In 2023, the number of data compromises in the United States stood at 3,205 cases. Meanwhile, over 353 million individuals were affected in the same year by data compromises, including data breaches, leakage, and exposure. While these are three different events, they have one thing in common. As a result of all three incidents, the sensitive data is accessed by an unauthorized threat actor. Industries most vulnerable to data breaches Some industry sectors usually see more significant cases of private data violations than others. This is determined by the type and volume of the personal information organizations of these sectors store. In 2022, healthcare, financial services, and manufacturing were the three industry sectors that recorded most data breaches. The number of healthcare data breaches in the United States has gradually increased within the past few years. In the financial sector, data compromises increased almost twice between 2020 and 2022, while manufacturing saw an increase of more than three times in data compromise incidents. Largest data exposures worldwide In 2020, an adult streaming website, CAM4, experienced a leakage of nearly 11 billion records. This, by far, is the most extensive reported data leakage. This case, though, is unique because cyber security researchers found the vulnerability before the cyber criminals. The second-largest data breach is the Yahoo data breach, dating back to 2013. The company first reported about one billion exposed records, then later, in 2017, came up with an updated number of leaked records, which was three billion. In March 2018, the third biggest data breach happened, involving India’s national identification database Aadhaar. As a result of this incident, over 1.1 billion records were exposed.

The largest reported data leakage as of January 2024 was the Cam4 data breach in March 2020, which exposed more than 10 billion data records. The second-largest data breach in history so far, the Yahoo data breach, occurred in 2013. The company initially reported about one billion exposed data records, but after an investigation, the company updated the number, revealing that three billion accounts were affected. The National Public Data Breach was announced in August 2024. The incident became public when personally identifiable information of individuals became available for sale on the dark web. Overall, the security professionals estimate the leakage of nearly three billion personal records. The next significant data leakage was the March 2018 security breach of India's national ID database, Aadhaar, with over 1.1 billion records exposed. This included biometric information such as identification numbers and fingerprint scans, which could be used to open bank accounts and receive financial aid, among other government services.

Cybercrime - the dark side of digitalization As the world continues its journey into the digital age, corporations and governments across the globe have been increasing their reliance on technology to collect, analyze and store personal data. This, in turn, has led to a rise in the number of cyber crimes, ranging from minor breaches to global-scale attacks impacting billions of users – such as in the case of Yahoo. Within the U.S. alone, 1802 cases of data compromise were reported in 2022. This was a marked increase from the 447 cases reported a decade prior. The high price of data protection As of 2022, the average cost of a single data breach across all industries worldwide stood at around 4.35 million U.S. dollars. This was found to be most costly in the healthcare sector, with each leak reported to have cost the affected party a hefty 10.1 million U.S. dollars. The financial segment followed closely behind. Here, each breach resulted in a loss of approximately 6 million U.S. dollars - 1.5 million more than the global average.

View Data Breach Notification Reports, which include how many breaches are reported each year and the number of affected residents.

During the third quarter of 2024, data breaches exposed more than 422 million records worldwide. Since the first quarter of 2020, the highest number of data records were exposed in the first quarter of 202, more than 818 million data sets. Data breaches remain among the biggest concerns of company leaders worldwide. The most common causes of sensitive information loss were operating system vulnerabilities on endpoint devices. Which industries see the most data breaches? Meanwhile, certain conditions make some industry sectors more prone to data breaches than others. According to the latest observations, the public administration experienced the highest number of data breaches between 2021 and 2022. The industry saw 495 reported data breach incidents with confirmed data loss. The second were financial institutions, with 421 data breach cases, followed by healthcare providers. Data breach cost Data breach incidents have various consequences, the most common impact being financial losses and business disruptions. As of 2023, the average data breach cost across businesses worldwide was 4.45 million U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, a leaked data record cost about 165 U.S. dollars. The United States saw the highest average breach cost globally, at 9.48 million U.S. dollars.

Market Summary of Database Security Market:

• The Global Database Security market size in 2023 was XX Million. The Database Security Industry's compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2024 to 2031. • The database security industry is growing faster and is expected to expand at a faster rate due to these strict regulatory frameworks. Also, the increase in advanced technology for better protection of data is driving the growth of the Database security market. • The dominating segment is the software. It includes encryption, auditing, tokenization, data masking, and access control management. • Due to the increase in internet users, remote working demand, and risk of data breaches, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a beneficial effect on the market for data security solutions. • The database security market is dominated by North America in terms of both revenue and market share. This can be attributed to the region's concentration of significant industry participants and increasing technical advancements in their product line.

