Japan JP: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data was reported at 1,504,750.000 JPY mn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,512,996.000 JPY mn for 2021. Japan JP: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 1,378,303.000 JPY mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,529,297.000 JPY mn in 2013 and a record low of 661,397.000 JPY mn in 1981. Japan JP: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2022. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

Japan JP: General Government: Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 35.964 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.894 % for 2022. Japan JP: General Government: Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 36.033 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39.511 % in 2009 and a record low of 29.819 % in 1991. Japan JP: General Government: Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.IMF.FM: Government Finance Statistics.

Japan JP: GDP: Net Exports of Goods and Services: USD data was reported at -71.738 USD bn in Dec 2026. This records a decrease from the previous number of -71.001 USD bn for Sep 2026. Japan JP: GDP: Net Exports of Goods and Services: USD data is updated quarterly, averaging 6.887 USD bn from Mar 1960 (Median) to Dec 2026, with 268 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.770 USD bn in Mar 1994 and a record low of -207.538 USD bn in Sep 2022. Japan JP: GDP: Net Exports of Goods and Services: USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: GDP by Expenditure: Forecast: OECD Member: Quarterly. FBGSD - Net exports of goods and services, nominal value (national accounts basis) Expressed in USD OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Key information about Japan Tax Revenue

• Japan Tax Revenue was reported at 33.046 USD bn in Feb 2025.
• This is a decrease from the previous figure of 49.183 USD bn for Jan 2025.
• Japan Tax Revenue data is updated monthly, averaging 33.930 USD bn from Apr 1983 to Feb 2025, with 503 observations.
• The data reached an all-time high of 94.999 USD bn in Jun 1995 and a record low of 6.751 USD bn in Feb 1985.
• Japan Tax Revenue data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data.
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Tax Revenue: USD: Monthly.

CEIC converts monthly Tax Revenue into USD. The Bank of Japan provides Tax Revenue in local currency. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Tax Revenue covers Private sector only.

Key information about Japan Household Expenditure per Capita

• Japan Annual Household Expenditure per Capita reached 8,258.473 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the last update number of 8,691.523 USD in Dec 2023.
• Japan Annual Household Expenditure per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 2000 to Dec 2024, with an averaged value of 10,419.370 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 14,023.726 USD in Dec 2012 and a record low of 8,258.473 USD in Dec 2024.
• In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Japan grew 5.854 % YoY in May 2023.

CEIC calculates Annual Household Expenditure per Capita from monthly Household Expenditure and monthly Average Household Size and converts it into USD. Statistical Bureau provides Household Expenditure in local currency and Average Household Size. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Household Expenditure do not cover single person households.

Japan JP: Output Gap of Total Economy data was reported at 0.423 % in 2026. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.008 % for 2025. Japan JP: Output Gap of Total Economy data is updated yearly, averaging 0.047 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2026, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.277 % in 1990 and a record low of -5.324 % in 2009. Japan JP: Output Gap of Total Economy data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: GDP: Potential Output and Output Gap: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. GAP - Output gap, as a percentage of potential GDP OECD calculation, see OECD Economic Outlook database documentation

Japan JP: General Government: Primary Balance: % of GDP data was reported at -1.815 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of -1.773 % for 2022. Japan JP: General Government: Primary Balance: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging -3.557 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.218 % in 1990 and a record low of -9.284 % in 2009. Japan JP: General Government: Primary Balance: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.IMF.FM: Government Finance Statistics.

JP: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data was reported at 72.780 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 74.701 % for 2013. JP: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data is updated yearly, averaging 78.516 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2014, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79.354 % in 2008 and a record low of 72.780 % in 2014. JP: All Education Staff Compensation: Primary: % of Total Expenditure in Primary Public Institutions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programs, and other allowances and benefits.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Japan JP: General Government: Net Interest Payments data was reported at 4,554.056 JPY bn in 2026. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,131.791 JPY bn for 2025. Japan JP: General Government: Net Interest Payments data is updated yearly, averaging 3,009.900 JPY bn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2026, with 67 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,777.100 JPY bn in 1998 and a record low of -431.611 JPY bn in 1974. Japan JP: General Government: Net Interest Payments data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: Government Accounts: General Government: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. GNINTP - Net general government interest payments

Japan JP: Expenditure: Goods and Services Expenditure data was reported at 5,066,800.000 JPY mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,923,900.000 JPY mn for 2016. Japan JP: Expenditure: Goods and Services Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 4,411,200.000 JPY mn from Mar 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,146,900.000 JPY mn in 2015 and a record low of 4,210,500.000 JPY mn in 2012. Japan JP: Expenditure: Goods and Services Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank.WDI: Government Revenue, Expenditure and Finance. Goods and services include all government payments in exchange for goods and services used for the production of market and nonmarket goods and services. Own-account capital formation is excluded.; ; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.; ;

Key information about Japan Total Trade of Goods and Services: % of Nominal GDP

• Japan Total Trade of Goods & Services: % of Nominal GDP recorded 45.393 % in Dec 2024, compared with 47.632 % in the previous quarter.
• Japan Total Trade of Goods & Services: % of Nominal GDP data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1955 to Dec 2024, with an averaged value of 22.752 %.
• The data reached an all-time high of 51.025 % in Sep 2022 and a record low of 14.627 % in Dec 1993.

