Data Cleaning Tools Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global market size for data cleaning tools is estimated at $2.5 billion, with projections indicating that it will reach approximately $7.1 billion by 2032, reflecting a robust CAGR of 12.1% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing importance of data quality in business intelligence and analytics workflows across various industries.

The growth of the data cleaning tools market can be attributed to several critical factors. Firstly, the exponential increase in data generation across industries necessitates efficient tools to manage data quality. Poor data quality can result in significant financial losses, inefficient business processes, and faulty decision-making. Organizations recognize the value of clean, accurate data in driving business insights and operational efficiency, thereby propelling the adoption of data cleaning tools. Additionally, regulatory requirements and compliance standards also push companies to maintain high data quality standards, further driving market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the rising adoption of AI and machine learning technologies. These advanced technologies rely heavily on high-quality data to deliver accurate results. Data cleaning tools play a crucial role in preparing datasets for AI and machine learning models, ensuring that the data is free from errors, inconsistencies, and redundancies. This surge in the use of AI and machine learning across various sectors like healthcare, finance, and retail is driving the demand for efficient data cleaning solutions.

The proliferation of big data analytics is another critical factor contributing to market growth. Big data analytics enables organizations to uncover hidden patterns, correlations, and insights from large datasets. However, the effectiveness of big data analytics is contingent upon the quality of the data being analyzed. Data cleaning tools help in sanitizing large datasets, making them suitable for analysis and thus enhancing the accuracy and reliability of analytics outcomes. This trend is expected to continue, fueling the demand for data cleaning tools.

In terms of regional growth, North America holds a dominant position in the data cleaning tools market. The region's strong technological infrastructure, coupled with the presence of major market players and a high adoption rate of advanced data management solutions, contributes to its leadership. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The rapid digitization of businesses, increasing investments in IT infrastructure, and a growing focus on data-driven decision-making are key factors driving the market in this region.

As organizations strive to maintain high data quality standards, the role of an Email List Cleaning Service becomes increasingly vital. These services ensure that email databases are free from invalid addresses, duplicates, and outdated information, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and communications. By leveraging sophisticated algorithms and validation techniques, email list cleaning services help businesses improve their email deliverability rates and reduce the risk of being flagged as spam. This not only optimizes marketing efforts but also protects the reputation of the sender. As a result, the demand for such services is expected to grow alongside the broader data cleaning tools market, as companies recognize the importance of maintaining clean and accurate contact lists.

Component Analysis

The data cleaning tools market can be segmented by component into software and services. The software segment encompasses various tools and platforms designed for data cleaning, while the services segment includes consultancy, implementation, and maintenance services provided by vendors.

The software segment holds the largest market share and is expected to continue leading during the forecast period. This dominance can be attributed to the increasing adoption of automated data cleaning solutions that offer high efficiency and accuracy. These software solutions are equipped with advanced algorithms and functionalities that can handle large volumes of data, identify errors, and correct them without manual intervention. The rising adoption of cloud-based data cleaning software further bolsters this segment, as it offers scalability and ease of

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Restaurant Sales Dataset with Dirt Documentation

Overview

The Restaurant Sales Dataset with Dirt contains data for 17,534 transactions. The data introduces realistic inconsistencies ("dirt") to simulate real-world scenarios where data may have missing or incomplete information. The dataset includes sales details across multiple categories, such as starters, main dishes, desserts, drinks, and side dishes.

Dataset Use Cases

This dataset is suitable for: - Practicing data cleaning tasks, such as handling missing values and deducing missing information. - Conducting exploratory data analysis (EDA) to study restaurant sales patterns. - Feature engineering to create new variables for machine learning tasks.

Columns Description

Key Characteristics

1. Data Dirtiness:

   • Missing values in key columns (Item, Price, Quantity, Order Total, Payment Method) simulate real-world challenges.
   • At least one of the following conditions is ensured for each record to identify an item:
     • Item is present.
     • Price is present.
     • Both Quantity and Order Total are present.
   • If Price or Quantity is missing, the other is used to deduce the missing value (e.g., Order Total / Quantity).

2. Menu Categories and Items:

   • Items are divided into five categories:
     • Starters: E.g., Chicken Melt, French Fries.
     • Main Dishes: E.g., Grilled Chicken, Steak.
     • Desserts: E.g., Chocolate Cake, Ice Cream.
     • Drinks: E.g., Coca Cola, Water.
     • Side Dishes: E.g., Mashed Potatoes, Garlic Bread.

