The procedure for the data annotations created for this project is described in detail in Chapter 2 of my dissertation entitled "Iconicity as a mediator between verb semantics and morphosyntactic structure: A corpus-based study on verbs in German Sign Language", to be made publicly available at the beginning of 2020.

1. Overview We provide various types of Video Data annotation services, including:
2. Video classification
3. Timestamps
4. Video tracking
5. Video detection ...
6. Our Capacity
7. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and Annotated Imagery Data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/datasets/computervision?source=Datarade

TE Data Annotation

## Overview

TE Data Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Objects annotations for 10,876 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Snapshot img

Data Labeling And Annotation Tools Market Size 2025-2029

The data labeling and annotation tools market size is valued to increase USD 2.69 billion, at a CAGR of 28% from 2024 to 2029. Explosive growth and data demands of generative AI will drive the data labeling and annotation tools market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Text segment was valued at USD 193.50 billion in 2023
By Technique - Manual labeling segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 651.30 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD USD 2.69 billion 
CAGR : 28%
North America: Largest market in 2023

Market Summary

The market is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape that plays a crucial role in powering advanced technologies, particularly in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI). Core technologies, such as deep learning and machine learning, continue to fuel the demand for data labeling and annotation tools, enabling the explosive growth and data demands of generative AI. These tools facilitate the emergence of specialized platforms for generative AI data pipelines, ensuring the maintenance of data quality and managing escalating complexity. Applications of data labeling and annotation tools span various industries, including healthcare, finance, and retail, with the market expected to grow significantly in the coming years. According to recent studies, the market share for data labeling and annotation tools is projected to reach over 30% by 2026. Service types or product categories, such as manual annotation, automated annotation, and semi-automated annotation, cater to the diverse needs of businesses and organizations. Regulations, such as GDPR and HIPAA, pose challenges for the market, requiring stringent data security and privacy measures. Regional mentions, including North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, exhibit varying growth patterns, with Asia Pacific expected to witness the fastest growth due to the increasing adoption of AI technologies. The market continues to unfold, offering numerous opportunities for innovation and growth.

What will be the Size of the Data Labeling And Annotation Tools Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free Sample

How is the Data Labeling And Annotation Tools Market Segmented and what are the key trends of market segmentation?

The data labeling and annotation tools industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TypeTextVideoImageAudioTechniqueManual labelingSemi-supervised labelingAutomatic labelingDeploymentCloud-basedOn-premisesGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaMexicoEuropeFranceGermanyItalySpainUKAPACChinaSouth AmericaBrazilRest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The text segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is witnessing significant growth, fueled by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. According to recent studies, the market for data labeling and annotation services is projected to expand by 25% in the upcoming year. This expansion is primarily driven by the burgeoning demand for high-quality, accurately labeled datasets to train advanced AI and ML models. Scalable annotation workflows are essential to meeting the demands of large-scale projects, enabling efficient labeling and review processes. Data labeling platforms offer various features, such as error detection mechanisms, active learning strategies, and polygon annotation software, to ensure annotation accuracy. These tools are integral to the development of image classification models and the comparison of annotation tools. Video annotation services are gaining popularity, as they cater to the unique challenges of video data. Data labeling pipelines and project management tools streamline the entire annotation process, from initial data preparation to final output. Keypoint annotation workflows and annotation speed optimization techniques further enhance the efficiency of annotation projects. Inter-annotator agreement is a critical metric in ensuring data labeling quality. The data labeling lifecycle encompasses various stages, including labeling, assessment, and validation, to maintain the highest level of accuracy. Semantic segmentation tools and label accuracy assessment methods contribute to the ongoing refinement of annotation techniques. Text annotation techniques, such as named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, and text classification, are essential for natural language processing. Consistency checks an

Task 10 Data Annotation

## Overview

Task 10 Data Annotation is a dataset for object detection tasks - it contains Boxes annotations for 258 images.

## Getting Started

You can download this dataset for use within your own projects, or fork it into a workspace on Roboflow to create your own model.

  ## License

  This dataset is available under the [CC BY 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/CC BY 4.0).

Quality Control for Data Annotation Software Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the market size of the global Quality Control for Data Annotation Software Market in 2024 is valued at USD 1.32 billion. The market is experiencing robust expansion, registering a CAGR of 18.7% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is projected to reach USD 6.55 billion, driven by the surging demand for high-quality annotated data to fuel artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications across diverse industries. This growth is underpinned by the rising complexity of data-driven models and the critical need for accuracy in training datasets, as per our latest research findings.

The growth of the Quality Control for Data Annotation Software Market is being propelled by the exponential increase in AI and ML adoption across verticals such as healthcare, automotive, and retail. As organizations scale their AI initiatives, the integrity and reliability of labeled datasets have become mission-critical. The growing sophistication of AI algorithms necessitates not only large volumes of annotated data but also stringent quality control mechanisms to minimize errors and bias. This has led to a surge in demand for advanced quality control software that can automate the validation, verification, and correction of annotated data, ensuring that end-users can trust the outputs of their AI systems. Furthermore, the proliferation of unstructured data formats such as images, videos, and audio files is amplifying the need for robust quality control tools that can handle complex annotation tasks with high precision.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing regulatory scrutiny and ethical considerations surrounding AI deployment, particularly in sensitive sectors like healthcare and finance. Regulatory bodies are mandating higher standards for data transparency, traceability, and fairness, which in turn necessitates rigorous quality control throughout the data annotation lifecycle. Companies are now investing heavily in quality control solutions to maintain compliance, reduce risks, and safeguard their reputations. Additionally, the emergence of new data privacy laws and global standards is pushing organizations to adopt more transparent and auditable annotation workflows, further boosting market demand for quality control software tailored to these requirements.

