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Due to increasing use of technology-enhanced educational assessment, data mining methods have been explored to analyse process data in log files from such assessment. However, most studies were limited to one data mining technique under one specific scenario. The current study demonstrates the usage of four frequently used supervised techniques, including Classification and Regression Trees (CART), gradient boosting, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and two unsupervised methods, Self-organizing Map (SOM) and k-means, fitted to one assessment data. The USA sample (N = 426) from the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) responding to problem-solving items is extracted to demonstrate the methods. After concrete feature generation and feature selection, classifier development procedures are implemented using the illustrated techniques. Results show satisfactory classification accuracy for all the techniques. Suggestions for the selection of classifiers are presented based on the research questions, the interpretability and the simplicity of the classifiers. Interpretations for the results from both supervised and unsupervised learning methods are provided.
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According to our latest research, the global Data Mining Tools market size reached USD 1.93 billion in 2024, reflecting robust industry momentum. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 5.69 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of advanced analytics across diverse industries, rapid digital transformation, and the necessity for actionable insights from massive data volumes.
One of the pivotal growth factors propelling the Data Mining Tools market is the exponential rise in data generation, particularly through digital channels, IoT devices, and enterprise applications. Organizations across sectors are leveraging data mining tools to extract meaningful patterns, trends, and correlations from structured and unstructured data. The need for improved decision-making, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage has made data mining an essential component of modern business strategies. Furthermore, advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning are enhancing the capabilities of these tools, enabling predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and automation of complex analytical tasks, which further fuels market expansion.
Another significant driver is the growing demand for customer-centric solutions in industries such as retail, BFSI, and healthcare. Data mining tools are increasingly being used for customer relationship management, targeted marketing, fraud detection, and risk management. By analyzing customer behavior and preferences, organizations can personalize their offerings, optimize marketing campaigns, and mitigate risks. The integration of data mining tools with cloud platforms and big data technologies has also simplified deployment and scalability, making these solutions accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large organizations. This democratization of advanced analytics is creating new growth avenues for vendors and service providers.
The regulatory landscape and the increasing emphasis on data privacy and security are also shaping the development and adoption of Data Mining Tools. Compliance with frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA necessitates robust data governance and transparent analytics processes. Vendors are responding by incorporating features like data masking, encryption, and audit trails into their solutions, thereby enhancing trust and adoption among regulated industries. Additionally, the emergence of industry-specific data mining applications, such as fraud detection in BFSI and predictive diagnostics in healthcare, is expanding the addressable market and fostering innovation.
From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Data Mining Tools market owing to the early adoption of advanced analytics, strong presence of leading technology vendors, and high investments in digital transformation. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by rapid industrialization, expansion of IT infrastructure, and growing awareness of data-driven decision-making in countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe, with its focus on data privacy and digital innovation, also represents a significant market share, while Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth as organizations in these regions modernize their operations and adopt cloud-based analytics solutions.
The Component segment of the Data Mining Tools market is bifurcated into Software and Services. Software remains the dominant segment, accounting for the majority of the market share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the continuous evolution of data mining algorithms, the proliferation of user-friendly graphical interfaces, and the integration of advanced analytics capabilities such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and natural language pro
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TwitterWe discuss a statistical framework that underlies envelope detection schemes as well as dynamical models based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM) that can encompass both discrete and continuous sensor measurements for use in Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) applications. The HMM allows for the rapid assimilation, analysis, and discovery of system anomalies. We motivate our work with a discussion of an aviation problem where the identification of anomalous sequences is essential for safety reasons. The data in this application are discrete and continuous sensor measurements and can be dealt with seamlessly using the methods described here to discover anomalous flights. We specifically treat the problem of discovering anomalous features in the time series that may be hidden from the sensor suite and compare those methods to standard envelope detection methods on test data designed to accentuate the differences between the two methods. Identification of these hidden anomalies is crucial to building stable, reusable, and cost-efficient systems. We also discuss a data mining framework for the analysis and discovery of anomalies in high-dimensional time series of sensor measurements that would be found in an ISHM system. We conclude with recommendations that describe the tradeoffs in building an integrated scalable platform for robust anomaly detection in ISHM applications.