Market Dynamics of Database Security Market:

Key Drivers of Database Security Market:

An increase in advanced technology for better protection of data is driving the growth of the Database security market

Retail, banking, healthcare, and government are just a few of the industries where a strong data security plan could help companies stay compliant and lower their exposure to threats. When data is used by the principles of availability, confidentiality, and integrity, it becomes the most precious resource that aids in decision-making, strategic endeavor execution, and the development of closer relationships between companies and their clients. For Instance, Records from thousands of people assembled and reindexed leaks, breaches, and privately sold databases are part of a supermassive Mother of all Breaches or MOAB. The huge release includes information from multiple earlier breaches, totaling an incredible 12 gigabytes of data covering an incredible 26 billion records. The leak is most likely the biggest to be found to date and includes user data from Tencent, Weibo, LinkedIn, Twitter, and other networks.(Source: https://cybernews.com/security/billions-passwords-credentials-leaked-mother-of-all-breaches/) Hence, the protection of data is of utmost importance in almost all sectors. Hardware-based security, data backup and resilience, data erasure, data masking, encryption, firewalls, and authentication and authorization are examples of data security technologies. It is essential to corporate development, operations, and financing. Companies can better comply with regulatory standards and avoid data breaches and reputational harm by securing their data. Data is locked up by modern encryption methods with a single key, making it only accessible to the key holder. AES-compliant standards are used by many databases to encrypt data. These remedies are the most robust against hardware loss, possibly due to theft. The data is protected even if the encryption key is incorrect. For Instance, An innovative method for protecting personal information for use with generative artificial intelligence has been released, according to security company Baffle. Assuring that their regulated data is compliant and cryptographically safe, Baffle Data Protection for AI interacts with current data pipelines to help businesses expedite generative AI initiatives. According to Baffle, the method encrypts sensitive data using the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm so that outside parties cannot view private information in plaintext. (Source: https://baffle.io/news/baffle-releases-encryption-solution-to-secure-data-for-generative-ai/) Hence, technology is playing an important role in reducing data breaches and protecting data, which is eventually increasing the market for database security as many companies require data protection.

The Database Security Market is driven by the strict regulatory framework to address information security

Regulatory frameworks can establish standards that developers and users must follow to guarantee a secure database. The market is growing as a result of increasingly stringent regulations enforced globally to protect sensitive data by governments and other relevant authorities in numerous nations. ...

The Security Investigation Database (SID) is a COTS personnel security application in a USAID virtualized environment that can support USAID's business requirements and processes. The goal of SEC is to replace the CRIS application with a new COTS system to improve quality of service, reduce processing time, automate manual tasks, and be capable of supporting future mandatory requirements and mandates as defined by ODNI. SEC requires a system that will communicate with the office of Human Resource (HR) and other offices in the Agency that require the same information.

The global database security software market is estimated to be valued at XXX million in 2025, and is projected to reach USD XXX million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period. The market growth is primarily attributed to the increasing adoption of cloud services, which require robust security measures to protect sensitive data. Cloud-based services often contain valuable customer information, financial data, and other confidential information that is vulnerable to cyberattacks. Database security software plays a vital role in safeguarding this data, ensuring compliance with regulations, and reducing the risk of data breaches and security incidents. Key trends in the market include the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in database security solutions. These technologies enable database security software to detect and respond to threats in real time, automate security processes, and improve overall security posture. Additionally, the growing popularity of data analytics and the increasing volume of data generated are driving the need for effective database security solutions. Regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) are also contributing to the market growth as organizations strive to comply with data protection and privacy mandates. The database security software market is rapidly expanding, driven by the increasing sophistication of cyberattacks and the growing adoption of cloud-based databases. In 2023, the market is estimated to be worth over $1 billion, and is projected to grow to over $2 billion by 2028.

As of December 2024, the most significant data breach incident in the United States was the Yahoo data breach that dates back to 2013-2016. Impacting over three billion online users, this incident still remains one of the most significant data breaches worldwide. The second-biggest case was the January 2021 data breach at Microsoft, involving about 30 thousand companies in the United States and around 60 thousand companies around the world.