3 Time Range: - Orders span from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023.

Cleaning Suggestions

1. Handle Missing Values:

   • Fill missing Order Total or Quantity using the formula: Order Total = Price * Quantity.
   • Deduce missing Price from Order Total / Quantity if both are available.

2. Validate Data Consistency:

   • Ensure that calculated values (Order Total = Price * Quantity) match.

3. Analyze Missing Patterns:

   • Study the distribution of missing values across categories and payment methods.

Menu Map with Prices and Categories

Materials from workshop conducted for Monroe Library faculty as part of TLT/Faculty Development/Digital Scholarship on 2018-04-05. Objectives:Clean dataAnalyze data using pivot tablesVisualize dataDesign accessible instruction for working with dataAssociated Research Guide at http://researchguides.loyno.edu/data_workshopData sets are from the following:

BaroqueArt Dataset by CulturePlex Lab is licensed under CC0 What's on the Menu? Menus by New York Public Library is licensed under CC0 Dog movie stars and dog breed popularity by Ghirlanda S, Acerbi A, Herzog H is licensed under CC BY 4.0 NOPD Misconduct Complaints, 2016-2018 by City of New Orleans Open Data is licensed under CC0 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Recall Violations by CU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Violations is licensed under CC0 NCHS - Leading Causes of Death: United States by Data.gov is licensed under CC0 Bob Ross Elements by Episode by Walt Hickey, FiveThirtyEight, is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Pacific Walrus Coastal Haulout 1852-2016 by U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center is licensed under CC0 Australia Registered Animals by Sunshine Coast Council is licensed under CC0

Sample data for exercises in Further Adventures in Data Cleaning.

Data Cleansing Software Market Outlook

The global data cleansing software market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.2 billion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5% during the forecast period. This substantial growth can be attributed to the increasing importance of maintaining clean and reliable data for business intelligence and analytics, which are driving the adoption of data cleansing solutions across various industries.

The proliferation of big data and the growing emphasis on data-driven decision-making are significant growth factors for the data cleansing software market. As organizations collect vast amounts of data from multiple sources, ensuring that this data is accurate, consistent, and complete becomes critical for deriving actionable insights. Data cleansing software helps organizations eliminate inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and redundancies, thereby enhancing the quality of their data and improving overall operational efficiency. Additionally, the rising adoption of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies further fuels the demand for data cleansing software, as clean data is essential for the accuracy and reliability of these technologies.

Another key driver of market growth is the increasing regulatory pressure for data compliance and governance. Governments and regulatory bodies across the globe are implementing stringent data protection regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States. These regulations mandate organizations to ensure the accuracy and security of the personal data they handle. Data cleansing software assists organizations in complying with these regulations by identifying and rectifying inaccuracies in their data repositories, thus minimizing the risk of non-compliance and hefty penalties.

The growing trend of digital transformation across various industries also contributes to the expanding data cleansing software market. As businesses transition to digital platforms, they generate and accumulate enormous volumes of data. To derive meaningful insights and maintain a competitive edge, it is imperative for organizations to maintain high-quality data. Data cleansing software plays a pivotal role in this process by enabling organizations to streamline their data management practices and ensure the integrity of their data. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions provides additional impetus to the market, as cloud platforms facilitate seamless integration and scalability of data cleansing tools.

Regionally, North America holds a dominant position in the data cleansing software market, driven by the presence of numerous technology giants and the rapid adoption of advanced data management solutions. The region is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period, supported by the strong emphasis on data quality and compliance. Europe is also a significant market, with countries like Germany, the UK, and France showing substantial demand for data cleansing solutions. The Asia Pacific region is poised for significant growth, fueled by the increasing digitalization of businesses and the rising awareness of data quality's importance. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to witness steady growth, driven by the growing adoption of data-driven technologies.

The role of Data Quality Tools cannot be overstated in the context of data cleansing software. These tools are integral in ensuring that the data being processed is not only clean but also of high quality, which is crucial for accurate analytics and decision-making. Data Quality Tools help in profiling, monitoring, and cleansing data, thereby ensuring that organizations can trust their data for strategic decisions. As organizations increasingly rely on data-driven insights, the demand for robust Data Quality Tools is expected to rise. These tools offer functionalities such as data validation, standardization, and enrichment, which are essential for maintaining the integrity of data across various platforms and applications. The integration of these tools with data cleansing software enhances the overall data management capabilities of organizations, enabling them to achieve greater operational efficiency and compliance with data regulations.

