The pKa of C–H acids is an important parameter in the fields of organic synthesis, drug discovery, and materials science. However, the prediction of pKa is still a great challenge due to the limit of experimental data and the lack of chemical insight. Here, a new model for predicting the pKa values of C–H acids is proposed on the basis of graph neural networks (GNNs) and data augmentation. A message passing unit (MPU) was used to extract the topological and target-related information from the molecular graph data, and a readout layer was utilized to retrieve the information on the ionization site C atom. The retrieved information then was adopted to predict pKa by a fully connected network. Furthermore, to increase the diversity of the training data, a knowledge-infused data augmentation technique was established by replacing the H atoms in a molecule with substituents exhibiting different electronic effects. The MPU was pretrained with the augmented data. The efficacy of data augmentation was confirmed by visualizing the distribution of compounds with different substituents and by classifying compounds. The explainability of the model was studied by examining the change of pKa values when a specific atom was masked. This explainability was used to identify the key substituents for pKa. The model was evaluated on two data sets from the iBonD database. Dataset1 includes the experimental pKa values of C–H acids measured in DMSO, while dataset2 comprises the pKa values measured in water. The results show that the knowledge-infused data augmentation technique greatly improves the predictive accuracy of the model, especially when the number of samples is small.

Machine learning‐based behaviour classification using acceleration data is a powerful tool in bio‐logging research. Deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short‐term memory (LSTM) and self‐attention mechanisms as well as related training techniques have been extensively studied in human activity recognition. However, they have rarely been used in wild animal studies. The main challenges of acceleration‐based wild animal behaviour classification include data shortages, class imbalance problems, various types of noise in data due to differences in individual behaviour and where the loggers were attached and complexity in data due to complex animal‐specific behaviours, which may have limited the application of deep learning techniques in this area. To overcome these challenges, we explored the effectiveness of techniques for efficient model training: data augmentation, manifold mixup and pre‐training of deep learning models with unlabelled data, using datasets from two species of wild seabirds and state‐of‐the‐art deep learning model architectures. Data augmentation improved the overall model performance when one of the various techniques (none, scaling, jittering, permutation, time‐warping and rotation) was randomly applied to each data during mini‐batch training. Manifold mixup also improved model performance, but not as much as random data augmentation. Pre‐training with unlabelled data did not improve model performance. The state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models, including a model consisting of four CNN layers, an LSTM layer and a multi‐head attention layer, as well as its modified version with shortcut connection, showed better performance among other comparative models. Using only raw acceleration data as inputs, these models outperformed classic machine learning approaches that used 119 handcrafted features. Our experiments showed that deep learning techniques are promising for acceleration‐based behaviour classification of wild animals and highlighted some challenges (e.g. effective use of unlabelled data). There is scope for greater exploration of deep learning techniques in wild animal studies (e.g. advanced data augmentation, multimodal sensor data use, transfer learning and self‐supervised learning). We hope that this study will stimulate the development of deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using time‐series sensor data.

This abstract is cited from the original article "Exploring deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using animal-borne accelerometers" in Methods in Ecology and Evolution (Otsuka et al., 2024).Please see README for the details of the datasets.

If you use this dataset, please cite this paper: Puertas, E.; De-Las-Heras, G.; Sánchez-Soriano, J.; Fernández-Andrés, J. Dataset: Variable Message Signal Annotated Images for Object Detection. Data 2022, 7, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7040041

This dataset consists of Spanish road images taken from inside a vehicle, as well as annotations in XML files in PASCAL VOC format that indicate the location of Variable Message Signals within them. Also, a CSV file is attached with information regarding the geographic position, the folder where the image is located, and the text in Spanish. This can be used to train supervised learning computer vision algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks. Throughout this work, the process followed to obtain the dataset, image acquisition, and labeling, and its specifications are detailed. The dataset is constituted of 1216 instances, 888 positives, and 328 negatives, in 1152 jpg images with a resolution of 1280x720 pixels. These are divided into 576 real images and 576 images created from the data-augmentation technique. The purpose of this dataset is to help in road computer vision research since there is not one specifically for VMSs.