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The Data Mining Tools Market is expected to be valued at $1.24 billion in 2024, with an anticipated expansion at a CAGR of 11.63% to reach $3.73 billion by 2034.
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This data set belongs to the paper "Video-to-Model: Unsupervised Trace Extraction from Videos for Process Discovery and Conformance Checking in Manual Assembly", submitted on March 24, 2020, to the 18th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM).Abstract: Manual activities are often hidden deep down in discrete manufacturing processes. For the elicitation and optimization of process behavior, complete information about the execution of Manual activities are required. Thus, an approach is presented on how execution level information can be extracted from videos in manual assembly. The goal is the generation of a log that can be used in state-of-the-art process mining tools. The test bed for the system was lightweight and scalable consisting of an assembly workstation equipped with a single RGB camera recording only the hand movements of the worker from top. A neural network based real-time object classifier was trained to detect the worker’s hands. The hand detector delivers the input for an algorithm, which generates trajectories reflecting the movement paths of the hands. Those trajectories are automatically assigned to work steps using the position of material boxes on the assembly shelf as reference points and hierarchical clustering of similar behaviors with dynamic time warping. The system has been evaluated in a task-based study with ten participants in a laboratory, but under realistic conditions. The generated logs have been loaded into the process mining toolkit ProM to discover the underlying process model and to detect deviations from both, instructions and ground truth, using conformance checking. The results show that process mining delivers insights about the assembly process and the system’s precision.The data set contains the generated and the annotated logs based on the video material gathered during the user study. In addition, the petri nets from the process discovery and conformance checking conducted with ProM (http://www.promtools.org) and the reference nets modeled with Yasper (http://www.yasper.org/) are provided.
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TwitterTime in Market (TIM) is a metric to describe the time period of a product from its market entry to its decline and disappearance from the market. The concept is often used implicit to describe the acceleration of product life cycles, innovation cycles and is an essential part of the product life cycle concept. It can be assumed that time in markets is an important indicator for manufacturers and marketers to plan and evaluate their market success. Moreover, time in markets are necessary to measure the speed of product life cycles and their implication for the general development of product lifetime. This article’s major contributions are to presenting (1) time in markets as a highly relevant concept for the assessment of product life cycles, although the indicator has received little attention so far, (2) explaining an automated internet-based data mining approach to gather semi-structured product data from 5 German internet shops for electronic consumer goods and (3) presenting initial insights for a period of a half to one year on market data for smartphones. It will turn out that longer periods of time are needed to obtain significant data on time in markets, nevertheless initial results show a high product rollover rate of 40-45% within one year and present a time in market below 100 days for at least 16% of the captured products. Due to the current state of work, this article is addressed to researchers already engaged in data mining or interested in the application of it.
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The LScDC (Leicester Scientific Dictionary-Core Dictionary)April 2020 by Neslihan Suzen, PhD student at the University of Leicester (ns433@leicester.ac.uk/suzenneslihan@hotmail.com)Supervised by Prof Alexander Gorban and Dr Evgeny Mirkes[Version 3] The third version of LScDC (Leicester Scientific Dictionary-Core) is formed using the updated LScD (Leicester Scientific Dictionary) - Version 3*. All steps applied to build the new version of core dictionary are the same as in Version 2** and can be found in description of Version 2 below. We did not repeat the explanation. The files provided with this description are also same as described as for LScDC Version 2. The numbers of words in the 3rd versions of LScD and LScDC are summarized below. # of wordsLScD (v3) 972,060LScDC (v3) 103,998 * Suzen, Neslihan (2019): LScD (Leicester Scientific Dictionary). figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25392/leicester.data.9746900.v3 ** Suzen, Neslihan (2019): LScDC (Leicester Scientific Dictionary-Core). figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25392/leicester.data.9896579.v2[Version 2] Getting StartedThis file describes a sorted and cleaned list of words from LScD (Leicester Scientific Dictionary), explains steps for sub-setting the LScD and basic statistics of words in the LSC (Leicester Scientific Corpus), to be found in [1, 2]. The LScDC (Leicester Scientific Dictionary-Core) is a list of words ordered by the number of documents containing the words, and is available in the CSV file published. There are 104,223 unique words (lemmas) in the LScDC. This dictionary is created to be used in future work on the quantification of the sense of research texts. The objective of sub-setting the LScD is to discard words which appear too rarely in the corpus. In text mining algorithms, usage of enormous number of text data brings the challenge to the performance and the accuracy of data mining applications. The performance and the accuracy of models are heavily depend on the type of words (such as stop words and content words) and the number of words in the corpus. Rare occurrence of words in a collection is not useful in discriminating texts in large corpora as rare words are likely to be non-informative signals (or noise) and redundant in the collection of texts. The selection of relevant words also holds out the possibility of more effective and faster operation of text mining algorithms.To build the LScDC, we decided the following process on LScD: removing words that appear in no more than 10 documents (