Component Analysis

The data cle

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Data Science Platform Market Size 2025-2029

The data science platform market size is forecast to increase by USD 763.9 million, at a CAGR of 40.2% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies. This fusion enables organizations to derive deeper insights from their data, fueling business innovation and decision-making. Another trend shaping the market is the emergence of containerization and microservices in data science platforms. This approach offers enhanced flexibility, scalability, and efficiency, making it an attractive choice for businesses seeking to streamline their data science operations. However, the market also faces challenges. Data privacy and security remain critical concerns, with the increasing volume and complexity of data posing significant risks. Ensuring robust data security and privacy measures is essential for companies to maintain customer trust and comply with regulatory requirements. Additionally, managing the complexity of data science platforms and ensuring seamless integration with existing systems can be a daunting task, requiring significant investment in resources and expertise. Companies must navigate these challenges effectively to capitalize on the market's opportunities and stay competitive in the rapidly evolving data landscape.

What will be the Size of the Data Science Platform Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free SampleThe market continues to evolve, driven by the increasing demand for advanced analytics and artificial intelligence solutions across various sectors. Real-time analytics and classification models are at the forefront of this evolution, with APIs integrations enabling seamless implementation. Deep learning and model deployment are crucial components, powering applications such as fraud detection and customer segmentation. Data science platforms provide essential tools for data cleaning and data transformation, ensuring data integrity for big data analytics. Feature engineering and data visualization facilitate model training and evaluation, while data security and data governance ensure data privacy and compliance. Machine learning algorithms, including regression models and clustering models, are integral to predictive modeling and anomaly detection. Statistical analysis and time series analysis provide valuable insights, while ETL processes streamline data integration. Cloud computing enables scalability and cost savings, while risk management and algorithm selection optimize model performance. Natural language processing and sentiment analysis offer new opportunities for data storytelling and computer vision. Supply chain optimization and recommendation engines are among the latest applications of data science platforms, demonstrating their versatility and continuous value proposition. Data mining and data warehousing provide the foundation for these advanced analytics capabilities.

How is this Data Science Platform Industry segmented?

The data science platform industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. DeploymentOn-premisesCloudComponentPlatformServicesEnd-userBFSIRetail and e-commerceManufacturingMedia and entertainmentOthersSectorLarge enterprisesSMEsApplicationData PreparationData VisualizationMachine LearningPredictive AnalyticsData GovernanceOthersGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyUKMiddle East and AfricaUAEAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilRest of World (ROW)

By Deployment Insights

The on-premises segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.In the dynamic the market, businesses increasingly adopt solutions to gain real-time insights from their data, enabling them to make informed decisions. Classification models and deep learning algorithms are integral parts of these platforms, providing capabilities for fraud detection, customer segmentation, and predictive modeling. API integrations facilitate seamless data exchange between systems, while data security measures ensure the protection of valuable business information. Big data analytics and feature engineering are essential for deriving meaningful insights from vast datasets. Data transformation, data mining, and statistical analysis are crucial processes in data preparation and discovery. Machine learning models, including regression and clustering, are employed for model training and evaluation. Time series analysis and natural language processing are valuable tools for understanding trends and customer sen

The Data Preparation Tools market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a significant market size by 2033. Driven by the exponential increase in data volume and variety across industries, coupled with the rising need for accurate, consistent data for effective business intelligence and machine learning initiatives, this sector is poised for continued expansion. The 18.5% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) signifies strong market momentum, fueled by increasing adoption across diverse sectors like IT and Telecom, Retail & E-commerce, BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance), and Manufacturing. The preference for self-service data preparation tools empowers business users to directly access and prepare data, minimizing reliance on IT departments and accelerating analysis. Furthermore, the integration of data preparation tools with advanced analytics platforms and cloud-based solutions is streamlining workflows and improving overall efficiency. This trend is further augmented by the growing demand for robust data governance and compliance measures, necessitating sophisticated data preparation capabilities. While the market shows significant potential, challenges remain. The complexity of integrating data from multiple sources and maintaining data consistency across disparate systems present hurdles for many organizations. The need for skilled data professionals to effectively utilize these tools also contributes to market constraints. However, ongoing advancements in automation and user-friendly interfaces are mitigating these challenges. The competitive landscape is marked by established players like Microsoft, Tableau, and IBM, alongside innovative startups offering specialized solutions. This competitive dynamic fosters innovation and drives down costs, benefiting end-users. The market segmentation by application and tool type highlights the varied needs and preferences across industries, and understanding these distinctions is crucial for effective market penetration and strategic planning. Geographical expansion, particularly within rapidly developing economies in Asia-Pacific, will play a significant role in shaping the future trajectory of this thriving market.