The folder structure of the dataset is as follows:

• vms_dataset/
  • data.csv
  • real_images/
    • imgs/
    • annotations/
  • data-augmentation/
    • imgs/
    • annotations/

In which:

• data.csv: Each row contains the following information separated by commas (,): image_name, x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max, class_name, lat, long, folder, text.
• real_images: Images extracted directly from the videos.
• data-augmentation: Images created using data-augmentation
• imgs: Image files in .jpg format.
• annotations: Annotation files in .xml format.

The goal of this work is to generate large statistically representative datasets to train machine learning models for disruption prediction provided by data from few existing discharges. Such a comprehensive training database is important to achieve satisfying and reliable prediction results in artificial neural network classifiers. Here, we aim for a robust augmentation of the training database for multivariate time series data using Student-t process regression. We apply Student-t process regression in a state space formulation via Bayesian filtering to tackle challenges imposed by outliers and noise in the training data set and to reduce the computational complexity. Thus, the method can also be used if the time resolution is high. We use an uncorrelated model for each dimension and impose correlations afterwards via coloring transformations. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on plasma diagnostics data of three different disruption classes from the DIII-D tokamak. To evaluate if the distribution of the generated data is similar to the training data, we additionally perform statistical analyses using methods from time series analysis, descriptive statistics, and classic machine learning clustering algorithms.

Over the last ten years, social media has become a crucial data source for businesses and researchers, providing a space where people can express their opinions and emotions. To analyze this data and classify emotions and their polarity in texts, natural language processing (NLP) techniques such as emotion analysis (EA) and sentiment analysis (SA) are employed. However, the effectiveness of these tasks using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods depends on large labeled datasets, which are scarce in languages like Spanish. To address this challenge, researchers use data augmentation (DA) techniques to artificially expand small datasets. This study aims to investigate whether DA techniques can improve classification results using ML and DL algorithms for sentiment and emotion analysis of Spanish texts. Various text manipulation techniques were applied, including transformations, paraphrasing (back-translation), and text generation using generative adversarial networks, to small datasets such as song lyrics, social media comments, headlines from national newspapers in Chile, and survey responses from higher education students. The findings show that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier achieved the most significant improvement, with an 18% increase using the Generative Adversarial Networks for Sentiment Text (SentiGan) on the Aggressiveness (Seriousness) dataset. Additionally, the same classifier model showed an 11% improvement using the Easy Data Augmentation (EDA) on the Gender-Based Violence dataset. The performance of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BETO) also improved by 10% on the back-translation augmented version of the October 18 dataset, and by 4% on the EDA augmented version of the Teaching survey dataset. These results suggest that data augmentation techniques enhance performance by transforming text and adapting it to the specific characteristics of the dataset. Through experimentation with various augmentation techniques, this research provides valuable insights into the analysis of subjectivity in Spanish texts and offers guidance for selecting algorithms and techniques based on dataset features.

Object detection in challenging environments, such as low-light, cluttered, or dynamic conditions, remains a critical issue in computer vision. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing these challenges due to their ability to learn hierarchical feature representations. This paper explores the optimization of object detection in such environments by leveraging advanced DCNN architectures, data augmentation techniques, and domain-specific pre-training. We propose an enhanced detection framework that integrates multi-scale feature extraction, transfer learning, and regularization methods to improve robustness against noise, occlusion, and lighting variations. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in detection accuracy across various challenging datasets, outperforming traditional methods. This study highlights the potential of DCNNs in real-world applications, such as autonomous driving, surveillance, and robotics, where object detection in difficult conditions is crucial.

This repository contains the Wallhack1.8k dataset for WiFi-based long-range activity recognition in Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS)/Through-Wall scenarios, as proposed in [1,2], as well as the CAD models (of 3D-printable parts) of the WiFi systems proposed in [2].