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TwitterPeer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are gaining increasing popularity in many distributed applications such as file-sharing, network storage, web caching, sear- ching and indexing of relevant documents and P2P network-threat analysis. Many of these applications require scalable analysis of data over a P2P network. This paper starts by offering a brief overview of distributed data mining applications and algorithms for P2P environments. Next it discusses some of the privacy concerns with P2P data mining and points out the problems of existing privacy-preserving multi-party data mining techniques. It further points out that most of the nice assumptions of these existing privacy preserving techniques fall apart in real-life applications of privacy-preserving distributed data mining (PPDM). The paper offers a more realistic formulation of the PPDM problem as a multi-party game and points out some recent results.
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TwitterTo make this a seamless process, I cleaned the data and delete many variables that I thought were not important to our dataset. I then uploaded all of those files to Kaggle for each of you to download. The rideshare_data has both lyft and uber but it is still a cleaned version from the dataset we downloaded from Kaggle.
You can easily subset the data into the car types that you will be modeling by first loading the csv into R, here is the code for how you do this:
df<-read.csv('uber.csv')
df_black<-subset(uber_df, uber_df$name == 'Black')
write.csv(df_black, "nameofthefileyouwanttosaveas.csv")
getwd()
Your data will be in front of the world's largest data science community. What questions do you want to see answered?
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IntroductionHospitals have seen a rise in Medical Emergency Team (MET) reviews. We hypothesised that the commonest MET calls result in similar treatments. Our aim was to design a pre-emptive management algorithm that allowed direct institution of treatment to patients without having to wait for attendance of the MET team and to model its potential impact on MET call incidence and patient outcomes.MethodsData was extracted for all MET calls from the hospital database. Association rule data mining techniques were used to identify the most common combinations of MET call causes, outcomes and therapies.ResultsThere were 13,656 MET calls during the 34-month study period in 7936 patients. The most common MET call was for hypotension [31%, (2459/7936)]. These MET calls were strongly associated with the immediate administration of intra-venous fluid (70% [1714/2459] v 13% [739/5477] p
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The global Data Mining Software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for businesses to extract valuable insights from massive datasets. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated $45 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The burgeoning adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, attracting both large enterprises and SMEs. Furthermore, advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms are enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of data mining processes, leading to better decision-making across various sectors like finance, healthcare, and marketing. The rise of big data analytics and the increasing availability of affordable, high-powered computing resources are also significant contributors to market growth. However, the market faces certain challenges. Data security and privacy concerns remain paramount, especially with the increasing volume of sensitive information being processed. The complexity of data mining software and the need for skilled professionals to operate and interpret the results present a barrier to entry for some businesses. The high initial investment cost associated with implementing sophisticated data mining solutions can also deter smaller organizations. Nevertheless, the ongoing technological advancements and the growing recognition of the strategic value of data-driven decision-making are expected to overcome these restraints and propel the market toward continued expansion. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for cloud-based solutions, reflecting the industry's trend toward flexible and scalable IT infrastructure. Large enterprises currently dominate the market share, but SMEs are rapidly adopting data mining software, indicating promising future growth in this segment. Geographic analysis shows that North America and Europe are currently leading the market, but the Asia-Pacific region is poised for significant growth due to increasing digitalization and economic expansion in countries like China and India.
