This paper presents the first empirical analysis demonstrating how international security influences global data flows. Firms exchange data traffic to achieve fast, stable, and affordable access to digital infrastructure, driving digital interdependence. While international security shapes economic interdependence, the mechanisms linking the two - sanctions, tariffs, boycotts, and contracts - create little risk for internet interconnection, which is commonly exempted from sanction and tariff regimes, not directly consumed by the public, and not enabled through traditional contracts. I theorize that international conflict generates cybersecurity externalities as state and non-state actors directly weaponize digital interdependence. Firms and their networks sit directly in the path of future conflicts. Leveraging network topographical measurements from computer engineering, I test whether conflict expectations increase states' mutual reliance to move data. I find robust evidence that power politics shapes digital interdependence and use additional analyses to argue that externalities, rather than state preferences, drive this process.

The Indonesia Data Center Power Market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $285.70 million in 2025 and maintain a significant Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.35% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the burgeoning digital economy in Indonesia fuels increasing demand for data centers, necessitating reliable and scalable power infrastructure. The rise of cloud computing, e-commerce, and big data analytics further intensifies this demand. Secondly, government initiatives promoting digital infrastructure development and attracting foreign investment in the technology sector are creating a favorable environment for data center growth. This includes investments in improving energy infrastructure and promoting renewable energy sources to support the power needs of data centers. Finally, the expanding telecommunications sector and the growing adoption of 5G technology are significantly contributing to the market’s expansion. Increased connectivity requires more robust and resilient power systems for data centers. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunities across various power infrastructure solutions. Electrical solutions, including UPS systems, generators, and power distribution systems, constitute a major segment, indicating a high demand for reliable power backup and efficient energy management within data centers. The service segment, encompassing installation, maintenance, and support, represents another critical component, highlighting the importance of continuous operational efficiency. Across end-users, the IT and Telecommunication sector remains the dominant driver, followed by BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) and the Government sector, reflecting their significant reliance on data centers for crucial operations. While the provided data doesn't break down regional specifics within Indonesia, it is reasonable to assume that major metropolitan areas with high population density and established digital infrastructure will experience the most rapid growth. Competition in this market is intense, with major international players like ABB, Schneider Electric, and Vertiv competing alongside regional players. However, opportunities exist for companies offering innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions. Recent developments include: January 2024: Legrand acquired ZPE Systems Inc., a Fremont, California-based company that offers critical solutions and services to deliver resilience and security for customers’ business-critical infrastructure. The acquisition brings together ZPE’s secure and open management infrastructure and services delivery platform for data center, branch, and edge environments to Legrand’s comprehensive data center solutions of overhead busways, custom cabinets, intelligent PDUs, KVM switches, and advanced fiber solutions. ZPE Systems will become a business unit of Legrand’s Data, Power, and Control (DPC) division., December 2023: Cummins Inc. introduced three new generator models, C1760D5, C1875D5, and C2000D5B, with capacities ranging from 1700 kVA to 2000 kVA. These models are powered by the KTA50 engine series and are designed to meet diverse power needs.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Adoption of Mega Data Centers and Cloud Computing, Increasing Demand to Reduce Operational Costs. Potential restraints include: Rising Adoption of Mega Data Centers and Cloud Computing, Increasing Demand to Reduce Operational Costs. Notable trends are: IT and Telecom to Register Significant Market Share.

1. Data content: Presenting the statistics of gross electricity generation produced by various power generation techniques in Taiwan over the past 21 years, including pumped storage hydro, thermal (coal, oil, gas), nuclear, and renewable energy (conventional hydro, geothermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, biomass, waste) from national, state-owned, privately-owned power plants, and self-generating facilities.2. Collection purpose: To serve as the basis for energy-related policy planning and management in Taiwan.3. Collection methods:(1) Presenting the statistics of gross electricity generation from power generation and self-generating facilities as defined in the Electricity Act.(2) Electricity generation (national): Recording the gross electricity generation of various power generation techniques in Taiwan, including the total electricity generation reported by power generation, self-generating facilities, and electricity sales (third-party renewable energy power generation facilities).(3) Electricity generation (Taiwan Power Company): Recording the gross electricity generation of various power generation techniques by Taiwan Power Company, including the total electricity generation reported by the company.(4) Electricity generation (privately-owned power plants): Recording the gross electricity generation of various power generation techniques by privately-owned power plants (excluding Taiwan Power Company), including the total electricity generation reported by these entities.(5) Electricity generation (self-generating facilities): Recording the gross electricity generation of various power generation techniques by self-generating facilities, including the total electricity generation reported by these facilities and electricity sales (third-party renewable energy power generation facilities).

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Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States was -0.50000 % Chg. from Preceding Period in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States reached a record high of 23.00000 in January of 2003 and a record low of -30.50000 in January of 2011. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Mexico Electric Power Generation: Net data was reported at 13,353.223 GWh in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 11,423.278 GWh for Feb 2018. Mexico Electric Power Generation: Net data is updated monthly, averaging 11,928.000 GWh from Jan 1982 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 435 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,877.000 GWh in Aug 2001 and a record low of 5,396.000 GWh in Feb 1983. Mexico Electric Power Generation: Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Commission of Electricity. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.RB002: Electric Power Generation: Federal Commission of Electricity (Discontinued).