The data cleaning tools market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the exponential increase in data volume and variety across industries. The rising need for high-quality data for accurate business intelligence, machine learning, and data-driven decision-making fuels demand for efficient and automated data cleaning solutions. While the precise market size in 2025 is unavailable, considering a conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from a hypothetical 2019 market size of $5 billion (a reasonable starting point given the prevalence of data management needs), we can estimate the 2025 market size to be around $10 billion. This growth is further accelerated by trends like cloud adoption, the increasing sophistication of data cleaning algorithms (including AI and machine learning integration), and a growing awareness of data quality's impact on business outcomes. Leading players like Dundas BI, IBM, Sisense, and others are actively developing and enhancing their offerings to meet this demand. However, restraints such as the complexity of integrating data cleaning tools into existing systems and the need for skilled personnel to manage and utilize these tools continue to pose challenges. Segmentation within the market is likely to follow deployment models (cloud, on-premise), data types handled (structured, unstructured), and industry verticals (finance, healthcare, retail). The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued market expansion, propelled by further technological advancements and broader adoption across various sectors. The long-term projection anticipates a sustained CAGR, although it may moderate slightly as the market matures, potentially settling around 12-13% in the later years of the forecast. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established players and emerging startups vying for market share. Companies are focusing on improving the usability and accessibility of their data cleaning tools, making them easier to integrate with other business intelligence platforms and enterprise systems. This integration will be vital for seamless data workflows and broader adoption. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions are likely to reshape the competitive dynamics in the years to come. Geographical variations in market maturity will influence regional growth rates, with regions like North America and Europe expected to maintain a strong presence, while Asia-Pacific and other emerging economies could see faster growth driven by increasing digitalization. Further research into specific regional data is needed to provide more precise figures and assess the localized market dynamics accurately.

Initial data analysis checklist for data screening in longitudinal studies.

This dataset presents a dual-version representation of employment-related data from India, crafted to highlight the importance of data cleaning and transformation in any real-world data science or analytics project.

🔹 Dataset Composition:

It includes two parallel datasets: 1. Messy Dataset (Raw) – Represents a typical unprocessed dataset often encountered in data collection from surveys, databases, or manual entries. 2. Cleaned Dataset – This version demonstrates how proper data preprocessing can significantly enhance the quality and usability of data for analytical and visualization purposes.

Each record captures multiple attributes related to individuals in the Indian job market, including: - Age Group
- Employment Status (Employed/Unemployed)
- Monthly Salary (INR)
- Education Level
- Industry Sector
- Years of Experience
- Location
- Perceived AI Risk
- Date of Data Recording

Transformations & Cleaning Applied:

The raw dataset underwent comprehensive transformations to convert it into its clean, analysis-ready form: - Missing Values: Identified and handled using either row elimination (where critical data was missing) or imputation techniques. - Duplicate Records: Identified using row comparison and removed to prevent analytical skew. - Inconsistent Formatting: Unified inconsistent naming in columns (like 'monthly_salary_(inr)' → 'Monthly Salary (INR)'), capitalization, and string spacing. - Incorrect Data Types: Converted columns like salary from string/object to float for numerical analysis. - Outliers: Detected and handled based on domain logic and distribution analysis. - Categorization: Converted numeric ages into grouped age categories for comparative analysis. - Standardization: Uniform labels for employment status, industry names, education, and AI risk levels were applied for visualization clarity.

Purpose & Utility:

This dataset is ideal for learners and professionals who want to understand: - The impact of messy data on visualization and insights - How transformation steps can dramatically improve data interpretation - Practical examples of preprocessing techniques before feeding into ML models or BI tools

It's also useful for: - Training ML models with clean inputs
- Data storytelling with visual clarity
- Demonstrating reproducibility in data cleaning pipelines

By examining both the messy and clean datasets, users gain a deeper appreciation for why “garbage in, garbage out” rings true in the world of data science.