PyTroch Dataloader

A minimal PyTorch dataloader for the Wallhack1.8k dataset is provided at: https://github.com/StrohmayerJ/wallhack1.8k

Dataset Description

The Wallhack1.8k dataset comprises 1,806 CSI amplitude spectrograms (and raw WiFi packet time series) corresponding to three activity classes: "no presence," "walking," and "walking + arm-waving." WiFi packets were transmitted at a frequency of 100 Hz, and each spectrogram captures a temporal context of approximately 4 seconds (400 WiFi packets).

To assess cross-scenario and cross-system generalization, WiFi packet sequences were collected in LoS and through-wall (NLoS) scenarios, utilizing two different WiFi systems (BQ: biquad antenna and PIFA: printed inverted-F antenna). The dataset is structured accordingly:

LOS/BQ/ <- WiFi packets collected in the LoS scenario using the BQ system

LOS/PIFA/ <- WiFi packets collected in the LoS scenario using the PIFA system

NLOS/BQ/ <- WiFi packets collected in the NLoS scenario using the BQ system

NLOS/PIFA/ <- WiFi packets collected in the NLoS scenario using the PIFA system

These directories contain the raw WiFi packet time series (see Table 1). Each row represents a single WiFi packet with the complex CSI vector H being stored in the "data" field and the class label being stored in the "class" field. H is of the form [I, R, I, R, ..., I, R], where two consecutive entries represent imaginary and real parts of complex numbers (the Channel Frequency Responses of subcarriers). Taking the absolute value of H (e.g., via numpy.abs(H)) yields the subcarrier amplitudes A.

To extract the 52 L-LTF subcarriers used in [1], the following indices of A are to be selected:

52 L-LTF subcarriers

csi_valid_subcarrier_index = [] csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(6, 32)] csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(33, 59)]

Additional 56 HT-LTF subcarriers can be selected via:

56 HT-LTF subcarriers

csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(66, 94)]
csi_valid_subcarrier_index += [i for i in range(95, 123)]

For more details on subcarrier selection, see ESP-IDF (Section Wi-Fi Channel State Information) and esp-csi.

Extracted amplitude spectrograms with the corresponding label files of the train/validation/test split: "trainLabels.csv," "validationLabels.csv," and "testLabels.csv," can be found in the spectrograms/ directory.

The columns in the label files correspond to the following: [Spectrogram index, Class label, Room label]

Spectrogram index: [0, ..., n]

Class label: [0,1,2], where 0 = "no presence", 1 = "walking", and 2 = "walking + arm-waving."

Room label: [0,1,2,3,4,5], where labels 1-5 correspond to the room number in the NLoS scenario (see Fig. 3 in [1]). The label 0 corresponds to no room and is used for the "no presence" class.

Dataset Overview:

Table 1: Raw WiFi packet sequences.

Scenario System "no presence" / label 0 "walking" / label 1 "walking + arm-waving" / label 2 Total

LoS BQ b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

LoS PIFA b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

NLoS BQ b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

NLoS PIFA b1.csv w1.csv, w2.csv, w3.csv, w4.csv and w5.csv ww1.csv, ww2.csv, ww3.csv, ww4.csv and ww5.csv

4 20 20 44

Table 2: Sample/Spectrogram distribution across activity classes in Wallhack1.8k.

Scenario System

"no presence" / label 0

"walking" / label 1

"walking + arm-waving" / label 2 Total

LoS BQ 149 154 155

LoS PIFA 149 160 152

NLoS BQ 148 150 152

NLoS PIFA 143 147 147

589 611 606 1,806

Download and UseThis data may be used for non-commercial research purposes only. If you publish material based on this data, we request that you include a reference to one of our papers [1,2].

[1] Strohmayer, Julian, and Martin Kampel. (2024). “Data Augmentation Techniques for Cross-Domain WiFi CSI-Based Human Activity Recognition”, In IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations (pp. 42-56). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63211-2_4.

[2] Strohmayer, Julian, and Martin Kampel., “Directional Antenna Systems for Long-Range Through-Wall Human Activity Recognition,” 2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2024, pp. 3594-3599, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP51287.2024.10647666.