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TwitterNASA has some of the largest and most complex data sources in the world, with data sources ranging from the earth sciences, space sciences, and massive distributed engineering data sets from commercial aircraft and spacecraft. This talk will discuss some of the issues and algorithms developed to analyze and discover patterns in these data sets. We will also provide an overview of a large research program in Integrated Vehicle Health Management. The goal of this program is to develop advanced technologies to automatically detect, diagnose, predict, and mitigate adverse events during the flight of an aircraft. A case study will be presented on a recent data mining analysis performed to support the Flight Readiness Review of the Space Shuttle Mission STS-119.
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According to our latest research, the global Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across diverse industries. The market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 22.8% during the forecast period, propelling the market to USD 10.98 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is driven by the increasing need for secure data analytics, stringent data protection regulations, and the rising frequency of data breaches, all of which are pushing organizations to adopt advanced privacy solutions.
One of the primary growth factors for the Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market is the exponential rise in data generation and the parallel escalation of privacy concerns. As organizations collect vast amounts of sensitive information, especially in sectors like healthcare and BFSI, the risk of data exposure and misuse grows. Governments worldwide are enacting stricter data protection laws, such as the GDPR in Europe and CCPA in California, compelling enterprises to integrate privacy?preserving technologies into their analytics workflows. These regulations not only mandate compliance but also foster consumer trust, making privacy?preserving data mining tools a strategic investment for businesses aiming to maintain a competitive edge while safeguarding user data.
Another significant driver is the rapid digital transformation across industries, which necessitates the extraction of actionable insights from large, distributed data sets without compromising privacy. Privacy?preserving techniques, such as federated learning, homomorphic encryption, and differential privacy, are gaining traction as they allow organizations to collaborate and analyze data securely. The advent of cloud computing and the proliferation of connected devices further amplify the demand for scalable and secure data mining solutions. As enterprises embrace cloud-based analytics, the need for robust privacy-preserving mechanisms becomes paramount, fueling the adoption of advanced tools that can operate seamlessly in both on-premises and cloud environments.
Moreover, the increasing sophistication of cyber threats and the growing awareness of the potential reputational and financial damage caused by data breaches are prompting organizations to prioritize data privacy. High-profile security incidents have underscored the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional data mining approaches, accelerating the shift towards privacy-preserving alternatives. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with privacy-preserving technologies is also opening new avenues for innovation, enabling more granular and context-aware data analytics. This technological convergence is expected to further catalyze market growth, as organizations seek to harness the full potential of their data assets while maintaining stringent privacy standards.
Privacy-Preserving Analytics is becoming a cornerstone in the modern data-driven landscape, offering organizations a way to extract valuable insights while maintaining stringent data privacy standards. This approach ensures that sensitive information remains protected even as it is analyzed, allowing businesses to comply with increasing regulatory demands without sacrificing the depth and breadth of their data analysis. By leveraging Privacy-Preserving Analytics, companies can foster greater trust among their customers and stakeholders, knowing that their data is being handled with the utmost care and security. This paradigm shift is not just about compliance; it’s about redefining how organizations approach data analytics in a world where privacy concerns are paramount.
From a regional perspective, North America currently commands the largest share of the Privacy?Preserving Data Mining Tools market, driven by the presence of leading technology vendors, high awareness levels, and a robust regulatory framework. Europe follows closely, propelled by stringent data privacy laws and increasing investments in secure analytics infrastructure. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding IT ecosystems, and rising cybersecurity concerns in emerging economies such as China and India. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth, albeit from
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List of Top Authors of International Journal of Data Mining and Emerging Technologies sorted by citations.