CEIC calculates quarterly Total Trade of Goods and Services as % of Nominal GDP from quarterly Total Trade of Goods and Services and quarterly Nominal GDP. Economic and Social Research Institute provides Total Trade of Goods and Services in local currency and Nominal GDP in local currency, both based on SNA 2008. Total Trade of Goods and Services as % of Nominal GDP prior to Q1 1994 is calculated from Nominal GDP and Total Trade of Goods and Services both based on SNA 1993. Total Trade of Goods and Services as % of Nominal GDP prior to Q1 1980 is calculated from Nominal GDP and Total Trade of Goods and Services both based on SNA 1968.

Key information about Japan Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP

• Japan Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP was reported at 0.840 % in Dec 2024
• This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.840 % for Nov 2024
• Japan Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP data is updated monthly, averaging 0.750 % from Oct 1980 to Dec 2024, with 531 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 1.260 % in Oct 1980 and a record low of 0.430 % in Feb 1994
• Japan Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Reserve Requirement Ratio: Monthly

The Bank of Japan provides monthly Reserve Requirement Ratio.

Japan JP: Gross Domestic Product data was reported at 591,881,300.000 JPY mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 559,710,100.000 JPY mn for 2022. Japan JP: Gross Domestic Product data is updated yearly, averaging 523,968,600.000 JPY mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 591,881,300.000 JPY mn in 2023 and a record low of 274,615,900.000 JPY mn in 1981. Japan JP: Gross Domestic Product data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Product, GDP PPP and GDP Deflator: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2022. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

Japan JP: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data was reported at 2.322 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.734 % for 2022. Japan JP: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data is updated yearly, averaging 4.475 % from Dec 1988 (Median) to 2023, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.181 % in 1995 and a record low of 1.390 % in 2020. Japan JP: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2022. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

Japan Central Government Operations: Expenditure data was reported at 196,362.000 JPY hm in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 219,919.000 JPY hm for Sep 2024. Japan Central Government Operations: Expenditure data is updated quarterly, averaging 224,983.173 JPY hm from Mar 2008 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 68 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 488,449.190 JPY hm in Mar 2022 and a record low of 146,270.021 JPY hm in Sep 2008. Japan Central Government Operations: Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.F037: Central Goverment Operations.

Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 2,198,328.000 JPY mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,149,630.000 JPY mn for 2021. Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 2,094,111.500 JPY mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,252,158.000 JPY mn in 1998 and a record low of 966,083.800 JPY mn in 1981. Japan JP: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For Japan, in 2008, 2013 and 2018, the FTE coefficients for researchers in the higher education sector were revised, producing an increase in 2013 and 2018, and a decrease in 2008, in both R&D expenditure and personnel for this sector and the national total.

Beginning with the 2002/2003 survey (OECD data 2002), the coefficients supplied by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were applied to doctoral level students as well as teachers when calculating FTE for the HE sector, resulting in a break in series in that year.

Before 1996, Higher Education expenditure and personnel data in FTE are OECD estimates derived from official headcount-based data.

GBARD data represent the budget for S&T. Local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures from 2017 and broken down by socio-economic objective from 2022. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. From 2011 onwards, GBARD for the “Education and Society” socio-economic objective include a more accurate measure of the budget of the National Institute for Cultural Heritage. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, GUF excludes SSH.

Japan JP: GDP: Real data was reported at 540,401,765.551 JPY mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 531,302,774.487 JPY mn for 2016. Japan JP: GDP: Real data is updated yearly, averaging 384,504,803.404 JPY mn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 540,401,765.551 JPY mn in 2017 and a record low of 69,891,495.493 JPY mn in 1960. Japan JP: GDP: Real data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Real. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant local currency.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; ;

Japan JP: Population: Working Age: Age 15-74 data was reported at 86,797,720.144 Person in 2026. This records a decrease from the previous number of 87,636,645.464 Person for 2025. Japan JP: Population: Working Age: Age 15-74 data is updated yearly, averaging 91,707,366.827 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2026, with 67 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99,646,204.722 Person in 2000 and a record low of 64,245,345.834 Person in 1960. Japan JP: Population: Working Age: Age 15-74 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.EO: Labour Force: Forecast: OECD Member: Annual. POP1574 - Working-age population, age 15-74 Population data are based on data reported to the OECD Statistics Directorate by member countries via an annual national accounts questionnaire. For the projection period, series are extended using Eurostat projections (EUROPOP2023) for European countries, and United Nations (WPP2022) for other countries. The data is further adjusted by the OECD.

Japan JP: GDP: % of GDP: Trade data was reported at 31.267 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 35.596 % for 2015. Japan JP: GDP: % of GDP: Trade data is updated yearly, averaging 20.041 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.546 % in 2014 and a record low of 16.014 % in 1993. Japan JP: GDP: % of GDP: Trade data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted average;

Japan Total Factor Productivity data was reported at 0.175 % in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.170 % for Mar 2018. Japan Total Factor Productivity data is updated semiannually, averaging 1.032 % from Sep 1983 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 71 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.457 % in Mar 1986 and a record low of 0.170 % in Mar 2018. Japan Total Factor Productivity data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Japan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.A053: SNA 2008: Potential Growth Rate and Output Gap.