United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution was 191.72500 Index Dec 2003=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution reached a record high of 328.00000 in February of 2021 and a record low of 100.00000 in December of 2003. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

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1. Data content: Presenting the types of fuel consumption for thermal power generation in the electricity industry of Taiwan (including Taiwan Power Company and private power plants) for the month.2. Collection purpose: As a basis for the planning and management of Taiwan's energy-related policies.3. Collection method: The actual fuel consumption of thermal power generation in Taiwan's electricity industry (including Taiwan Power Company and private power plants) is from the declared data of the power industry using coal, oil, and gas as fuel for power generation.

Mexico Electric Power Generation: CFE & LyFC: Gross: Geothermal data was reported at 482.330 GWh in Dec 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 452.686 GWh for Nov 2017. Mexico Electric Power Generation: CFE & LyFC: Gross: Geothermal data is updated monthly, averaging 531.286 GWh from Jan 2002 (Median) to Dec 2017, with 192 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 664.233 GWh in Dec 2005 and a record low of 395.703 GWh in Feb 2002. Mexico Electric Power Generation: CFE & LyFC: Gross: Geothermal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information System. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.RB001: Electric Power Generation: Energy Information System.

In 1938, the year before the Second World War, the United States had, by far, the largest economy in the world in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). The five Allied Great Powers that emerged victorious from the war, along with the three Axis Tripartite Pact countries that were ultimately defeated made up the eight largest independent economies in 1938.

When values are converted into 1990 international dollars, the U.S. GDP was over 800 billion dollars in 1938, which was more than double that of the second largest economy, the Soviet Union. Even the combined economies of the UK, its dominions, and colonies had a value of just over 680 billion 1990 dollars, showing that the United States had established itself as the world's leading economy during the interwar period (despite the Great Depression).

Interestingly, the British and Dutch colonies had larger combined GDPs than their respective metropoles, which was a key motivator for the Japanese invasion of these territories in East Asia during the war. Trade with neutral and non-belligerent countries also contributed greatly to the economic development of Allied and Axis powers throughout the war; for example, natural resources from Latin America were essential to the American war effort, while German manufacturing was often dependent on Swedish iron supplies.

Climate change has become increasingly important in recent years. It is the outcome of the burning of fossil fuels that increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), over the last century. Mitigating the impacts of climate change requires a better understanding and assessment of the countries' economic decisions on the amount of CO2 emissions. This paper assesses the variability between the different countries in the trends of CO2 emissions and electricity consumption from 1975 to 2014, while identifying clusters of countries of similar trends over time. The novel methodology applied in this paper enables us to assess long-debated issues in climate literature. The temporal dynamic effects of electricity consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions across countries are studied using functional data analysis (FDA) methods. The latter have proven to be useful tools for visualising similarities and differences in the non-linear trends of CO2 emissions without forcing linear trends and stationary relationships which can be unrealistic and misleading. The results indicate the possibility of identifying changes in the trends of CO2 emissions and electricity consumption for a wide range of heterogeneous countries over the study period. The findings also reveal that economic growth puts a strain on the environment, where many high-income countries are still away from attaining economic-energy sustainability.

Employed in Power County, ID was 4876.00000 Persons in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Employed in Power County, ID reached a record high of 5190.00000 in June of 2024 and a record low of 2622.00000 in February of 1994. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Employed in Power County, ID - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Denmark - Energy: Production of electricity was 2442.63 GWh in May of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Denmark - Energy: Production of electricity - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Denmark - Energy: Production of electricity reached a record high of 4157.00 GWh in December of 2010 and a record low of 1304.00 GWh in June of 2014.

United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation: Utilities was 167.14700 Index Dec 2003=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation: Utilities reached a record high of 309.42800 in January of 2023 and a record low of 99.80000 in January of 2004. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Electric Power Generation: Utilities - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

United States Electric Power Use Index: sa: 87: Lumber and Products data was reported at 123.006 1987=100 in Sep 2000. This records an increase from the previous number of 122.701 1987=100 for Aug 2000. United States Electric Power Use Index: sa: 87: Lumber and Products data is updated monthly, averaging 87.806 1987=100 from Jan 1972 (Median) to Sep 2000, with 345 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 126.062 1987=100 in May 2000 and a record low of 57.111 1987=100 in Jan 1975. United States Electric Power Use Index: sa: 87: Lumber and Products data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.RB072: Electric Power Use: By SIC System (Discontinued).

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CUUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to Jun 2025 about urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States - Purchased Electricity for Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) was 980.00000 Mil. of $ in January of 2017, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Purchased Electricity for Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) reached a record high of 980.00000 in January of 2017 and a record low of 657.00000 in January of 2012. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Purchased Electricity for Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

United States - Industrial Production: Utilities: Electric Power Generation (NAICS = 22111) was 103.29750 Index 2012=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Industrial Production: Utilities: Electric Power Generation (NAICS = 22111) reached a record high of 109.04360 in February of 2015 and a record low of 33.69220 in January of 1972. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Industrial Production: Utilities: Electric Power Generation (NAICS = 22111) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

All Employees: Utilities: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution in Missouri was 8.00000 Thous. of Persons in January of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, All Employees: Utilities: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution in Missouri reached a record high of 10.30000 in January of 1990 and a record low of 7.60000 in January of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for All Employees: Utilities: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution in Missouri - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.