Technological advancements are also catalyzing market expansion. Innovations such as automated error detection, AI-powered annotation validation, and real-time feedback loops are making quality control processes more efficient and scalable. These technologies enable organizations to reduce manual intervention, lower operational costs, and accelerate time-to-market for AI-driven products and services. Moreover, the integration of quality control modules into end-to-end data annotation platforms is streamlining workflows and enhancing collaboration among distributed teams. As organizations increasingly adopt cloud-based solutions, the accessibility and scalability of quality control tools are further improving, making them attractive to both large enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses alike.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the global Quality Control for Data Annotation Software Market, owing to its mature AI ecosystem, strong presence of leading technology companies, and substantial investments in R&D. However, Asia Pacific is rapidly emerging as a high-growth region, fueled by the digital transformation of industries in countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe follows closely, driven by stringent data regulations and a growing focus on ethical AI. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady adoption, albeit at a relatively slower pace, as organizations in these regions begin to recognize the strategic value of quality-controlled annotated data for their AI initiatives.

Component Analysis

The Quality Control for Data Annotation Software Market is broadly segmented by component into Software

1. Overview We provide various types of Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data services, including:
2. Audio cleaning
3. Speech annotation
4. Speech transcription
5. Noise Annotation
6. Phoneme segmentation
7. Prosodic annotation
8. Part-of-speech tagging ...
9. Our Capacity
10. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/datasets/speechrecog?=Datarade

This is a dataset containing audio tags for a number of 3930 audio files of the TAU Urban Acoustic Scenes 2019 development dataset (airport, public square, and park). The files were annotated using a web-based tool, with multiple annotators providing labels for each file.

The dataset contains annotations for 3930 files, annotated with the following tags:

announcement jingle

announcement speech

adults talking

birds singing

children voices

dog barking

footsteps

music

siren

traffic noise

The annotation procedure and processing is presented in the paper:

Irene Martin-Morato, Annamaria Mesaros. What is the ground truth? Reliability of multi-annotator data for audio tagging, 29th European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 2021

The dataset contains the following:

raw annotations provided by 133 annotators, multiple opinions per audio file

  MATS_labels_full_annotations.yaml 


  content formatted as: 


      - filename: file1.wav 
       annotations:
       - annotator_id: ann_1
        tags:
        - tag1
        - tag2
       - annotator_id: ann_3
        tags:
        - tag1
      - filename: file3.wav 
      ...

processed annotations using different methods, as presented in the accompanying paper

    MATS_labels_majority_vote.csv
    MATS_labels_union.csv
    MATS_labels_mace100.csv  
    MATS_labels_mace100_competence60


    content formatted as: 


    filename [tab] tag1,tag2,tag3

The audio files can be downloaded from https://zenodo.org/record/2589280 and are covered by their own license.

Our dataset contains 2 weeks of approx. 8-9 hours of acceleration data per day from 11 participants wearing a Bangle.js Version 1 smartwatch with our firmware installed.

The dataset contains annotations from 4 different commonly used annotation methods utilized in user studies that focus on in-the-wild data. These methods can be grouped in user-driven, in situ annotations - which are performed before or during the activity is recorded - and recall methods - where participants annotate their data in hindsight at the end of the day.

The participants had the task to label their activities using (1) a button located on the smartwatch, (2) the activity tracking app Strava, (3) a (hand)written diary and (4) a tool to visually inspect and label activity data, called MAD-GUI. Methods (1)-(3) are used in both weeks, however method (4) is introduced in the beginning of the second study week.

The accelerometer data is recorded with 25 Hz, a sensitivity of ±8g and is stored in a csv format. Labels and raw data are not yet combined. You can either write your own script to label the data or follow the instructions in our corresponding Github repository.

The following unique classes are included in our dataset:

laying, sitting, walking, running, cycling, bus_driving, car_driving, vacuum_cleaning, laundry, cooking, eating, shopping, showering, yoga, sport, playing_games, desk_work, guitar_playing, gardening, table_tennis, badminton, horse_riding.

However, many activities are very participant specific and therefore only performed by one of the participants.

The labels are also stored as a .csv file and have the following columns:

week_day, start, stop, activity, layer

Example:

week2_day2,10:30:00,11:00:00,vacuum_cleaning,d

The layer columns specifies which annotation method was used to set this label.

The following identifiers can be found in the column:

b: in situ button

a: in situ app

d: self-recall diary

g: time-series recall labelled with a the MAD-GUI

The corresponding publication is currently under review.

Included here are a coding manual and supplementary examples of gesture forms (in still images and video recordings) that informed the coding of the first author (Kate Mesh) and four project reliability coders.

Electronic annotation of scientific data is very similar to annotation of documents. Both types of annotation amplify the original object, add related knowledge to it, and dispute or support assertions in it. In each case, annotation is a framework for discourse about the original object, and, in each case, an annotation needs to clearly identify its scope and its own terminology. However, electronic annotation of data differs from annotation of documents: the content of the annotations, including expectations and supporting evidence, is more often shared among members of networks. Any consequent actions taken by the holders of the annotated data could be shared as well. But even those current annotation systems that admit data as their subject often make it difficult or impossible to annotate at fine-enough granularity to use the results in this way for data quality control. We address these kinds of issues by offering simple extensions to an existing annotation ontology and describe how the results support an interest-based distribution of annotations. We are using the result to design and deploy a platform that supports annotation services overlaid on networks of distributed data, with particular application to data quality control. Our initial instance supports a set of natural science collection metadata services. An important application is the support for data quality control and provision of missing data. A previous proof of concept demonstrated such use based on data annotations modeled with XML-Schema.

Sierkinhane/show-o2-data-annotations dataset hosted on Hugging Face and contributed by the HF Datasets community