BibTeX citations:

@inproceedings{strohmayer2024data, title={Data Augmentation Techniques for Cross-Domain WiFi CSI-Based Human Activity Recognition}, author={Strohmayer, Julian and Kampel, Martin}, booktitle={IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations}, pages={42--56}, year={2024}, organization={Springer}}@INPROCEEDINGS{10647666, author={Strohmayer, Julian and Kampel, Martin}, booktitle={2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)}, title={Directional Antenna Systems for Long-Range Through-Wall Human Activity Recognition}, year={2024}, volume={}, number={}, pages={3594-3599}, keywords={Visualization;Accuracy;System performance;Directional antennas;Directive antennas;Reflector antennas;Sensors;Human Activity Recognition;WiFi;Channel State Information;Through-Wall Sensing;ESP32}, doi={10.1109/ICIP51287.2024.10647666}}

Data augmentation recommendations for data type and model type.

There are four datasets:

1.Dataset_structure indicates the structure of the datasets, such as column name, type, and value.

2. Spanish_promise_exp_nfr_train and Spanish_promise_exp_nfr_test are the non-functional requirements of the Promise_exp[1] dataset translated into the Spanish language.

3. Blanced_promise_exp_nfr_train is the new balanced dataset of Spanish_promise_exp_nfr_train, in which the Data Augmentation technique with chatGPT was applied to increase the requirements with little data and random undersampling was used to eliminate requirements.

This repository contains the data and associated results of all experiments conducted in our work "Phenotype Driven Data Augmentation Methods for Transcriptomic Data". In this work, we introduce two classes of phenotype driven data augmentation approaches – signature-dependent and signature-independent. The signature-dependent methods assume the existence of distinct gene signatures describing some phenotype and are simple, non-parametric, and novel data augmentation methods. The signature-independent methods are a modification of the established Gamma-Poisson and Poisson sampling methods for gene expression data. We benchmark our proposed methods against random oversampling, SMOTE, unmodified versions of Gamma-Poisson and Poisson sampling, and unaugmented data.

This repository contains data used for all our experiments. This includes the original data based off which augmentation was performed, the cross validation split indices as a json file, the training and validation data augmented by the various augmentation methods mentioned in our study, a test set (containing only real samples) and an external test set standardised accordingly with respect to each augmentation method and training data per CV split.

The compressed files 5x5stratified_{x}percent.zip contains data that were augmented on x% of the available real data. brca_public.zip contains data used for the breast cancer experiments. distribution_size_effect.zip contains data used for hyperparameter tuning the reference set size for the modified Poisson and Gamma-Poisson methods.

The compressed file results.zip contains all the results from all the experiments. This includes the parameter files used to train the various models, the metrics (balanced accuracy and auc-roc) computed including p-values, as well as the latent space of train, validation and test (for the (N)VAE) for all 25 (5x5) CV splits.

PLEASE NOTE: If any part of this repository is used in any form for your work, please attribute the following, in addition to attributing the original data source - TCGA, CPTAC, GSE20713 and METABRIC, accordingly:

@article{janakarajan2025phenotype,
 title={Phenotype driven data augmentation methods for transcriptomic data},
 author={Janakarajan, Nikita and Graziani, Mara and Rodr{\'\i}guez Mart{\'\i}nez, Mar{\'\i}a},
 journal={Bioinformatics Advances},
 volume={5},
 number={1},
 pages={vbaf124},
 year={2025},
 publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

Comparative results for magnitude domain transformation-based data augmentation methods.