The Security Baseline Check market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing sophistication of cyber threats and the stringent regulatory compliance requirements across various industries. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $50 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rising adoption of cloud computing and digital transformation initiatives across SMEs and large enterprises necessitates comprehensive security assessments. Secondly, the increasing frequency and severity of data breaches are compelling organizations to proactively invest in robust security baseline checks to mitigate risks and protect sensitive data. Furthermore, evolving regulatory landscapes like GDPR and CCPA mandate stringent security protocols, further bolstering the demand for these services. The market segmentation reveals a strong emphasis on host security checks, followed by database and network security equipment checks, reflecting the criticality of securing core infrastructure components. Geographically, North America and Europe currently hold significant market share, driven by high technological adoption and stringent security regulations. However, rapidly growing digital economies in Asia Pacific and the Middle East & Africa present lucrative growth opportunities. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established cloud providers like Alibaba Cloud, Amazon, Microsoft, and Huawei Cloud, alongside specialized security firms like OWASP and Antiy Labs. These players are constantly innovating to offer comprehensive and integrated security solutions that meet the evolving needs of their clients. While the market is experiencing substantial growth, challenges such as the high cost of implementation, integration complexities, and the need for skilled professionals could potentially restrain its growth. However, the overall market trajectory points towards a sustained period of expansion, driven by the imperative to secure digital assets and comply with regulatory requirements. The continued evolution of cybersecurity threats will further fuel the demand for sophisticated baseline checks across all segments and regions.

The Cloud-Based Database Security Market Report Can Be Segmented by Deployment (public, Private, and Hybrid), by End-User Vertical (BFSI, Retail, Government, Healthcare, IT and Telecom, Manufacturing, and Other End-User Verticals), by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value in USD for all the Above Segments.

Between the first quarter of 2020 and the first second quarter of 2024, the number of records exposed in data breaches in Italy experienced a significant decrease. In the most recent measured period, approximately one million records were reported as leaked, down from around 10.2 million data sets affected in the first quarter of 2021.

The Database Audit and Protection System (DAPS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing regulatory compliance mandates (like GDPR, CCPA), the rising frequency of cyberattacks targeting sensitive data, and the expanding adoption of cloud-based databases. The market, estimated at $5 billion in 2025, is projected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Key growth drivers include the escalating need for data security and integrity across diverse sectors, notably finance, healthcare, and government. The cloud-based segment holds a significant market share, fueled by its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced accessibility. However, concerns around data sovereignty and security in cloud environments pose a restraint. The on-premise segment persists due to existing infrastructure and stringent data governance requirements in specific industries. Competitive intensity is high, with established players like IBM and Imperva alongside agile regional vendors such as Qi-AnXin and Sangfor Technology vying for market dominance. Geographic distribution reveals strong growth in North America and Asia Pacific, driven by significant investments in digital infrastructure and a thriving technology ecosystem in these regions. The market segmentation by application highlights finance as the largest segment, reflecting the high value and sensitivity of financial data. Growth in the healthcare and government sectors is also notable, spurred by increasing digitization and the need to protect patient and citizen data. Looking ahead, the DAPS market will continue its upward trajectory, shaped by technological advancements like AI-powered threat detection and automated security patching. The convergence of database security and broader cybersecurity strategies will further fuel market expansion. To maintain a competitive edge, vendors must focus on innovation in areas such as real-time threat detection, proactive security measures, and seamless integration with existing IT infrastructures. The market will see increased adoption of integrated solutions that combine database audit and protection capabilities with broader security management platforms. Furthermore, the rising demand for compliance-as-a-service will propel the growth of cloud-based DAPS solutions, while the on-premise segment will continue to cater to specific regulatory and security requirements.

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Objective: The rapid adoption of health information technology (IT) coupled with growing reports of ransomware, and hacking has made cybersecurity a priority in health care. This study leverages federal data in order to better understand current cybersecurity threats in the context of health IT.

Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study of all available reported data breaches in the United States from 2013 to 2017, downloaded from a publicly available federal regulatory database.

Results: There were 1512 data breaches affecting 154 415 257 patient records from a heterogeneous distribution of covered entities (P < .001). There were 128 electronic medical record-related breaches of 4 867 920 patient records, while 363 hacking incidents affected 130 702 378 records.

Discussion and Conclusion: Despite making up less than 25% of all breaches, hacking was responsible for nearly 85% of all affected patient records. As medicine becomes increasingly interconnected and informatics-driven, significant improvements to cybersecurity must be made so our health IT infrastructure is simultaneously effective, safe, and secure.

Market Size and Growth: The global database security assessment service market is valued at USD 3.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 12.6 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 13.4% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by the increasing adoption of cloud databases, the growing threat of data breaches, and the stringent regulatory compliance requirements. Market Segments and Trends: The market is segmented into applications (medical, media, telecommunications, etc.), types (vulnerability assessment, penetration testing, compliance testing), and regions (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, etc.). The vulnerability assessment service segment holds the largest market share due to the growing demand for early detection and remediation of vulnerabilities. Penetration testing services are expected to witness significant growth due to their role in simulating real-world attacks and validating the effectiveness of security controls. Emerging trends include the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for automated security assessments and the adoption of cloud-based security assessment tools.