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| BASE YEAR | 2024 |
| HISTORICAL DATA | 2019 - 2023 |
| REGIONS COVERED | North America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA |
| REPORT COVERAGE | Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends |
| MARKET SIZE 2024 | 2.37(USD Billion) |
| MARKET SIZE 2025 | 2.6(USD Billion) |
| MARKET SIZE 2035 | 6.5(USD Billion) |
| SEGMENTS COVERED | Application, Deployment Type, Technology, End Use Sector, Regional |
| COUNTRIES COVERED | US, Canada, Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Spain, Rest of Europe, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Rest of APAC, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of South America, GCC, South Africa, Rest of MEA |
| KEY MARKET DYNAMICS | Increased data generation, Growing demand for analytics, Rising cloud computing adoption, Advancements in AI technologies, Enhanced focus on data security |
| MARKET FORECAST UNITS | USD Billion |
| KEY COMPANIES PROFILED | IBM, Amazon Web Services, Domo, TIBCO Software, Palantir Technologies, Oracle, MicroStrategy, SAP, Microsoft, Tableau Software, Cloudera, Google, SAS Institute, Alteryx, Qlik, DataRobot |
| MARKET FORECAST PERIOD | 2025 - 2035 |
| KEY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES | Increased demand for big data analytics, Growth in e-commerce personalization, Rising adoption of AI-driven insights, Enhanced focus on customer experience, Need for competitive intelligence solutions |
| COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR) | 9.6% (2025 - 2035) |
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TwitterTitle: Identifying Factors that Affect Entrepreneurs’ Use of Data Mining for Analytics Authors: Edward Matthew Dominica, Feylin Wijaya, Andrew Giovanni Winoto, Christian Conference: The 4th International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications, and Mechatronics Engineering https://www.iceccme.com/home
This dataset was created to support research focused on understanding the factors influencing entrepreneurs’ adoption of data mining techniques for business analytics. The dataset contains carefully curated data points that reflect entrepreneurial behaviors, decision-making criteria, and the role of data mining in enhancing business insights.
Researchers and practitioners can leverage this dataset to explore patterns, conduct statistical analyses, and build predictive models to gain a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial adoption of data mining.
Intended Use: This dataset is designed for research and academic purposes, especially in the fields of business analytics, entrepreneurship, and data mining. It is suitable for conducting exploratory data analysis, hypothesis testing, and model development.
Citation: If you use this dataset in your research or publication, please cite the paper presented at the ICECCME 2024 conference using the following format: Edward Matthew Dominica, Feylin Wijaya, Andrew Giovanni Winoto, Christian. Identifying Factors that Affect Entrepreneurs’ Use of Data Mining for Analytics. The 4th International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications, and Mechatronics Engineering (2024).
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As per our latest research, the global Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market size stood at USD 2.84 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 12.67 billion by 2033, growing at a robust CAGR of 17.8% during the forecast period. The primary growth factor driving this market is the rapid adoption of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in modern vehicles, propelled by stringent safety regulations and the surging demand for enhanced driving experiences globally.
One of the most significant growth drivers for the Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market is the increasing focus on vehicular safety and the reduction of road accidents. Governments worldwide are imposing stricter mandates on automotive OEMs to integrate advanced safety features such as lane departure warning, traffic sign recognition, and collision avoidance in all new vehicles. The integration of vision-based ADAS, powered by sophisticated data mining techniques, is enabling real-time analysis of driving environments, which significantly reduces the likelihood of human error and enhances overall road safety. As a result, automakers are investing heavily in research and development to improve the accuracy and reliability of these systems, further fueling market expansion.
Another pivotal factor contributing to market growth is the rapid technological advancements in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision. These technologies are at the core of vision-based ADAS data mining, enabling systems to process vast amounts of visual data from cameras and sensors in real-time. The evolution of high-performance hardware and the proliferation of cloud-based analytics platforms have empowered ADAS solutions to become more intelligent, adaptive, and scalable. This technological leap has made it feasible to deploy sophisticated data mining algorithms even in cost-sensitive vehicle segments, accelerating the democratization of advanced safety features across a broader range of vehicles.
Additionally, the growing consumer inclination towards connected and autonomous vehicles is acting as a catalyst for the Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market. As automotive manufacturers race to develop next-generation vehicles with semi-autonomous and autonomous capabilities, the demand for robust data mining solutions that can interpret complex traffic scenarios and driver behaviors is escalating. The ability of vision-based ADAS systems to seamlessly integrate with other in-vehicle technologies, such as infotainment and telematics, is further enhancing their value proposition. This convergence is not only improving the overall driving experience but also opening up new avenues for data-driven services and applications within the automotive ecosystem.