• Cleaned_Dataset.csv – The combined CSV files of all scraped documents from DABI, e-LiS, o-bib and Springer.
• Data_Cleaning.ipynb – The Jupyter Notebook with python code for the analysis and cleaning of the original dataset.
• ger_train.csv – The German training set as CSV file.
• ger_validation.csv – The German validation set as CSV file.
• en_test.csv – The English test set as CSV file.
• en_train.csv – The English training set as CSV file.
• en_validation.csv – The English validation set as CSV file.
• splitting.py – The python code for splitting a dataset into train, test and validation set.
• DataSetTrans_de.csv – The final German dataset as a CSV file.
• DataSetTrans_en.csv – The final English dataset as a CSV file.
• translation.py – The python code for translating the cleaned dataset.

The Data Cleaning Tools market has witnessed significant growth over the past few years, emerging as an essential component for businesses striving to enhance data quality and accuracy. As organizations increasingly rely on data-driven decisions, the demand for efficient data cleaning solutions has surged, with thes

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We conduct stringent evaluations on data providers to ensure authenticity and quality. Our proprietary algorithms detect, and cleanse corrupted and duplicated data points – allowing you to leverage our datasets rapidly with minimal processing or cleaning. During the ingestion process, our proprietary Data Filtering Algorithms remove events based on a number of both qualitative factors, as well as latency and other integrity variables to provide more efficient data delivery. The deduplicating algorithm focuses on a combination of four important attributes: Device ID, Latitude, Longitude, and Timestamp. This algorithm scours our data and identifies rows that contain the same combination of these four attributes. Post-identification, it retains a single copy and eliminates duplicate values to ensure our customers only receive complete and unique datasets.

We actively identify overlapping values at the provider level to determine the value each offers. Our data science team has developed a sophisticated overlap analysis model that helps us maintain a high-quality data feed by qualifying providers based on unique data values rather than volumes alone – measures that provide significant benefit to our end-use partners.

Quadrant mobility data contains all standard attributes such as Device ID, Latitude, Longitude, Timestamp, Horizontal Accuracy, and IP Address, and non-standard attributes such as Geohash and H3. In addition, we have historical data available back through 2022.

Through our in-house data science team, we offer sophisticated technical documentation, location data algorithms, and queries that help data buyers get a head start on their analyses. Our goal is to provide you with data that is “fit for purpose”.

As high-throughput methods become more common, training undergraduates to analyze data must include having them generate informative summaries of large datasets. This flexible case study provides an opportunity for undergraduate students to become familiar with the capabilities of R programming in the context of high-throughput evolutionary data collected using macroarrays. The story line introduces a recent graduate hired at a biotech firm and tasked with analysis and visualization of changes in gene expression from 20,000 generations of the Lenski Lab’s Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE). Our main character is not familiar with R and is guided by a coworker to learn about this platform. Initially this involves a step-by-step analysis of the small Iris dataset built into R which includes sepal and petal length of three species of irises. Practice calculating summary statistics and correlations, and making histograms and scatter plots, prepares the protagonist to perform similar analyses with the LTEE dataset. In the LTEE module, students analyze gene expression data from the long-term evolutionary experiments, developing their skills in manipulating and interpreting large scientific datasets through visualizations and statistical analysis. Prerequisite knowledge is basic statistics, the Central Dogma, and basic evolutionary principles. The Iris module provides hands-on experience using R programming to explore and visualize a simple dataset; it can be used independently as an introduction to R for biological data or skipped if students already have some experience with R. Both modules emphasize understanding the utility of R, rather than creation of original code. Pilot testing showed the case study was well-received by students and faculty, who described it as a clear introduction to R and appreciated the value of R for visualizing and analyzing large datasets.

No description was included in this Dataset collected from the OSF

How To Cite?

Alinaghi, N., Giannopoulos, I., Kattenbeck, M., & Raubal, M. (2025). Decoding wayfinding: analyzing wayfinding processes in the outdoor environment. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2025.2473599

Link to the paper: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13658816.2025.2473599

Folder Structure

The folder named “submission” contains the following:

1. “pythonProject”: This folder contains all the Python files and subfolders needed for analysis.
2. ijgis.yml: This file lists all the Python libraries and dependencies required to run the code.

Setting Up the Environment

1. Use the ijgis.yml file to create a Python project and environment. Ensure you activate the environment before running the code.
2. The pythonProject folder contains several .py files and subfolders, each with specific functionality as described below.

