This database contains the reference data used for direct force training of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) interatomic potentials using the atomic energy network (ænet) and ænet-PyTorch packages (https://github.com/atomisticnet/aenet-PyTorch). It also includes the GPR-augmented data used for indirect force training via Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) surrogate models using the ænet-GPR package (https://github.com/atomisticnet/aenet-gpr). Each data file contains atomic structures, energies, and atomic forces in XCrySDen Structure Format (XSF). The dataset includes all reference training/test data and corresponding GPR-augmented data used in the four benchmark examples presented in the reference paper, "Scalable Training of Neural Network Potentials for Complex Interfaces Through Data Augmentation". A hierarchy of the dataset is described in the README.txt file, and an overview of the dataset is also summarized in supplementary Table S1 of the reference paper.

Context

Data science beginners start with curated set of data, but it's a well known fact that in a real Data Science Project, major time is spent on collecting, cleaning and organizing data . Also domain expertise is considered as important aspect of creating good ML models. Being an automobile enthusiast, I tool up this challenge to collect images of two of the popular car models from a used car website, where users upload the images of the car they want to sell and then train a Deep Neural Network to identify model of a car from car images. In my search for images I found that approximately 10 percent of the cars pictures did not represent the intended car correctly and those pictures have to be deleted from final data.

Content

There are 4000 images of two of the popular cars (Swift and Wagonr) in India of make Maruti Suzuki with 2000 pictures belonging to each model. The data is divided into training set with 2400 images , validation set with 800 images and test set with 800 images. The data was randomized before splitting into training, test and validation set.

The starter kernal is provided for keras with CNN. I have also created github project documenting advanced techniques in pytorch and keras for image classification like data augmentation, dropout, batch normalization and transfer learning

Inspiration

1. With small dataset like this, how much accuracy can we achieve and whether more data is always better. The baseline model trained in Keras achieves 88% accuracy on validation set, can we achieve even better performance and by how much.

2. Is the data collected for the two car models representative of all possible car from all over country or there is sample bias .

3. I would also like someone to extend the concept to build a use case so that if user uploads an incorrect car picture of car , the ML model could automatically flag it. For example user uploading incorrect model or an image which is not a car

BIRD is an open dataset that consists of 100,000 multichannel room impulse responses generated using the image method. This makes it the largest multichannel open dataset currently available. We provide some Python code that shows how to download and use this dataset to perform online data augmentation. The code is compatible with the PyTorch dataset class, which eases integration in existing deep learning projects based on this framework.