The Synthetic Data Platform market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for data privacy, escalating data security concerns, and the rising demand for high-quality training data for AI and machine learning models. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: the growing adoption of AI across various industries, the limitations of real-world data availability due to privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA, and the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of synthetic data generation. We project a market size of approximately $2 billion in 2025, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 25% over the forecast period (2025-2033). This rapid expansion is expected to continue, reaching an estimated market value of over $10 billion by 2033. The market is segmented based on deployment models (cloud, on-premise), data types (image, text, tabular), and industry verticals (healthcare, finance, automotive). Major players are actively investing in research and development, fostering innovation in synthetic data generation techniques and expanding their product offerings to cater to diverse industry needs. Competition is intense, with companies like AI.Reverie, Deep Vision Data, and Synthesis AI leading the charge with innovative solutions. However, several challenges remain, including ensuring the quality and fidelity of synthetic data, addressing the ethical concerns surrounding its use, and the need for standardization across platforms. Despite these challenges, the market is poised for significant growth, driven by the ever-increasing need for large, high-quality datasets to fuel advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning. The strategic partnerships and acquisitions in the market further accelerate the innovation and adoption of synthetic data platforms. The ability to generate synthetic data tailored to specific business problems, combined with the increasing awareness of data privacy issues, is firmly establishing synthetic data as a key component of the future of data management and AI development.

This is a companion dataset for the paper titled "Class-specific data augmentation for plant stress classification" by Nasla Saleem, Aditya Balu, Talukder Zaki Jubery, Arti Singh, Asheesh K. Singh, Soumik Sarkar, and Baskar Ganapathysubramanian published in The Plant Phenome Journal, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20112


Abstract:

Data augmentation is a powerful tool for improving deep learning-based image classifiers for plant stress identification and classification. However, selecting an effective set of augmentations from a large pool of candidates remains a key challenge, particularly in imbalanced and confounding datasets. We propose an approach for automated class-specific data augmentation using a genetic algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of our approach on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] stress classification where symptoms are observed on leaves; a particularly challenging problem due to confounding classes in the dataset. Our approach yields substantial performance, achieving a mean-per-class accuracy of 97.61% and an overall accuracy of 98% on the soybean leaf stress dataset. Our method significantly improves the accuracy of the most challenging classes, with notable enhancements from 83.01% to 88.89% and from 85.71% to 94.05%, respectively. A key observation we make in this study is that high-performing augmentation strategies can be identified in a computationally efficient manner. We fine-tune only the linear layer of the baseline model with different augmentations, thereby reducing the computational burden associated with training classifiers from scratch for each augmentation policy while achieving exceptional performance. This research represents an advancement in automated data augmentation strategies for plant stress classification, particularly in the context of confounding datasets. Our findings contribute to the growing body of research in tailored augmentation techniques and their potential impact on disease management strategies, crop yields, and global food security. The proposed approach holds the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of deep learning-based tools for managing plant stresses in agriculture.

Diversification rates vary across species as a response to various factors, including environmental conditions and species-specific features. Phylogenetic models that allow accounting for and quantifying this heterogeneity in diversification rates have proven particularly useful for understanding clades diversification. Recently, we introduced the cladogenetic diversification rate shift model (ClaDS), which allows inferring subtle rate variations across lineages. Here we present a new inference technique for this model that considerably reduces computation time through the use of data augmentation and provide an implementation of this method in Julia. In addition to drastically reducing computation time, this new inference approach provides a posterior distribution of the augmented data, that is the tree with extinct and unsampled lineages as well as associated diversification rates. In particular, this allows extracting the distribution through time of both the mean rate and the number of lineages. We assess the statistical performances of our approach using simulations and illustrate its application on the entire bird radiation. Methods These additionnal data contains supplementary figures supporting the paper, as well as a tutorial for the use of the Julia package.

The .jld2 file is the result of the run of ClaDS on the complete bird phylogeny computed with molecular data from Jetz (2012) with the Hackett backbone, containing 6670 species. We use TreeAnnotator from the software Beast with the Common Ancestor option for node height (Bouckaert 2019) to obtain a Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree computed from a sample of 1000 trees from the posterior distribution. We fix the sampling fractions for each of the subtrees of the tree from Jetz (2012) as the ratio between the number of species in the molecular phylogeny over that in the phylogeny including all bird species. We attach the results of this analysis as a supplementary material to this paper.

Bouckaert, R., T. G. Vaughan, J. Barido-Sottani, S. Duchêne, M. Fourment, A. Gavryushkina, J. Heled, G. Jones, D. Kühnert, N. De Maio, et al. 2019. Beast 2.5: An advanced software platform for bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS computational biology 15:e1006650.