Subfolders

1. Data_4_IJGIS

• This folder contains the data used for the results reported in the paper.
• Note: The data analysis that we explain in this paper already begins with the synchronization and cleaning of the recorded raw data. The published data is already synchronized and cleaned. Both the cleaned files and the merged files with features extracted for them are given in this directory. If you want to perform the segmentation and feature extraction yourself, you should run the respective Python files yourself. If not, you can use the “merged_…csv” files as input for the training.

2. results_[DateTime] (e.g., results_20240906_15_00_13)

• This folder will be generated when you run the code and will store the output of each step.
• The current folder contains results created during code debugging for the submission.
• When you run the code, a new folder with fresh results will be generated.

Python Files

1. helper_functions.py

• Contains reusable functions used throughout the analysis.
• Each function includes a description of its purpose and the input parameters required.

2. create_sanity_plots.py

• Generates scatter plots like those in Figure 3 of the paper.
• Although the code has been run for all 309 trials, it can be used to check the sample data provided.
• Output: A .png file for each column of the raw gaze and IMU recordings, color-coded with logged events.
• Usage: Run this file to create visualizations similar to Figure 3.

3. overlapping_sliding_window_loop.py

• Implements overlapping sliding window segmentation and generates plots like those in Figure 4.
• Output:
  • Two new subfolders, “Gaze” and “IMU”, will be added to the Data_4_IJGIS folder.
  • Segmented files (default: 2–10 seconds with a 1-second step size) will be saved as .csv files.
  • A visualization of the segments, similar to Figure 4, will be automatically generated.

4. gaze_features.py & imu_features.py (Note: there has been an update to the IDT function implementation in the gaze_features.py on 19.03.2025.)

• These files compute features as explained in Tables 1 and 2 of the paper, respectively.
• They process the segmented recordings generated by the overlapping_sliding_window_loop.py.
• Usage: Just to know how the features are calculated, you can run this code after the segmentation with the sliding window and run these files to calculate the features from the segmented data.

5. training_prediction.py

• This file contains the main machine learning analysis of the paper. This file contains all the code for the training of the model, its evaluation, and its use for the inference of the “monitoring part”. It covers the following steps:

a. Data Preparation (corresponding to Section 5.1.1 of the paper)

• Prepares the data according to the research question (RQ) described in the paper. Since this data was collected with several RQs in mind, we remove parts of the data that are not related to the RQ of this paper.
• A function named plot_labels_comparison(df, save_path, x_label_freq=10, figsize=(15, 5)) in line 116 visualizes the data preparation results. As this visualization is not used in the paper, the line is commented out, but if you want to see visually what has been changed compared to the original data, you can comment out this line.

b. Training/Validation/Test Split

• Splits the data for machine learning experiments (an explanation can be found in Section 5.1.1. Preparation of data for training and inference of the paper).
• Make sure that you follow the instructions in the comments to the code exactly.
• Output: The split data is saved as .csv files in the results folder.

c. Machine and Deep Learning Experiments

This part contains three main code blocks:

iii. One for the XGboost code with correct hyperparameter tuning:
Please read the instructions for each block carefully to ensure that the code works smoothly. Regardless of which block you use, you will get the classification results (in the form of scores) for unseen data. The way we empirically test the confidence threshold of

• MLP Network (Commented Out): This code was used for classification with the MLP network, and the results shown in Table 3 are from this code. If you wish to use this model, please comment out the following blocks accordingly.
• XGBoost without Hyperparameter Tuning: If you want to run the code but do not want to spend time on the full training with hyperparameter tuning (as was done for the paper), just uncomment this part. This will give you a simple, untuned model with which you can achieve at least some results.
• XGBoost with Hyperparameter Tuning: If you want to train the model the way we trained it for the analysis reported in the paper, use this block (the plots in Figure 7 are from this block). We ran this block with different feature sets and different segmentation files and created a simple bar chart from the saved results, shown in Figure 6.

Note: Please read the instructions for each block carefully to ensure that the code works smoothly. Regardless of which block you use, you will get the classification results (in the form of scores) for unseen data. The way we empirically calculated the confidence threshold of the model (explained in the paper in Section 5.2. Part II: Decoding surveillance by sequence analysis) is given in this block in lines 361 to 380.

d. Inference (Monitoring Part)

• Final inference is performed using the monitoring data. This step produces a .csv file containing inferred labels.
• Figure 8 in the paper is generated using this part of the code.