Source codes and dataset of the research "Solar flare forecasting based on magnetogram sequences learning with MViT and data augmentation". Our work employed PyTorch, a framework for training Deep Learning models with GPU support and automatic back-propagation, to load the MViTv2 s models with Kinetics-400 weights. To simplify the code implementation, eliminating the need for an explicit loop to train and the automation of some hyperparameters, we use the PyTorch Lightning module. The inputs were batches of 10 samples with 16 sequenced images in 3-channel resized to 224 × 224 pixels and normalized from 0 to 1. Most of the papers in our literature survey split the original dataset chronologically. Some authors also apply k-fold cross-validation to emphasize the evaluation of the model stability. However, we adopt a hybrid split taking the first 50,000 to apply the 5-fold cross-validation between the training and validation sets (known data), with 40,000 samples for training and 10,000 for validation. Thus, we can evaluate performance and stability by analyzing the mean and standard deviation of all trained models in the test set, composed of the last 9,834 samples, preserving the chronological order (simulating unknown data). We develop three distinct models to evaluate the impact of oversampling magnetogram sequences through the dataset. The first model, Solar Flare MViT (SF MViT), has trained only with the original data from our base dataset without using oversampling. In the second model, Solar Flare MViT over Train (SF MViT oT), we only apply oversampling on training data, maintaining the original validation dataset. In the third model, Solar Flare MViT over Train and Validation (SF MViT oTV), we apply oversampling in both training and validation sets. We also trained a model oversampling the entire dataset. We called it the "SF_MViT_oTV Test" to verify how resampling or adopting a test set with unreal data may bias the results positively. GitHub version The .zip hosted here contains all files from the project, including the checkpoint and the output files generated by the codes. We have a clean version hosted on GitHub (https://github.com/lfgrim/SFF_MagSeq_MViTs), without the magnetogram_jpg folder (which can be downloaded directly on https://tianchi-competition.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/531804/dataset_ss2sff.zip) and the output and checkpoint files. Most code files hosted here also contain comments on the Portuguese language, which are being updated to English in the GitHub version. Folders Structure In the Root directory of the project, we have two folders: magnetogram_jpg: holds the source images provided by Space Environment Artificial Intelligence Early Warning Innovation Workshop through the link https://tianchi-competition.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/531804/dataset_ss2sff.zip. It comprises 73,810 samples of high-quality magnetograms captured by HMI/SDO from 2010 May 4 to 2019 January 26. The HMI instrument provides these data (stored in hmi.sharp_720s dataset), making new samples available every 12 minutes. However, the images from this dataset were collected every 96 minutes. Each image has an associated magnetogram comprising a ready-made snippet of one or most solar ARs. It is essential to notice that the magnetograms cropped by SHARP can contain one or more solar ARs classified by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Seq_Magnetogram: contains the references for source images with the corresponding labels in the next 24 h. and 48 h. in the respectively M24 and M48 sub-folders. M24/M48: both present the following sub-folders structure: Seqs16; SF_MViT; SF_MViT_oT; SF_MViT_oTV; SF_MViT_oTV_Test. There are also two files in root: inst_packages.sh: install the packages and dependencies to run the models. download_MViTS.py: download the pre-trained MViTv2_S from PyTorch and store it in the cache. M24 and M48 folders hold reference text files (flare_Mclass...) linking the images in the magnetogram_jpg folders or the sequences (Seq16_flare_Mclass...) in the Seqs16 folders with their respective labels. They also hold "cria_seqs.py" which was responsible for creating the sequences and "test_pandas.py" to verify head info and check the number of samples categorized by the label of the text files. All the text files with the prefix "Seq16" and inside the Seqs16 folder were created by "criaseqs.py" code based on the correspondent "flare_Mclass" prefixed text files. Seqs16 folder holds reference text files, in which each file contains a sequence of images that was pointed to the magnetogram_jpg folders. All SF_MViT... folders hold the model training codes itself (SF_MViT...py) and the corresponding job submission (jobMViT...), temporary input (Seq16_flare...), output (saida_MVIT... and MViT_S...), error (err_MViT...) and checkpoint files (sample-FLARE...ckpt). Executed model training codes generate output, error, and checkpoint files. There is also a folder called "lightning_logs" that stores logs of trained models. Naming pattern for the files: magnetogram_jpg: follows the format "hmi.sharp_720s...magnetogram.fits.jpg" and Seqs16: follows the format "hmi.sharp_720s...to.", where: hmi: is the instrument that captured the image sharp_720s: is the database source of SDO/HMI. : is the identification of SHARP region, and can contain one or more solar ARs classified by the (NOAA). : is the date-time the instrument captured the image in the format yyyymmdd_hhnnss_TAI (y:year, m:month, d:day, h:hours, n:minutes, s:seconds). : is the date-time when the sequence starts, and follow the same format of . : is the date-time when the sequence ends, and follow the same format of . Reference text files in M24 and M48 or inside SF_MViT... folders follows the format "flare_Mclass_.txt", where: : is Seq16 if refers to a sequence, or void if refers direct to images. : "24h" or "48h". : is "TrainVal" or "Test". The refers to the split of Train/Val. : void or "_over" after the extension (...txt_over): means temporary input reference that was over-sampled by a training model. All SF_MViT...folders: Model training codes: "SF_MViT_M+_", where: : void or "oT" (over Train) or "oTV" (over Train and Val) or "oTV_Test" (over Train, Val and Test); : "24h" or "48h"; : "oneSplit" for a specific split or "allSplits" if run all splits. : void is default to run 1 GPU or "2gpu" to run into 2 gpus systems; Job submission files: "jobMViT_", where: : point the queue in Lovelace environment hosted on CENAPAD-SP (https://www.cenapad.unicamp.br/parque/jobsLovelace) Temporary inputs: "Seq16_flare_Mclass_.txt: : train or val; : void or "_over" after the extension (...txt_over): means temporary input reference that was over-sampled by a training model. Outputs: "saida_MViT_Adam_10-7", where: : k0 to k4, means the correlated split of the output, or void if the output is from all splits. Error files: "err_MViT_Adam_10-7", where: : k0 to k4, means the correlated split of the error log file, or void if the error file is from all splits. Checkpoint files: "sample-FLARE_MViT_S_10-7-epoch=-valid_loss=-Wloss_k=.ckpt", where: : epoch number of the checkpoint; : corresponding valid loss; : 0 to 4.