As of January 2025, the most significant data breach incident in the United Kingdom (UK) was the 2017-2018 Dixons Carphone breach. As a result of this incident, 14 million user records were affected, and 5.6 million payment card information was exposed. The Equifax data breach between 2011 and 2016 impacted over 15 million customers nationwide.

THE PRIVATE SECURITY EVENTS DATABASE (PSED) provides information on more than 1200 events related to private military and security companies in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia from 1990-2012. It includes information on the services PMSCs provide, the clients they work for, and the consequences of their actions. An updated version extending the data to 2016 will be released later in 2019.

Database Security Market Analysis The global database security market is projected to reach a value of $36.53 billion by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 11.22% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. The growing adoption of cloud-based databases, the increasing frequency of cyberattacks, and the stringent regulatory compliance requirements are primarily driving this market. Key trends include the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for enhanced security, the shift towards decentralized database architectures, and the integration of blockchain technology to strengthen data integrity. The market is segmented based on security type, deployment model, database type, organization size, and industry vertical. The on-premises segment currently dominates the market but is expected to lose share to the cloud-based segment due to its scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. The banking, financial services, and insurance (BFSI) vertical accounts for the largest share of the market due to its high sensitivity to data breaches. Major industry players include Palo Alto Networks, FireEye, Informatica, Oracle, Microsoft, Check Point Software Technologies, Imperva, Symantec, Sourcefire, McAfee, IBM, Trend Micro, Fortinet, and Websense. North America holds the largest regional market share, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The global database security market is anticipated to reach $29.92 billion by 2028, registering a CAGR of 10.3% from 2022 to 2028. The growing adoption of cloud-based database services and the increasing number of cyberattacks are primarily driving the growth of this market. Key drivers for this market are: Cloud Adoption Data Governance and Compliance Artificial Intelligence Integration Growing Use of Personal Devices Need for Threat Protection . Potential restraints include: Increased cloud adoption Growing data volumes Rise of ransomware attacks Demand for regulatory compliance Advanced persistent threats .

Global Database Security Evaluation System market size 2025 was XX Million. Database Security Evaluation System Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

The European Repository of Cyber Incidents (EuRepoC) is releasing the Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents in Version 1.3 as an extract of our backend database. This official release contains fully consolidated cyber incident data reviewed by our interdisciplinary experts in the fields of politics, law and technology across all 60 variables covered by the European Repository. Version 1.3 covers the years 2000 – 2024 entirely. The Global Dataset is meant for reliable, evidence-based analysis. If you require real-time data, please refer to the download option in our TableView or contact us for special requirements (including API access).

The dataset now contains data on 3416 cyber incidents which started between 01.01.2000 and 31.12.2024. The European Repository of Cyber Incidents (EuRepoC) gathers, codes, and analyses publicly available information from over 220 sources and 600 Twitter accounts daily to report on dynamic trends in the global, and particularly the European, cyber threat environment.

For more information on the scope and data collection methodology see: https://eurepoc.eu/methodology

Full Codebook available here

Information about each file

please scroll down this page entirely to see all files available. Zenodo only displays the attribution dataset by default.

Global Database (csv or xlsx):
This file includes all variables coded for each incident, organised such that one row corresponds to one incident - our main unit of investigation. Where multiple codes are present for a single variable for a single incident, these are separated with semi-colons within the same cell.

Receiver Dataset (csv or xlsx):
In this file, the data of affected entities and individuals (receivers) is restructured to facilitate analysis. Each cell contains only a single code, with the data "unpacked" across multiple rows. Thus, a single incident can span several rows, identifiable through the unique identifier assigned to each incident (incident_id).

Attribution Dataset (csv or xlsx):
This file follows a similar approach to the receiver dataset. The attribution data is "unpacked" over several rows, allowing each cell to contain only one code. Here too, a single incident may occupy several rows, with the unique identifier enabling easy tracking of each incident (incident_id). In addition, some attributions may also have multiple possible codes for one variable, these are also "unpacked" over several rows, with the attribution_id enabling to track each attribution.

Dyadic Dataset (csv or xlsx):
The dyadic dataset puts state dyads in the focus. Each row in the dataset represents one cyber incident in a specific dyad. Because incidents may affect multiple receivers, single incidents can be duplicated in this format, when they affected multiple countries.