6. sequence_analysis.py

• Performs analysis on the inferred data, producing Figures 9 and 10 from the paper.
• This file reads the inferred data from the previous step and performs sequence analysis as described in Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.

Licenses

The data is licensed under CC-BY, the code is licensed under MIT.

Data Wrangling Market size was valued at USD 1.99 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 4.07 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period 2026-2032.• Big Data Analytics Growth: Organizations are generating massive volumes of unstructured and semi-structured data from diverse sources including social media, IoT devices, and digital transactions. Data wrangling tools become essential for cleaning, transforming, and preparing this complex data for meaningful analytics and business intelligence applications.• Machine Learning and AI Adoption: The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence and machine learning initiatives requires high-quality, properly formatted training datasets. Data wrangling solutions enable data scientists to efficiently prepare, clean, and structure raw data for model training, driving sustained market demand across AI-focused organizations.

AI in Data Cleaning Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global AI in Data Cleaning market size reached USD 1.82 billion in 2024, demonstrating remarkable momentum driven by the exponential growth of data-driven enterprises. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 28.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 17.73 billion by 2033. This exceptional growth trajectory is primarily fueled by increasing data volumes, the urgent need for high-quality datasets, and the adoption of artificial intelligence technologies across diverse industries.

The surging demand for automated data management solutions remains a key growth driver for the AI in Data Cleaning market. As organizations generate and collect massive volumes of structured and unstructured data, manual data cleaning processes have become insufficient, error-prone, and costly. AI-powered data cleaning tools address these challenges by leveraging machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and pattern recognition to efficiently identify, correct, and eliminate inconsistencies, duplicates, and inaccuracies. This automation not only enhances data quality but also significantly reduces operational costs and improves decision-making capabilities, making AI-based solutions indispensable for enterprises aiming to achieve digital transformation and maintain a competitive edge.

Another crucial factor propelling market expansion is the growing emphasis on regulatory compliance and data governance. Sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, and government are subject to stringent data privacy and accuracy regulations, including GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA. AI in data cleaning enables these industries to ensure data integrity, minimize compliance risks, and maintain audit trails, thereby safeguarding sensitive information and building stakeholder trust. Furthermore, the proliferation of cloud computing and advanced analytics platforms has made AI-powered data cleaning solutions more accessible, scalable, and cost-effective, further accelerating adoption across small, medium, and large enterprises.

The increasing integration of AI in data cleaning with other emerging technologies such as big data analytics, IoT, and robotic process automation (RPA) is unlocking new avenues for market growth. By embedding AI-driven data cleaning processes into end-to-end data pipelines, organizations can streamline data preparation, enable real-time analytics, and support advanced use cases like predictive modeling and personalized customer experiences. Strategic partnerships, investments in R&D, and the rise of specialized AI startups are also catalyzing innovation in this space, making AI in data cleaning a cornerstone of the broader data management ecosystem.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to lead the global AI in Data Cleaning market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The region’s dominance is attributed to the presence of major technology vendors, robust digital infrastructure, and high adoption rates of AI and cloud technologies. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is witnessing the fastest growth, propelled by rapid digitalization, expanding IT sectors, and increasing investments in AI-driven solutions by enterprises in China, India, and Southeast Asia. Europe remains a significant market, supported by strict data protection regulations and a mature enterprise landscape. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging as promising markets, albeit at a relatively nascent stage, with growing awareness and gradual adoption of AI-powered data cleaning solutions.

Component Analysis

The AI in Data Cleaning market is broadly segmented by component into software and services, with each segment playing a pivotal role in shaping the industry’s evolution. The software segment dominates the market, driven by the rapid adoption of advanced AI-based data cleaning platforms that automate complex data preparation tasks. These platforms leverage sophisticated algorithms to detect anomalies, standardize formats, and enrich datasets, thereby enabling organizations to maintain high-quality data repositories. The increasing demand for self-service data cleaning software, which empowers business users to cleanse data without extensive IT intervention, is further fueling growth in this segment. Vendors are continuously enhancing their offerings with intuitive interfaces, integration capabilities, and support for diverse data sources to cater to a wide r

This dataset uses 4.3.1 and the analysis code requires use of the groundhog package (Simonsohn & Gruson, 2021) to aid reproducibility.