From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is emerging as the most dynamic market for Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining, driven by the rapid expansion of the automotive sector in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The region's strong manufacturing base, coupled with supportive government initiatives aimed at promoting vehicle safety, is fostering a fertile environment for the adoption of advanced ADAS technologies. North America and Europe, on the other hand, continue to lead in terms of technological innovation and regulatory enforcement, ensuring that these markets remain at the forefront of global market share and revenue generation.
The Vision-Based ADAS Data Mining market is segmented by component into hardware, software, and services, each playing a distinct yet interconnected role in enabling advanced driver assistance functionalities. Hardware components such as cameras, sensors, and onboard processing units form the backbone of vision-based ADAS systems. These hardware elements are responsible for capturing and relaying vast amounts of visual and environmental data, which are subsequently processed and analyzed to generate actionable insights for drivers. The continuous evolution of high-resolution cameras and advanced sensor technologies is enhancing the precision and reliability of data collection, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of ADAS solutions.
Software is the core enabler of data mining within vision-based ADAS systems. This segment includes sophisticated algorithms for image processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, which interpret raw sensor data to id
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Question Paper Solutions of Data Mining (PECAIML 601B),6th Semester,B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning),Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
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Question Paper Solutions of chapter Overview of data mining and predictive analytics of Data Mining, 6th Semester , B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
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The purpose of data mining analysis is always to find patterns of the data using certain kind of techiques such as classification or regression. It is not always feasible to apply classification algorithms directly to dataset. Before doing any work on the data, the data has to be pre-processed and this process normally involves feature selection and dimensionality reduction. We tried to use clustering as a way to reduce the dimension of the data and create new features. Based on our project, after using clustering prior to classification, the performance has not improved much. The reason why it has not improved could be the features we selected to perform clustering are not well suited for it. Because of the nature of the data, classification tasks are going to provide more information to work with in terms of improving knowledge and overall performance metrics. From the dimensionality reduction perspective: It is different from Principle Component Analysis which guarantees finding the best linear transformation that reduces the number of dimensions with a minimum loss of information. Using clusters as a technique of reducing the data dimension will lose a lot of information since clustering techniques are based a metric of 'distance'. At high dimensions euclidean distance loses pretty much all meaning. Therefore using clustering as a "Reducing" dimensionality by mapping data points to cluster numbers is not always good since you may lose almost all the information. From the creating new features perspective: Clustering analysis creates labels based on the patterns of the data, it brings uncertainties into the data. By using clustering prior to classification, the decision on the number of clusters will highly affect the performance of the clustering, then affect the performance of classification. If the part of features we use clustering techniques on is very suited for it, it might increase the overall performance on classification. For example, if the features we use k-means on are numerical and the dimension is small, the overall classification performance may be better. We did not lock in the clustering outputs using a random_state in the effort to see if they were stable. Our assumption was that if the results vary highly from run to run which they definitely did, maybe the data just does not cluster well with the methods selected at all. Basically, the ramification we saw was that our results are not much better than random when applying clustering to the data preprocessing. Finally, it is important to ensure a feedback loop is in place to continuously collect the same data in the same format from which the models were created. This feedback loop can be used to measure the model real world effectiveness and also to continue to revise the models from time to time as things change.
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Due to increasing use of technology-enhanced educational assessment, data mining methods have been explored to analyse process data in log files from such assessment. However, most studies were limited to one data mining technique under one specific scenario. The current study demonstrates the usage of four frequently used supervised techniques, including Classification and Regression Trees (CART), gradient boosting, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and two unsupervised methods, Self-organizing Map (SOM) and k-means, fitted to one assessment data. The USA sample (N = 426) from the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) responding to problem-solving items is extracted to demonstrate the methods. After concrete feature generation and feature selection, classifier development procedures are implemented using the illustrated techniques. Results show satisfactory classification accuracy for all the techniques. Suggestions for the selection of classifiers are presented based on the research questions, the interpretability and the simplicity of the classifiers. Interpretations for the results from both supervised and unsupervised learning methods are provided.