Jetz, W., G. Thomas, J. Joy, K. Hartmann, and A. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491:444.

K. Scott Mader created the original dataset of 204 hand-drawn images for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis, consisting of two classes: Healthy and Parkinson. The dataset includes spiral and wave drawings. For my thesis, the original 204 images were expanded to 3,264 across the same two classes. This increase was achieved through data augmentation techniques, including rotations of 90°, 180°, and 270°, vertical flipping at 180°, and conversion to color images. The augmented data gives the model more opportunities to generalize, enhancing training and testing processes.

The paper proposes a method to leverage QA datasets for training generative language models to be context generators for a given question and answer.

Early detection of Diabetic Retinopathy is a key challenge to prevent a patient from potential vision loss. The task of DR detection often requires special expertise from ophthalmologists. In remote places of the world such facilities may not be available, so In an attempt to automate the detection of DR, machine learning and deep learning techniques can be adopted. Some of the recent papers have proven such success on various publicly available dataset.

Another challenge of deep learning techniques is the availability of rightly processed standardized data. Cleaning and preprocessing the data often takes much longer time than the model training. As a part of my research work, I had to preprocess the images taken from APTOS and Messidor before training the model. I applied circle-crop and Graham Ben's preprocessing technique and scaled all the images to 512X512 format. Also, I applied the data augmentation technique and increased the number of samples from 3662 data of APTOS to 18310, and 400 messidor samples to 3600 samples. I divided the images into two classes class 0 (NO DR) and class 1 (DR). The large number of data is essential for transfer learning. This process is very cumbersome and time-consuming. So I thought to upload the newly generated dataset in Kaggle so that some people might find it useful for their work. I hope this will help many people. Feel free to use the data.

Dataset Description:

This dataset contains a collection of images featuring individual Lao characters, specifically designed for image classification tasks. The dataset is organized into folders, where each folder is named directly with the Lao character it represents (e.g., a folder named "ກ", a folder named "ຂ", and so on) and contains 100 images of that character.

Content:

The dataset comprises images of 44 distinct Lao characters, including consonants, vowels, and tone marks.

• Image Characteristics: - Resolution: 128x128 pixels - Format: JPEG (.jpg) - Appearance: Each image features a white drawn line representing the Lao character against a black background.

Structure:

- The dataset is divided into 44 folders.
- Each folder is named with the actual Lao character it contains.
- Each folder contains 100 images of the corresponding Lao character.
- This results in a total of 4400 images in the dataset.

Potential Use Cases:

- Training and evaluating image classification models for Lao character recognition.
- Developing Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems for the Lao language.
- Research in computer vision and pattern recognition for Southeast Asian scripts.

Usage Notes / Data Augmentation:

The nature of these images (white characters on a black background) lends itself well to various data augmentation techniques to improve model robustness and performance. Consider applying augmentations such as:

- Geometric Transformations:
  - Zoom (in/out)
  - Height and width shifts
  - Rotation
  - Perspective transforms
- Blurring Effects:
  - Standard blur
  - Motion blur
- Noise Injection:
  - Gaussian noise

Applying these augmentations can help create a more diverse training set and potentially lead to better generalization on unseen data.

Experimental results of the image classification task on the CIFAR-10 dataset.

Terrestrial ecosystems have emerged as critical carbon sinks, holding a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is a highly significant parameter in terrestrial ecosystems, representing the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between ecosystems and the atmosphere, without considering other carbon fluxes from disturbances. In this NEP product, we harmonized various sets of tower-based NEP from flux sites as target variable, remote sensing product and meteorological data as traning variables. We further optimizied these smaple sets to address the problems in spatial distribution, culminating in a global NEP product spanning the years 2001-2022, achieved through the application of the random forest method. This dataset contains NEP data for global terrestrial ecosystems for the period 2001-2022 in MgC with a temporal resolution of 1 year. The spatial resolution of the product is 250m and the data format is TIFF.

For detailed instructions on how to use the dataset, see User Guides.doc!