Data supplement: Detection of Drainage Ditches from LiDAR DTM Using U-Net and Transfer Learning

Holger Virro, Alexander Kmoch, William Lidberg, Wai Tik Chan, Evelyn Uuemaa

Accurate mapping of ditches is essential for effective hydrological modeling and land management. Traditional methods, such as manual digitization or threshold-based extraction, utilize LiDAR-derived digital terrain model (DTM) data but are labor-intensive and impractical to apply for large-scale applications. Deep learning offers a promising alternative but requires extensive labeled data, often unavailable. To address this, we developed a transfer learning approach using a U-Net model pre-trained on a large high-quality Swedish dataset and fine-tuned on a smaller localized Estonian dataset. The model uses a single-band LiDAR DTM raster as input, minimizing preprocessing. We identified the optimal model configuration by systematically testing kernel sizes and data augmentation. The best fine-tuned model achieved an overall F1 score of 0.766, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting drainage ditches in training data-scarce regions. Performance varied by land use, with higher accuracy in peatlands (F1=0.822) than in forests (F1=0.752) and arable land (F1=0.779). These findings underscore the model's suitability for large-scale ditch mapping and its adaptability to different landscapes.

This repository contains the Wallhack1.8k dataset for WiFi-based long-range activity recognition in Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS)/Through-Wall scenarios, as proposed in [1,2], as well as the CAD models (of 3D-printable parts) of the WiFi systems proposed in [2].

PyTroch Dataloader

A minimal PyTorch dataloader for the Wallhack1.8k dataset is provided at: https://github.com/StrohmayerJ/wallhack1.8k

Dataset Description

The Wallhack1.8k dataset comprises 1,806 CSI amplitude spectrograms (and raw WiFi packet time series) corresponding to three activity classes: "no presence," "walking," and "walking + arm-waving." WiFi packets were transmitted at a frequency of 100 Hz, and each spectrogram captures a temporal context of approximately 4 seconds (400 WiFi packets).

To assess cross-scenario and cross-system generalization, WiFi packet sequences were collected in LoS and through-wall (NLoS) scenarios, utilizing two different WiFi systems (BQ: biquad antenna and PIFA: printed inverted-F antenna). The dataset is structured accordingly:

LOS/BQ/ <- WiFi packets collected in the LoS scenario using the BQ system

LOS/PIFA/ <- WiFi packets collected in the LoS scenario using the PIFA system

NLOS/BQ/ <- WiFi packets collected in the NLoS scenario using the BQ system

NLOS/PIFA/ <- WiFi packets collected in the NLoS scenario using the PIFA system

These directories contain the raw WiFi packet time series (see Table 1). Each row represents a single WiFi packet with the complex CSI vector H being stored in the "data" field and the class label being stored in the "class" field. H is of the form [I, R, I, R, ..., I, R], where two consecutive entries represent imaginary and real parts of complex numbers (the Channel Frequency Responses of subcarriers). Taking the absolute value of H (e.g., via numpy.abs(H)) yields the subcarrier amplitudes A.

To extract the 52 L-LTF subcarriers used in [1], the following indices of A are to be selected:

52 L-LTF subcarriers

csi_valid_subcarrier_index = [] csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(6, 32)] csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(33, 59)]

Additional 56 HT-LTF subcarriers can be selected via:

56 HT-LTF subcarriers

csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(66, 94)]
csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(95, 123)]

For more details on subcarrier selection, see ESP-IDF (Section Wi-Fi Channel State Information) and esp-csi.

Extracted amplitude spectrograms with the corresponding label files of the train/validation/test split: "trainLabels.csv," "validationLabels.csv," and "testLabels.csv," can be found in the spectrograms/ directory.

The columns in the label files correspond to the following: [Spectrogram index, Class label, Room label]

Spectrogram index: [0, ..., n]

Class label: [0,1,2], where 0 = "no presence", 1 = "walking", and 2 = "walking + arm-waving."

Room label: [0,1,2,3,4,5], where labels 1-5 correspond to the room number in the NLoS scenario (see Fig. 3 in [1]). The label 0 corresponds to no room and is used for the "no presence" class.

Dataset Overview:

Table 1: Raw WiFi packet sequences.

Scenario System "no presence" / label 0 "walking" / label 1 "walking + arm-waving" / label 2 Total

LoS BQ b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

LoS PIFA b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

NLoS BQ b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

NLoS PIFA b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

4 20 20 44

Table 2: Sample/Spectrogram distribution across activity classes in Wallhack1.8k.

Scenario System

"no presence" / label 0

"walking" / label 1

"walking + arm-waving" / label 2 Total

LoS BQ 149 154 155

LoS PIFA 149 160 152

NLoS BQ 148 150 152

NLoS PIFA 143 147 147

589 611 606 1,806

Download and UseThis data may be used for non-commercial research purposes only. If you publish material based on this data, we request that you include a reference to one of our papers [1,2].

[1] Strohmayer, Julian, and Martin Kampel. (2024). “Data Augmentation Techniques for Cross-Domain WiFi CSI-Based Human Activity Recognition”, In IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations (pp. 42-56). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63211-2_4.

[2] Strohmayer, Julian, and Martin Kampel., “Directional Antenna Systems for Long-Range Through-Wall Human Activity Recognition,” 2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2024, pp. 3594-3599, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP51287.2024.10647666.

BibTeX citations:

@inproceedings{strohmayer2024data, title={Data Augmentation Techniques for Cross-Domain WiFi CSI-Based Human Activity Recognition}, author={Strohmayer, Julian and Kampel, Martin}, booktitle={IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations}, pages={42--56}, year={2024}, organization={Springer}}@INPROCEEDINGS{10647666, author={Strohmayer, Julian and Kampel, Martin}, booktitle={2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)}, title={Directional Antenna Systems for Long-Range Through-Wall Human Activity Recognition}, year={2024}, volume={}, number={}, pages={3594-3599}, keywords={Visualization;Accuracy;System performance;Directional antennas;Directive antennas;Reflector antennas;Sensors;Human Activity Recognition;WiFi;Channel State Information;Through-Wall Sensing;ESP32}, doi={10.1109/ICIP51287.2024.10647666}}

Structural planes decrease the strength and stability of rock masses, severely affecting their mechanical properties and deformation and failure characteristics. Therefore, investigation and analysis of structural planes are crucial tasks in mining rock mechanics. The drilling camera obtains image information of deep structural planes of rock masses through high-definition camera methods, providing important data sources for the analysis of deep structural planes of rock masses. This paper addresses the problems of high workload, low efficiency, high subjectivity, and poor accuracy brought about by manual processing based on current borehole image analysis and conducts an intelligent segmentation study of borehole image structural planes based on the U2-Net network. By collecting data from 20 different borehole images in different lithological regions, a dataset consisting of 1,013 borehole images with structural plane type, lithology, and color was established. Data augmentation methods such as image flipping, color jittering, blurring, and mixup were applied to expand the dataset to 12,421 images, meeting the requirements for deep network training data. Based on the PyTorch deep learning framework, the initial U2-Net network weights were set, the learning rate was set to 0.001, the training batch was 4, and the Adam optimizer adaptively adjusted the learning rate during the training process. A dedicated network model for segmenting structural planes was obtained, and the model achieved a maximum F-measure value of 0.749 when the confidence threshold was set to 0.7, with an accuracy rate of up to 0.85 within the range of recall rate greater than 0.5. Overall, the model has high accuracy for segmenting structural planes and very low mean absolute error, indicating good segmentation accuracy and certain generalization of the network. The research method in this paper can serve as a reference for the study of intelligent identification of structural planes in borehole images.